경상분지 남부지역의 지열 부존 잠재력 평가를 위한 퍼지기반 자료통합의 적용성 연구

박맹언,백승균,성규열,Park, Maeng-Eon,Baek, Seung-Gyun,Sung, Kyu-Youl 대한자원환경지질학회 2007 자원환경지질 Vol.40 No.3

지열수의 부존은 화석열수계(fossil geothermal system)의 분포와 밀접한 연관성을 가지므로, 활발한 화석열수계에 의한 광역적인 열수변질대가 분포하는 경상분지 남부지역을 대상으로 GIS 공간통합기법을 적용한 지열 부존 잠재력을 탐사하였다. 연구방법은 화석열수계의 기원 및 분포와 관련된 지질 열수변질대, 열수형 광상 분포, 선구조 밀도, 항공자력도 등 주제도를 작성하고, 현행 온천 분포와의 상관성을 파악하여, 공간통합을 실시하였다. 그 결과 퍼지 연산자 중에서는 ${\gamma}$ 연산자(${\gamma}=0.1$)가 가장 높은 성공비율을 나타내었으며, 일부 지역에서 새로운 지열수 부존 가능성이 예상된다. The occurrence of geothermal water has high correlates highly with fossil geothermal system. A fuzzy logic based data integration is applied for geothermal potential mapping in the Southern Gyeongsang Basin which is distributed in the regional fossil geothermal system. Several data sets are related with the origin and distribution of fossil geothermal system, such as the geological map, the density of lineaments, the aerial survey map of magnetic intensity, the map of hydrothermal alteration, the distribution density of hydrothermal mines, which were collected as thematic maps for the integration. Fuzzy membership functions for all thematic maps were compared to the locations of the spa hot springs, which were used as ground-truth control points. After integrating all thematic maps, the results of gamma operator (${\gamma}=0.1$) was showed the highest success rate, and new geothermal potential zone is prospected in some area.

비소로 오염된 달천광산 토양의 자연저감 능력에 대한 pH-Eh영향

박맹언,성규열,이민희,이평구,김민철,Park Maeng-Eon,Sung Kyu-Youl,Lee Minhee,Lee Pyeong-Koo,Kim Min-Chul 대한자원환경지질학회 2005 자원환경지질 Vol.38 No.5

울산 달천광산의 지하수 및 토양 중에 함유되어 있는 비소의 오염현황을 파악하고, pH와 산화-환원 전위 값의 변화에 따른 자연저감 능력을 평가하였다. 달천광산 지역 비소 오염의 주 근원광물인 유비철석의 광미 내 함량은 최대 $2\%$이며, 비독사석, 니콜라이트, 램멜스버가이트, 거스도르파이트, 코발트석과 황철석 등의 비소함유광물 역시 비소오염의 근원이 되고 있으며, 비소함량은 광물에 따라 다양한 차이를 보인다 광미장 내 유비철석과 황철석의 표면이 부분적으로 철산화물과 철비산염으로 산화된 것을 관찰할 수 있어, 풍화반응이 상당히 진행되었음을 알 수 있다. 지하수 내 비소의 함량과 pH는 뚜렷한 상관관계를 보이지 않지만, 포화대 및 비포화대의 지하수의 비소 농도는 Eh가 감소함에 따라 농도가 감소하는 정(+)의 상관관계를 보인다. RMB(Red Mud Bauxite)는 비소제거 효율이 우수하여 달천광산 지역의 비소로 오염된 지하수 및 토양을 복원 시 자연저감 촉진제로 이용될 수 있을 것이다. The contamination of soils and groundwaters in the Dalcheon mine area, Ulsan, is investigated, and a natural attenuation capacity on redox and pH is evaluated. Arsenopyrite, the major source of arsenic pollution in the Dalcheon mine area, is contained up to $2\%$ in tailings. Furthermore, As-bearing minerals such as loellingite, nicolite, rammelsbergite, gersdorffite cobaltite and pyrite are also source of arsenic contamination, which show various concentration of arsenic each other. Surface of pyrite and arsenopyrite in tailings partly oxidized into Fe-arsenates and Fe-oxides, which means a progressive weathering process. There is no relationship between pH and arsenic content in groundwaters, otherwise Eh and arsenic concentration in unsaturated and saturated groundwater shows positive relationship. RMB (Red Mud Bauxite) could be useful as a trigger on natural attenuation due to superior ability of removal capacity of arsenic when contaminated soil and groundwater in the Dalcheon mine area are remediated.

