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비정질 $WO_3$ 박막과 전해질 계면에서의 리튬 층간 반응의 교류 임피던스 해석
민병철,주재백,손태원,Kim,Byoung-Chul,Ju,Jeh-Beck,Sohn,Tae-Won 한국전기화학회 1998 한국전기화학회지 Vol.1 No.1
To AC impedance study was performed in this study on the interfacial reaction between organic electrolyte and amorphous tungsten oxides thin film, cathodically coloring oxide, prepared by e-beam evaporation method in the 1 M $LiClO_4/PC$ organic solution. The electrochemical reactions at the interface were analyzed by the transient method and the complex impedance spectroscopy. The impedance spectrums showed that the electro-chemical intercalation of lithium cations was consisted of the following three steps; the first step, the charge transfer reaction of lithium cation at the interface between amorphous tungsten oxides thin film and the organic electrolyte, the second step, the adsorption of lithium atom on the surface of amorphous tungsten oxides thin film, and then the third step, the absorption and the diffusion of lithium atom into amorphous tungsten oxides thin layer. The bleaching and the coloring characteristics of amorphous tungsten oxides thin film were explained in terms of thermodynamic and kinetic variables, the simulated $R_{ct},\;C_{dl},\;D$ and $\sigma_{Li}$ by CNLS fitting method. Especially it was found that the limiting values of electrochromic reaction were the molar ratio of lithium, y=0.167 and the electrode potential, E=2.245 V (vs. Li). 본 연구에서는 전자-선 증발법으로 제조된 비정질의 텅스텐 산화물 박막과 전해질 계면에서 진행되는 전기화학반응을 1 M $LiCLO_4/PC$유기 전해질 계면에서 비정질의 텅스텐 산화물 박막 내부로 삽입된 리튬의 양론 값과 박막 전위의 변화에 대하여 연구하였다. 특히 복소수 임피던스 스펙트럼으로부터 제안된 박막과 전해질 계면의 등가 회로는 리튬의 층간 반응 기구가 텅스텐 산화물 박막/유기 전해질 계면에서 리튬 이온의 전하 전달 현상, 텅스텐 산화물 박막에 리튬의 흡착현상 및 박막 내부로의 리튬의 흡수 및 확산 현상으로 구성되어 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 CNLS fitting법에 의하여 시뮬레이션된 $R_{ct},\;C_{dl},\;D$, 및 $\sigma_{Li}$ 등의 열역학 및 속도론적 변수 값 등의 상관 관계로부터,비정질의 텅스텐 산화물 박막의 소. 발색 특성은 이들 변수값과 관련이 있었으며, 특히 $Li_y,WO_3$, 박막 내의 리튬의 몰비 y=0.167및 전극 전위 E=2.25 V(vs. Li)에서 전기 발색의 한계값을 갖는 것으로 조사되었다.
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민병철,Surya,N.,Jampana,Christoper,M.,Thomas,Bandaru,V.,Ramarao 한국펄프·종이공학회 2018 펄프.종이技術 Vol.50 No.2
Buffer substitution method were studied to improve the efficiency and to reduce cost of enzymatic hydrolysis of paper mill waste fines. The method is utilization of CaCO3 in waste fine as a buffer material to substitute traditional buffer chemicals using in hydrolysis process. The 0.05M of sodium acetate buffer required 8.2 kg of sodium acetate and 2.0 kg of acetic acid per 100 kg of waste fines to make the pH 5. When buffer solution and waste fines were mixed, the pH of the mixture shifted to 6.5-7.0 due to the dissociation of CaCO3. The shifted pH was adjusted with addition of extra acids such as sulfuric acid and acetic acid to reach the pH to 5.2. Adjustment of pH increased waste fine hydrolysis yield from 33.7% to 41.4% by addition of extra acetic acid as much as 6.3 kg per 100 kg of waste fines. For the buffer substitution method, only 7.7 kg of acetic acid was demanded without sodium acetate for the same pH level (pH 5.2) of the mixture. The buffer substitution method resulted in 40.8% of hydrolysis yield which was comparable result of pH adjustment of buffer. The buffer substitution method reduced the requirement of 8.2 kg of sodium acetate and 0.6 kg of acetic acid for 100 kg of waste fine hydrolysis. Addition of sulfuric acid resulted adverse effects compared to addition of acetic acid for both pH adjustment and buffer substitution.
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