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문효근 연세대학교 대학원 1972 延世論叢 Vol.9 No.1
The Prosodic feature of the Northern Yungdong Dialect is divided into two groups; the one is the diatect of Jumunjin, Kangreung and Samcheuk spoken south of the boundary between Myungju and Yangyang counties, and the other is that of Kisamun, Sokcho and Daejin north of the said boundary, A tone language is being spoken in Jumungin, Kangneung and Samcheuk having level-pitch register system Comprised of high toneme, mid toneme and low toneme. On the contrary, the length of sound is the main distinctive feature in the Northern Yungdong Dialect of Kisamun, Sokcho and Daejin. Generally, the position of the pitch is customarily fixed according to the numbers of syllables; 2 syllables are usually sounded as "high and low," 3 syllables "low high and low," and 4 syllables "low, low, high and low." These pitches, therefore, are not the discriminating features which distinguish the meanings of words. when a pair of word is uttered, the meaning is distinguished by the length of sound. 갈고(磨) : adverbial form ***** /kalko/ "to sharpen" 갈고(耕) : adverbial form ***** /ka:lko/ "to plow" 말이(馬) : subjective form ***** /mali/ "horse" 말이(語) : subjective from ***** /ma:li/ "word" 걷는다(收) : progressive form ***** /k□tn□nta/ "to collect" 걷는다(步) : progressive form ***** /k□:tn□nta/ "to walk" It is found that in the Northern Yungdong dialect long (/ : /) and short (//) sounds distinguish the meanngs of words Therefore, the dialect of Kisamun, Sokcho and Daejin belongs to a chrone langunge.
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문효근 연세대학교 대학원 1974 延世論叢 Vol.11 No.1
Of all the different spoken in Korea, only the ones currently spoken in Kyeongnam, Kyeengbuk and the seaside areas of Yeongdong can be classified as tone language. All fo the above dialects have "Level-pitch Register System", and their inter-relations in syllable-pitch are as follows: ***** 표삽입(p44) word group: a. 손 (guest) 말(horse) 배(pear)…… b. 손 (hand) 말(a cobit unit) 배(boat)…… c. 손 (loss) 말(speaking) 배(double) …… The long vowel of the dialects have not only "repeated level tonemes" but "compound tonemes" as well. The spread of interact between the starting and ending point of the compound tonemes is considerable in terms of pitch. Such compound tonemes are classified as follows. ***** 표삽입(p44) Kyongnam : ***** /*****/ in-between *****/*****/ant Yeongdong : ***** /*****/ in-between ***** /*****/ ant (jumunjin) ***** /*****/ ant (samchok) Kyongbuk : ***** /*****/ in-between ***** /*****/ ant
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正音 初期 文獻의 易理的 直觀的 聲點 設明 : 聲點 本質 究明을 위하여
文孝根 연세대학교 인문과학연구소 1974 人文科學 Vol.31 No.-
In the literature of the Early Lee Dynasty, the prosodic features of the 15th century Korean can be explained by two methods. One is the explanation used in Hunmin-jongum Haere, (訓民正音解例) which uses the principle of the infinite cycle of the four seasons in describing the relative pitch of syllables, which is in essence based upon the principle of Yi (易). The other is the method used in Hunmin-jongum Unhae (訓民正音諺解), in which the relative pitch of syllables seems to be described by intuitive consciousness. In the first case, Tone 1 (平聲) as found in “whal”(활, 弓) is a lowest tone; Tone 2 (上聲) as found in “tol” (돌, 石) is a mean and long tone; Tone 3 (去聲) as found in “kal” (갈, 刀) is the highest. These three sound are invariably initially low and afterward high. We can conjecture that the judgement of the 15th century scholars must have used sub stitution frames by attaching monosyllable particles in determining the relative tones, e.g., “whal”+“i”. If this conjecture is a reality, the conclusions then reached by those scholars are exactly similar to the results of experimental phonetics of the present day. The investigator has discovered the identity of the two results by utilizing a Sona-Graph, which reveals that the fundamental frequency of the tone pattern of “whal”, “tol” and “khal” indicates low high patterns, as it changes in time. However, Yi (易) is the Oriental Natural Philosophy, while the fundamental pattern of experimental phonetics belongs to the natural physics. Both oriental Yi principle and the western physics eliminate subjective views, and we are drawn to the fact that both methods are trying to objectively observe a natural phenomenon of the voice. According to the explanation of Hunmin-jongum Unhae, the translation of Hunminjong-um Haere, Tone 1 is defined as the lowest, Tone 2 as initially low but afterward higher, and Tone 3 as the highest. Actually, the explanation has three tones in mind. Tone 1 and Tone 3 is intuitive, and Tone 2 is based upon the principle of Yi. However, Unhae attempts to explain this in an easier way by trying to faithfully explain the original text, Hunming-jongum Haere. The results of the phonetic research into Yi's physical and natural methodology could be applied to A. M. Liberman of Haskins Lab and F. S. Cooper theory: Motor Theory of Speech Perception.
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문효근 국립국어연구원 1995 10월의 문화인물 Vol.1995 No.10
한결은 제자들에게 여러 편의 글을 남기시었다. 다 구슬 같고, 마음에 양식이 될 수 있는 내용을 담으셨다. 여기서는 그 가운데서도 아직 따로 '한결 전집'등에 실리지 않았거나, 아직 세상에 덜 알려졌다고 생각되는 글들을 모아 보았다. 제한된 지면이라 욕심껏 되지 않는 것이 안타깝다. 여섯 편밖에 싣지 못했으나, 여기 이 여섯 편의 글에도 선생님의 믿음, 자애로움, 지조, 성실성, 애국애족의 정신 등이 잘 나타나 있다.
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