유문암-열수 반응과 유광 견운모 광상의 성인

박맹언,최인식,김진섭,Park, Maeng-Eon,Choi, In-Sik,Kim, Jin-Sup 대한자원환경지질학회 1992 자원환경지질 Vol.25 No.3

The hydrothermal alteration is evaluated using multicomponent equilibrium calculations with the program CHILLER for the reactions between hydrothermal water and rhyolite at the temperature of $300^{\circ}C$ and pressure of 500 bars. The chemical-reaction model on the depositional processes of the sericitite confirms that the hydrothermal water-rock interaction(hydrothermal alteration) is the main mechanism of the sericitite formation. The principal change in the aqueous phase during the reaction is the pH increase. Overall trends for the major species are the increase in total molalities of K, Ca, $SiO_2$, Al, Mg, Fe, Na, and sulfide in solid phase with hydrothermal water-rhyolite reaction and the decrease of them in aqeous solution by precipitation of hydrothermal products. Quartz and sericite are the first minerals to form. The sequence of minerals to precipitate following them is chlorite, epidote, pyrite and microcline as water/rock ratio decreases. Although calculated results cannot duplicate the complexities of natural hydrothermal alteration, the calculation provides thermodynamic constraints on the natural process. The calculation results resemble those of experimental studies. Sericitite forms where pH decreases and water/rock ratio increases.

H/F Variation in Wolframites According to Depth and Temperature of Mineralization at Ssangjeon, Weolag, Cheongyang and Sannae Mines, Korea

박맹언,Park, Maeng-Eon The Korean Society of Economic and Environmental G 1993 자원환경지질 Vol.26 No.3

본 논문은 심도별 시료 채취가 가능한 국내 주요 함중석 열수석영맥 광상 (쌍전, 월악, 청양, 산내광산)에서 산출되는 철 망간중석과 동일맥 중 공생단계에 있어서 밀접하게 수반되는 같은 광화시기의 석영을 대상으로 유체포유물 온도, 철 망간중석에서의 H/F값 및 광화작용의 섬도와의 상관관계를 밝히기 위해서 시도 되었다. 연구대상 함중석 열수석영맥광상에서 철 망간중석의 H/F값은 생성온도와 광화작용의 심도에 따라 특정적인 상관관계를 보여준다. 윌악, 청양 및 산내광산에서 산출되는 철 망간중석의 H/F값은 광화온도가 높을수록 광화심도가 깊을수록 증가된다. 이는 광화용액의 pH값이 냉각과 모암과의 반응에 따라 감소되었음을 시사한다. 쌍전광산의 경우 생성온도가 높아짐에 따라서 상대적으로 제한된 범위내에서 H/F값이 증가되나 심도에 따라서는 상기 광산과는 상반된 결과를 나타낸다. 이러한 결과는 알카리장석과 견운모등의 침전에 따른 pH값의 증가를 유도한 물리 화학적 환경이 조성되었음을 의미한다. 본 연구에서 밝혀진 함중석-휘수연 열수 석영맥에서 산출되는 철 망간중석의 심도에 따른 생성온도와 H/F값의 특성은 유사한 지질환경의 물리화학적 조선(동일한 공생단계)이 형성되면 지질온도계로서의 활용이 가능하며 H/F값은 열수석영맥에서 산출되는 철 망간중석광의 심도 탐광시 고려되어야 할 요건으로 심도추정 및 탐사지침으로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. The variation of H/F coefficient (Hubnerite/Feberite coefficient) and the temperature of formation with depth have been studied for the hydrothermal tungsten-quartz veins from Ssangjeon, Weolag, Cheongyang, and Sannae mines. All samples were selected at the same paragenetic stage and mineral assemblege according to depth. The studied mines provide an opportunity to examine and regional variations in wolframite composition in different provinces. The formation temperature is linearly related to the depth. At the Weolag, Cheongyang and Sannae mines, the H/F ratio of wolframite and filling temperatures of fluid inclusions in quartz show a general tendency to decrease at shallow levels, in spite of different geological settings. This implies the pH of fluid will decrease vertically with falling temperature and the high H/F ratio of wolframite in deep zone result in an increase of pH with depth. The Ssangjeon mine exhibits a tendency to increase slightly upwards at shallow level. This implies a different geochemical environment (high pH environment) for the Ssangjeon mine, as compared to the other three mines. The H/F coefficient pattern suggests that it is a useful geothermometer for vein-type tungsten deposits in Korea. The H/F coefficient as an indication of depth should be examined for use in exploration.

