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회분식반응조 실험을 통한 탄소원(Fumarate) 주입조건에 따른 지하수 중 탈질율 및 탈질 관련 기능성 유전자 분석
박선화,김현구,김문수,이경미,전상호,송다희,김덕현,김영,김태승,Park, Sunhwa,Kim, Hyun-Koo,Kim, Moon-su,Lee, Gyeong-Mi,Jeon, Sang-Ho,Song, Dahee,Kim, Deok-hyun,Kim, Young,Kim, Tae-seung 한국지하수토양환경학회 2015 지하수토양환경 Vol.20 No.7
Nitrate is on the most seriou pollutant encountered in shallow groundwater aquifer in agricultural area. There are various remediation technologies such as ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and biological denitrification to recover from nitrate contamination. Biological denitrification by indigenous microorganism of the technologies has been reviewed and applied on nitrate contaminated groundwater. In this work, we selected the site where the annual nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) concentration is over 105 mg/L and evaluated denitrification process with sampled soil and groundwater from 3 monitoring wells (MW4, 5, 6). In the results, the nitrate degradation rate in each well (MW 4, 5, and 6) was 25 NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> mg/L/day, 6 NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> mg/L/day, and 3.4 NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> mg/L/day, respectively. Nitrate degradation rate was higher in batch system treated with 2 times higher fumarate as carbon source than control batch system (0.42M fumrate/1M NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>), comparing with batch system with soil sample. This result indicates that increase of carbon source is more efficient to enhance denitrification rate than addition of soil sample to increase microbial dynamics. In this work, we also confirmed that monitoring method of functional genes (nirK and nosZ) involved in denitrification process can be applied to evaluated denitrifcation process possibility before application of field process such as in-situ denitrification by push-pull test.
온라인 커뮤니티 웹사이트에 나타난 임신과 출산에 대한 여성들의 관심사
박선화,우민수,전경자,유정옥,Park, Sun Hwa,Woo, Min Soo,June, Kyung Ja,Yu, Jung ok 서울대학교 간호과학연구소 2020 간호학의 지평 Vol.17 No.1
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe women's concern for pregnancy and child birth in the internet community. Methods: One representative in the internet community was selected and questions regarding pregnancy and child birth were collected for 2 weeks in October 2019. A total of 8,005 questions were analyzed by frequency and proportion after categorizing theme into pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum care. Results: The most frequent questions were on preparedness for pregnancy (26.2%), followed by questions on infertility (23.3%), and on postpartum care (20.2%). Among the questions on preparedness for pregnancy, the most frequent questions were related to the follicle and ovulation. More than half of the questions on infertility (68.3%) were about diagnosis and treatment. Questions on abortion included symptoms, abortion procedure, post abortion care, and the support system. Among the questions on delivery, the most were about the delivery method (67.2%). Finally, questions on postpartum care were related to the physical changes/symptoms, daily life after delivery, postpartum care support, etc. Conclusion: As these results reflect women's need for information and support, it is suggested that more specific and targeted nursing practices for pregnancy and child birth should be developed.
지하수 중 탄소원으로 fumarate 주입과 유전자분석을 통한 질산성질소 자연저감도 평가
박선화,김현구,김소현,이민경,이경미,김영,김문수,김태승,Park, Sunhwa,Kim, Hyun-Gu,Kim, Sohyun,Lee, Min-Kyeong,Lee, Gyeong-Mi,Kim, Young,Kim, Moon-Su,Kim, Taeseung 한국지하수토양환경학회 2014 지하수토양환경 Vol.19 No.4
In the results of monitoring nitrate concentration in more than 8,000 groundwater wells around agro-livestock, the average and maximum nitrate concentration was 9.4 mg/L and 101.2 mg/L, respectively. Since about 31% of the monitoring wells was exceed the quality standard for drinking water, nitrate control such as remediation or source regulation is required to conserve safe-groundwater in South Korea. Typical nitrate-treatment technologies include ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and biological denitrification. Among the treatment methods, biological denitrification by indigenous microorganism has environmental and economic advantages for the complete elimination of nitrate because of lower operating costs compared to other methods. Major mechanism of the process is microbial reduction of nitrate to nitrite and nitrogen gas. Three functional genes (nosZ, nirK, nirS) that encode for the enzyme involved in the pathway. In this work, we tried to develop simple process to determine possibility of natural denitrification reaction by monitoring the functional gene. For the work, the functional genes in nitrate-contaminated groundwater were monitored by using PCR with specific target primers. In the result, functional genes (nosZ and nirK) encoding denitrification enzymes were detected in the groundwater samples. This method can help to determine the possibility of natural-nitrate degradation in target groundwater wells without multiplex experimental process. In addition, for field-remediation application we selected nitrate-contaminated site where 200~600 mg/L of nitrate is continuously detected. To determine the possibility of nitrate-degradation by stimulated-natural attenuation, groundwater was sampled in two different wells of the site and nitrate concentration of the samples was 300 mg/L and 616 mg/L, respectively. Fumarate for different C/N ratio was added into microcosm bottles containing the groundwater to examine denitrification rate depending on carbon concentration. In the result, once 1.5 times more than amount of fumarate stoichiometry required was added, the 616 mg/L of nitrate and 300 mg/L of nitrate were completely degraded in 8 days and 30 days. The nitrite, byproduct of denitrification process, was also completely degraded during the experimental period.
