동북아 한문학의 정립과 그 문화적 의미

문일환 慶北大學校 退溪硏究所 2004 退溪學과 韓國文化 Vol.- No.35-1

중국의 한자, 한문이 조선에 전파되기 시작한 것은 명확한 역사기록이 없어 문헌적으로는 입증할 수 없으나 위만조선시대부터는 거래가 있었을 것으로 추정된다. 기원전 108년에 중국의 한무제가 이른바 한사군을 설치하였으니 이 때에 이르러서는 한자, 한문이 상당히 보급·사용되었을 것이라 짐작된다. 삼국시기 한자, 한문의 능란한 구사는 마침내 조선 한문학의 기원을 열어놓게 되었다. 이어 중국문학은 조선 한문학 발전에 보다 직접적인 영향을 주게 되어 각 시대 혹은 시기마다 크고 작은 영향을 받게 되었다. 일본의 경우 한자가 전해진 것은 대개 4세기 초로 예측되나 그것을 문학창작에 이용하게 된 것은 7세기 이후였다. 한자, 한문의 전파는 단순한 언어문자의 전달에 그친 것이 아니라 아직 미개화시기에 처해 있던 기타 동북아지역에 새로운 문명시대를 열어놓았음을 의미한다. 언어의 전파와 함께 중국문화의 영향은 각 지역의 사회, 정치, 경제, 과학기술, 철학사상 등 여러 분야로 확충되었다. 한자, 한문의 보급은 각 지역에서 나름의 방식으로 다양하게 발전하며 한문학의 전통을 확립하게 되었다 한문학의 전통확립은 언어적 차원에서 그치는 것이 아니라 한문화라는 보다 포괄적인 수용과 전통확립을 보여준다. 한문학은 동북아지역에서 한문화의 영향과 더불어 각 단계를 거치면서 발전을 거듭해 왔다. 그 중 가장 핵심을 이루고 있는 것은 불교문화와 유교, 유학문화라 하겠다. 이 역시 동북아지역문화의 핵심이며 그 근간이라 할 수 있다. 불교가 각 지역의 정신문화와 물질문화 등에 결정적 역할을 하였다면 정치, 문화, 교육 등 영역에서 보다 주도적인 역할을 한 것은 유학이라 본다. 이어 유학은 동북아지역문화의 주류를 이루게 되었으며 드디어 이른바 '동북아유교문화권'을 형성하게 되었다. 유학이 사회발전, 동북아지역 제 민족정신, 학술문화의 발전 등에 긍정적 역할을 미쳤지만 유학의 부정적 측면에 대해서도 간과해서는 안 될 것이다. Chinese Characters were imported since Wiman Choso^n period around A.D.108. During Three Kingdom period, Korean were likely to concerned with Chinese literature. The Chinese Characters not only brought linguistic changes in Korean language system but also influence on many fields like the society, politics, and philosophy. As this imported Chinese Characters were combined into the indigenous cultures since then, it also had its own tradition in Korea. On the other hand, the Chinese Literature encouraged the cultural base of Buddhism and Confucianism. While Buddhism inspired many changes in the philosophy and mentality, Confucianism functioned primarily on practical fields such as politics, education, and culture.

캐릭터 저작물의 표절 여부- 마징가와 태권 V를 중심으로 -

문일환 부산대학교 법학연구소 2023 법학연구 Vol.64 No.4

Taekwon V, which emerged in 1976, has been known to present as the Korean representative character. However Taekwon V is not free from the suspicion that it plagiarized Mazinger, which is the Japanese representative robot character. Even though the sequel to Taekwon V has not emerged since 1990, local governments and the private sectors have continued to forge the big-sized sculptures imitating the shape of Taekwon V. Therefore the legal analysis to decide whether Taekwon V plagiarized Mazinger or not is necessary regardless of Korean people’s general sentiments towards Taekwon V. Taekwon V and Mazinger are all the robot characters in the cinematographic works. Although Copyright Act basically protects the cinematographic works by giving them the copyright, whether the individual characters in the cinematographic are protected by the Copyright Act or not has been arguably discussed. It is necessary to review whether Taekwon V and Mazinger are individually protected as the character work and therefore protected as the Copyright Act. If characters are granted the copyright works, the similarity of the tow robot characters seriously needs to be discussed. If the two robot characters are substantially alike, Taekwon V, which emerged later in time, possibly copied the Mazinger, the precedent, and therefore infringed the copyright of the Mazinger. Among many theories to judge the substantial similarity, the overall approach and the analytic approach are two main theories. The Supreme Court reviewed the substantial similarity by adopting the analytic approach in a game character case. Even though a lower court judged that Taekwon V and Mazinger are not similar because they are distinctly different in terms of the exterior, and individuality and features. This article made a conclusion on the substantial similarity between the two characters by analyzing them in a detailed and specific manner.