충주지역 희유원소광상에서 산출되는 갈렴석의 지구화학적특성

박맹언,김근수,최인식,Park, Maeng-Eon,Kim, Gun-Soo,Choi, In-Sik 대한자원환경지질학회 1996 자원환경지질 Vol.29 No.5

Rare metal (Nb-Zr-REE) ore deposits are located in the Chungju area. Geotectonically, the rare metal ore deposits are situated in the transitional zone between Kyeonggi massif and Okcheon belt. The rare metal deposits are distributed in Kyemyeongsan Formation which consist of schist and alkaline igneous rocks. Alkali granite has suffered extensive post-magmatic metasomatism and hydrothermal processes. The ore contains mainly Ce-La, Ta-Nb, Y, Y-Nd, Nd-Th group minerals. More than 15 RE and REE minerals are found in the ore deposits. Allanite, one of the Ce-La rich REE minerals belonging to the epidote group, is the most common mineral in the studied area. The allanite- bearing rocks may be devided into seven types by features of occurrence and mineral associations; zircon type (ZT), allanite-vein type (AT), feldspar type (KT), fluorite type (FT), quartz-mica type (QT), iron-oxide type (MT), and amphibole type (HT). The allanite veins (AT) and zircon rich rocks (ZT) contain the highest total REE contents. Differences in REE abundance can be interpreted in terms of varying portions of magmatic hydrothermal fluid. Petrographical and chemical data are presented for allanites which were collected from different types. The allanites show wide variations in optical properties, due in part to differences in their chemical composition (depending on the types) and to the degree of crystallinity of the individual specimens. Allanite metamicts in biotite are generally surrounded by well developed pleochroic haloes. Usually, allanite is accompanied by zircon and other REE-bearing minerals. CaO and total REE contents $({\sum}RE_2O_3)$ range from 9.29 to 18.79% and 11.66 to 26.31%, respectively. Also, SiO, (28.87~32.61%), $Al_2O_3$ (8.30~16.88%), and $Fc_2O_3$ (16.74~24.38%) contents show varying contents from type to type. The ${\sum}RE_2O_3$ of allanite has positive relationships with $Fe_2O_3$ and negative relaton with CaO, $SiO_2$, and $Al_2O_3$ Backscattered electron microscope images (BEl) of allanite shows that the its mineral composition and texture is very complex. The allanite-bearing hosts show distinct light REE enrichment with strong negative Eu anomaly except for HI. The HT has an almost flat REE distribution pattern with a small negative Eu anomaly. The chemical variation of the allanites with occurrences and mineral association can be related to condition of temperature and oxidation states in precipitation environment.