연속흐름반응조에서 바이오필름형태의 탈염소화 미생물에 의한 TCE분해 모니터링
박선화,한경진,홍의전,안홍일,김남희,김현구,김태승,김영,Park, Sunhwa,Han, Kyungjin,Hong, Uijeon,Ahn, Hongil,Kim, Namhee,Kim, Hyunkoo,Kim, Taeseung,Kim, Young 한국지하수토양환경학회 2012 지하수토양환경 Vol.17 No.5
A 1.28 L-batch reactor and continuous-flow stirred tank reactor (CFSTR) fed with formate and trichloroethene (TCE) were operated for 120 days and 56 days, respectively, to study the effect of formate as electron donor on anaerobic reductive dechlorination (ARD) of TCE to cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (c-DCE), vinyl chloride (VC), and ethylene (ETH). In batch reactor, injected 60 ${\mu}mol$ TCE was completely degraded in the presence of 20% hydrogen gas ($H_2$) in less than 8 days by anaerobic dechlorination mixed-culture (300 mg-soluble protein), Evanite Culture with ability to completely degrade tetrachloroethene (PCE) and -TCE to ETH under anaerobic conditions. Once the formate was used as electron donor instead of hydrogen gas in batch or chemostat system, the TCE-dechlorination rate decreased and acetate production rate increased. It indicates that the concentration of hydrogen produced in both systems is possibly more close to threshold for homoacetogenesis process. Soluble protein concentration of Evanite culture during the batch test increased from 300 mg to 688 mg for 120 days. Through the protein monitoring, we confirmed an increase of microbial population during the reactor operation. In CFSTR test, TCE was fed continuously at 9.9 ppm (75.38 ${\mu}mol/L$) and the influent formate feed concentration increased stepwise from 1.3 mmol/L to 14.3 mmol/L. Injected TCE was accumulated at 18 days of HRT, but TCE was completely degraded at 36 days of HRT without accumulation of the injected-TCE during the left of experiment period, getting $H_2$ from fermentative hydrogen production of injected formate. Although c-DCE was also accumulated for 23 days after beginning of CFSTR operation, it reached steady-state in the presence of excessive formate. We also evaluated microbial dynamic of the culture at different chemical state in the reactor by DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis).
성적 노출증 및 접촉도착증의 유병율 및 임상특성 : 예비연구
박선화,권석현,왕태종,홍정민,김은비,맹정원,임명호,Park, Sun Hwa,Kwon, Seok Hyeon,Wang, Tae Jong,Hong, Jung Min,Kim, Eun Bi,Meng, Jung Won,Lim, Myung Ho 대한불안의학회 2015 대한불안의학회지 Vol.11 No.1
Objective : The current study investigated the prevalence and clinical characteristics of sexual exhibitionism and frotteurism, which was conducted for the first time in Korea. Methods : Among 568 total subjects (mean age $19.28{\pm}5.0$ year), 109 were victims of sexual exhibitionism (19.2%, VSE) of which 57 were females (91.9 percent) ; and 57 were victims of sexual frotteurism (10.9%, VSF) of which 57 were females (91.9%). The participants completed the self-reported scale for epidemiological and clinical characteristics. Results : Incident frequencies of above two times of VSE and VSF were 49 (50.0%) and 20 (32.3%), respectively. Incident locations of VSE were school/office 37 (33.3%), street 28 (25.6%), and near home 20 (18.3%). Also, incident locations of VSE were inside of bus 12 (19.3%), subway 12 (19.3%), subway/bus station 8 (12.9%), near home 8 (12.9%), and school/office 7 (11.3%). Notifying rate of VSE and VSF to the police were 7.3% and 0%, respectively. Also, notifying rate of VSE and VSF to family or friends were 72.5% and 58.1%, respectively Conclusion : These results suggested that VSE and VSF had a common prevalence, which could be different from behavioral and emotional characteristics of a control group ; and the victims were shown to require an active intervention by supportive social system.