충주지역 희토류 광상의 성인: 산출상태와 지화학적 특성

박맹언,김근수,Park, Maeng-Eon,Kim, Gun-Soo 대한자원환경지질학회 1995 자원환경지질 Vol.28 No.6

Some REE ore deposits are located in the middle part the of Korean peninsula. Geotectonically, the REE ore deposits situated on the Kyemyeongsan Formation of northern margin of the Okcheon geosynclinal belt and in the transitional zone between Kyeonggi massif and the Okcheon belt, with a deep-seated fracture separating the two tectonic units. The Kyemyeongsan Formation are different in lithology and metamorphic grade from the Gyeonggi massif and the Okcheon super group. The sequence of Kyemyeongsan Formation is dominantly composed of acidic metavolcanic and volcaniclastic rocks associated with alkaline igneous rocks which are related to volcano-plutonism. The REE ore deposits contain mainly Ce-La, Ta-Nb, Y, Y-Nd and Nd-Th group minerals. More than 15 RE and REE minerals have been found in the deposits, such as allanite, fergusonite, thorite bestnaesite, euxenite, polyclase, monazite, columbite, (Nb)-rutile, okanoganite, sphene, zircon, illmenite and some other unknown minerals. According to the characteristics of the mineral association, the REE ore deposits may be divided into 4 ore types; Zircon-REE, allanite-REE, feldspar-REE and fluorite-REE type. The Sm-Nd isochron age of the REE ore is 330 Ma, and the Sm-Nd model age is 1.11 Ga with ${\varepsilon}_{Nd(t)}$ being - 2.9. This data suggest that the REE ore deposit was formed in the early Carboniferous, and the ore-forming material came from the mantle. The REE ores show distinct light REE enrichment with strong negative Eu anomaly. The REE patterns of schistose rocks from Kyemyeongsan Formation are similar to felsic volcanics from rifts or back arc basins in or near continental crust. The genesis of the REE ore deposit is quite complicated. Different geologic processes are displayed in the studied area; sedimentation, volcanic activity, metamorphism and hydrothermal replacement. Alkali granite has suffered extensive post-magmatic metasomatism of a high temperature to produce alkali metasomatites. Geochemical charateristics show that metasomatism of alkaline fluid was probably the dominant ore-forming process in Chungju district.

춘천산 연옥의 조직 및 인성에 관한 연구

박맹언,강정미 ( Maeng Eon Park,Jeong Mee Kang ) 한국광물학회 1995 광물과 암석 (J.Miner.Soc.Korea) Vol.8 No.1

계명산층내 알칼리 화강암 기원의 Nb-Y 광화작용에 수반되는 퍼구소나이트의 지구화학 및 산출특성 연구

박맹언,김근수,최인식,Park, Maeng-Eon,Kim, Gun-Soo,Choi, In-Sik 대한자원환경지질학회 1997 자원환경지질 Vol.30 No.5

Some RE (Zr, Nb, REE) ore deposits are located in the middle part of the Korean peninsula. Geotectonically, the RE ore deposits situated on the Kyemyeongsan Formation of northern margin of the Okcheon geosynclinal belt and in the transitional zone between Kyeonggi massif and Okcheon belt. The rare metal deposits distributed in Kyemyeongsan Formation which consists of schist and alkaline granite. The alkali granite has suffered extensive post-magmatic metasomatism and hydrothermal processes. The ore contains mainly Ce-La, Ta-Nb, Y, Y-Nb, Ti-Nb-(U), Nd-Th group minerals. Fergusonite, one of Nb-Y rich REE minerals belonging to the A-B oxides, is most common mineral in the rare metal deposits. The fergusonite bearing rocks may be devided into four types by occurrence features and mineral association, that is, zircon type, allanite vein, feldspar type, and fluorite type. Fergusonites show wide variations in optical properties, due to part of differences in their chemical composition (depending on the types), but also the degree of crystalinity of the individual specimens. Fergusonite metamicts enclosed in biotite are generally surrounded by well developed pleochroic haloes. Usually, fergusonite is accompanied with zircon and other REE-bearing minerals. Petrographical and chemical data are presented for fergusonites which collected different types. $Nb_2O_3$ and $Y_2O_3$ contents range from 48.51 to 53.01 wt.% and 29.18 to 42.02 wt.% respectively. Also, $ThO_2$, (1.83~6.93), $UO_2$, (0.17~2.84), ${\sum}RE_2O_3$ (except to Y) (1.11~8.73), and $TiO_2$, (0.19~1.19 wt.%) contents show variational compositions according to fergusonite types. The ${\sum}RE_2O_3$ of fergusonites are positive relation with $Y_2O_3$ and negative relaton with $ThO_2$ and $({\sum}{RE_2O_3}-{Y_2O_3})$. The $Nb_2O_3$ is sightly negative relation with $Ta_2O_3$. Back-scattered electron microscope images (BEI) of fergusonite show the mineral composition and textural feature is very complicated. The variation of Nb, Th and REE content of fergusonite and the modes of occurrence of mineral, suggests that REE may have been mobilized during the circulation of hydrothermal fluids related to contact metamorphism (metasomatism). The chemical variation of the fergusonites with occurrences and mineral association can be related to metasomatism of alkaline fluid was probably the dominant ore-forming process in Chungju district.

계명산층 내의 충주 철광상 주변에 분포하는 산성 변성화산암의 성인

박맹언(Maeng-Eon Park),김근수(Gun-Soo Kim),박계헌(Kye-Hun Park) 한국암석학회 2005 암석학회지 Vol.14 No.3

계명산층 내의 충주 철광상 부근에서 산출되는 산성 변성화산암들은 매우 높은 희토류 원소 및 고장력 원소 농도를 갖는다. 비교적 높은 ε<SUB>Nd</SUB>(0) 값과 결여된 Nb(-) 이상치는 이들의 형성에 지각물질에 의한 혼염이 수반되지 않았음을 시사한다. 또한 지구조 판별도에서 판내부 환경에 도시된다. 이러한 지구화학적 특징들은 750 Ma의 연대를 보이는 문주리층의 산성변성화산암과 매우 비슷하다. 이들은 A1-형(Eby, 1992)에 분류되는 마그마의 지구화학적 특징을 나타내며, 대륙의 분열과 관련된 열곡환경에서 맨틀기원의 마그마가 분화되어 생성되었음을 지시한다. 약 330Ma의 연대를 보이는 충주 철광상 부근의 알칼리 화강암 및 희유금속 광상과는 달리 동일지역에서 산출되는 산성 변성화산암들의 Sm-Nd 동위원소 자료는 명확한 동시선을 형성 하지 않는다. 또한 낮은 ε<SUB>Nd</SUB>(0) 값을 갖는 알칼리 화강암과는 달리 산성 변성회산암과 희유금속광상은 비교적 높은 ε<SUB>Nd</SUB>(0) 값을 갖는다. 이러한 차이에 근거하여 다음과 같은 생성가설을 제시한다. 계명산층 내의 충주 철광상 부근에 분포하는 산성 변성화산암은 계명산층의 다른 지역과 문주리층 내의 산성 변성화산암들과 마찬가지로 신원생대인 750Ma에 생성되었다. 약 330Ma 경에 기존 A1-형 화성암과 일부 오래된 지각물질의 용융으로 알칼리 화강암이 생성되었다. 이와 동시에 열수작용으로 인한 산성 화산암 내의 물질 재배치로 희유 금속광상이 형성되었으며, 뒤이은 약 280Ma경의 광역변성작용시 산성 변성화산암의 Nd-Sm 동위원소계가 교란되었다. Acidic metavolcanic rocks distributed around the Chungju iron deposit show significantly high abundances of rare earth elements and high field strength elements. Relatively high ε<SUP>Nd</SUP>(0) values and lack of negative Nb anomaly suggest that assimilation of crustal material is not involved in their generation. They are plotted within the within-plate environment according the tectonic discrimination diagrams. Such geochemical characteristics are very similar to the acidic metavolcanic rocks of Munjuri Formation. They also show geochemical characteristics of A1-type magma of Eby (1992). All such diagnostic characters indicate differentiation of mantle-derived magma produced from the rift environment, related to the breakup of continent. In contrast to the alkali granites and the rare metal deposit both having age of c. 330 Ma, Sm-Nd isotopic data of the acidic metavolcanic rocks do not form well defined isochron. However, the alkali granites reveal low ε<SUP>Nd</SUP> (0) values, while the acidic metavolcanic rocks and the rare metal deposit both have significantly higher ε<SUP>Nd</SUP> (0) values. Considering such differences, we propose following generation hypothesis: The acidic metavolcanic rocks around Chungju iron deposit was erupted at 750 Ma as rest of the acidic metavolcanic rocks of Gyemyeongsan and Munjuri Formations. About 330 Ma ago, partial melting of existing A1-type igneous materials and some old crustal materials produced alkali granite. The rare metal deposit was also produced by redistribution of related materials within the acidic volcanics due to hydrothermal activities occurred at the same time. Srn-Nd isotopic systematics of the acidic metavolcanic rocks were disturbed during the regional metamorphic event at ca. 280 Ma.

백석지(白石脂) 품질표준(品質標準) 설정(設定)을 위한 약용광물학적(藥用鑛物學的) 연구(硏究)

박맹언 ( Maeng Eon Park ),성규열 ( Kyu Youl Sung ),김필근 ( Pil Geun Kim ),김창민 ( Chang Min Kim ),이부균 ( Boo Kyun Lee ),최용선 ( Yong Sun Choi ),정용수 ( Yong Soo Jung ),이장천 ( Jang Cheon Lee ) 대한본초학회 2006 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.21 No.4