중국의 일대일로(一帶一路) 참여확대 전략 분석: 샤프 파워(Sharp power)를 중심으로
박선화 ( Sunhwa Park ) 한국세계지역학회 2019 世界地域硏究論叢 Vol.37 No.3
본 연구는 일대일로 참여국 증가 원인을 규명하기 위해 샤프 파워라는 개념을 적용하여 참여국의 참여배경을 분석하였다. 샤프 파워는 권위주의 체제 국가가 국가이익을 위해 물리적 강제력을 사용하지 않고 상대방으로 하여금 내가 원하는 것을 하게하는 능력이다. 이는 조작, 강요, 협박, 압박이 결합된 규칙을 사용하여 자기검열을 촉진하고 국내행동을 강요하며 해외여론을 조작 및 강압, 설득하는 방식으로 이루어진다. 중국은 공산당의 체제정당화를 위해 거대자본을 이용한 경제적 지원과 화교커뮤니티, 공자아카데미, 정치 및 언론 등을 이용하여 중국에 대한 유리한 정보를 조장한다. 중국의 일대일로는 상호의존과 공공이익 추구를 통한 평화발전을 강조하지만 실제로는 참여국의 과도한 부채와 중국에게 종속되는 채무함정 등 여러 문제를 야기하고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 일대일로에 참여하는 국가는 증가하고 있다. 중국은 샤프 파워의 정치권력, 강압, 설득, 유인, 문화와 언어 등의 방법을 통해 상대국에서의 중국과 일대일로에 대한 인식을 조장하고 왜곡하여 마침내 이들의 참여를 이끌어 낸다. 이에 본 연구는 최근 일대일로에 참여한 이탈리아의 사례를 통해 이를 분석하였다. This study analyzed the participation background of participating countries by applying the concept of Sharp Power to identify the cause of increase in participating countries One Belt One Road. Sharp Power is the ability of an authoritarian state to make the other person do what I want without using physical force for national interests. This is done by promoting self-censorship, forcing domestic action, and manipulating and coercion overseas public opinion using rules that combine manipulation, coercion, intimidation, and pressure. China promotes favorable information about China by using economic support using huge capital and Chinese community, Confucius Academy, politics and media for the justification of the Communist Party. China emphasizes peaceful development through mutual dependence and pursuit of public interests, but in fact it causes various problems such as excessive debt of participating countries and debt trap subordinate to China. Nevertheless, the number of countries participating in One Belt One Road is increasing. China encourages and distorts the perception of China and One Belt One Road in other countries through the methods of political power, coercion and attraction, culture and language of Sharp Power, and finally leads their participation. This study analyzed the cases of Italy which recently participated in One Belt One Road routes.
도리스 레싱의 「빅토리아와 스테이브니 가족」에 재현된 인종 담론
박선화 ( Sunhwa Park ) 한국영어영문학회 2021 영어 영문학 Vol.67 No.4
This paper explores Doris Lessing’s perspective on color bar racism in her “Victoria and the Staveneys” in light of the concept of color-blind racism. By seeing that racial considerations including Blacks and Latinos shade almost everything in America, Eduardo Bonilla-Silva discusses racial inequality even though whites claim that race is no longer relevant. To explain contemporary racial inequality, he coins ‘color-blind racism’ which whites use in rationalizing minorities’s status as the product of market dynamics and cultural limitations. His argument that these new racism practices are subtle and nonracial is shown in Lessing’s “Victoria and the Staveneys.” Victoria as a black girl experiences black invisibility when she has to stay overnight in the family house of her white classmate, Thomas Staveney. His elder brother Edward who picks her up from the school consisting of minorities thinks she could be white. Furthermore, next morning the family forgets Victoria and her lunch box. After ten years, Victoria happens to meet Thomas whose interest is in only black girls. Victoria is like a nonracial commodity to Thomas who hides his racial interests without sounding racist. Victoria, who did not share her pregnancy with Thomas, introduces her six-year-old daughter Mary to the Staveneys due to her tough and poor life. The family accepts her but wants to re-orient Mary by sending her to a private school Victoria cannot afford, which arouses concerns about the potential to intercept Mary from Victoria’s life. This shows a new cultural racism, which helps Whites maintain their privilege by being shielded with color blindness.