재출혈의 위험이 높은 소화성 궤양 출혈 환자에서 오메프라졸 경구 투여와 내시경적 에탄올 주입치료의 효과 비교 : 전향적 무작위 대조 연구

문일환,정혜경,이선영,이한주,김도영,정성애,손혜영 대한소화기학회 1999 대한소화기학회지 Vol.34 No.6

Background/Aims: Omeprazole is a potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion. Recently, it was reported that oral omeprazole therapy reduced the rate of rebleeding in patients with non-bleeding visible vessels or adherent clots. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether oral omeprazole administration can be an alternative to endoscopic injection therapy for peptic ulcers with stigmata of rebleeding. Methods: Seventy-six patients with peptic ulcer bleeding who had endoscopic findings of non-bleeding visible vessels or fresh adherent clots were randomly assigned to oral omeprazole (40 mg every 12 hours) therapy or endoscopic ethanol injection therapy. Both groups were homogeneous in all clinical and endoscopic parameters. Results: The rebleeding rates were 25% in the group of omeprazole therapy and 20% in the group of endoscopic injection therapy. The rebleeding rates with clinical significance were 13.9% and 12.5%, respectively. There was no significant difference in rebleeding rate, requirement of surgery, blood transfusion units, and mortality rate. Conclusions: Oral omeprazole administration is comparable to endoscopic ethanol injection therapy for the prevention of rebleeding in patients with non-bleeding visible vessels or adherent clots.

콘크리트 파괴모델에 기초한 앵커볼트의 파열파괴강도

문일환,이남호 대한토목학회 2000 대한토목학회 학술발표회 논문집 Vol.2000 No.1

클라우드 컴퓨팅 서비스의 저작권법적 쟁점에 대한 고찰

문일환 한국저작권위원회 2016 계간 저작권 Vol.29 No.1

인터넷 인프라와 전송속도의 발달로 인해 클라우드 컴퓨팅 서비스는 이미 많은 서비스를 상용화하고 있다. 클라우드 컴퓨팅 서비스로 인해 기업체들도 서비스를 위한 서버를 굳이 구축할 필요 없이 임대를 통해 저렴한 비용으로 사업을 할 수 있게 되었고, 이용자들도 컴퓨터의 하드 디스크를 교체하거나 소프트웨어를 직접 살 필요 없이 손쉽게 디지털 자원을 사용할 수 있게 되었다. 클라우드 컴퓨팅 서비스의 매출 규모는 국내외를 막론하고 매년 큰 폭으로 상승하고 있으며 이에 따라 정부는 이러한 클라우드 컴퓨팅 서비스를 국가적으로 지원하기 위해 클라우드 컴퓨팅 발전 및 이용자 보호에 관한 법률을 제정하여 지난 2015년 9월 28일부터 시행하고 있다. 하지만 클라우드 컴퓨팅 서비스와 관련되어 다양하게 발생할 법적 분쟁에 대해서는 아직까지 명확한 해결 기준이나 선례가 부족하다고 생각된다. 본고에서는 관련 법적 쟁점 중 특히 저작권법 분야에 집중하여 기술하였다. 우선 클라우드 컴퓨팅 서비스가 정확히 어떤 것인지 알아보고, 그 유형별로 분석하였다. 일반적인 저작권법상 쟁점으로 이용자가 클라우드 스토리지에 저작물 파일을 업로드 하거나 다운로드 할 경우 발생할 문제점을 살펴보았다. 이 경우 복제권 침해가 불거질 텐데 저작권법 제30조의 사적복제 조항을 어떻게 해석할 것이냐가 중요하다. 그리고 클라우드 컴퓨팅 서비스 중 SaaS(Software as a Service)는 스트리밍 서비스를 이용하는데 그와 관련하여 일시적 복제를 살펴보았다. 권리소진 원칙의 현대적 변형인 디지털 권리소진 원칙이 클라우드 컴퓨팅 서비스를 통하여 구입한 디지털 저작물에 적용이 가능한지도 중요한 문제이다. 덧붙여 클라우드 컴퓨팅 서비스 제공자는 저작권법상의 온라인 서비스 제공자(OSP)에 해당할 수 있는데 클라우드 컴퓨팅 서비스를 이용하면서 발생하는 개별 이용자들의 저작권 침해행위에 대하여 서비스 제공자가 어떤 책임을 져야 하는지가 관건이다. 기존의 온라인 서비스 제공자의 책임과 면책 요건이 클라우드 컴퓨팅 서비스 제공자에게도 그대로 적용이 가능한지 분석해보았다. 클라우드 컴퓨팅 서비스는 여러 가지 장점이 많은 서비스이지만 법적인 쟁점에 대해 원만한 정리가 되지 않는다면 앞으로 여러 가지 규제가 생길 가능성도 높다. 클라우드 컴퓨팅 서비스의 지속적인 발전을 위해 앞으로도 많은 연구와 법제화가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

한국인의 위암조직에서 Helicobacter pylori CagA 유전자의 역할

문일환,정혜경,이선영,이한주,김도영,정성애 대한소화기내시경학회 1999 Clinical Endoscopy Vol.19 No.4

Bachground/Aims: To further understand the relationship between the cagA gene and gastric cancer, the positive rates of the cagA gene in cancer and non-cancer tissues were investigated separately in patients with gastric cancer. Methods: The cagA gene was detected by PCR and the ureC gene was analyzed as a positive control for the presence of Helicobacter pylori. Each of two endoscopic biopsies were obtained from cancer and non-cancer tissues of 41 patients with gastric cancer. Results: 1) The positive rate of the cagA gene in cancer tissues was 29.3% (12/41), which was significantly lower than that in non-cancer tissues (63.4%). 2) Twelve (29.3%) out of 41 were positive for the cagA gene in both cancer and non-cancer tissues, 14 were positive in only non-cancer tissues, none were positive in only cancer tissues, and 15 (36.6%) were negative in both sites. 3) The ureC gene was negative in cancer tissue in 12 (85.7%) among 14 cases who were cagA gene negative in the cancer tissue but positive in the non-cancer tissue. 4) There was no difference in the positive rate of the cagA gene according to age, stage, site, and pathologic cell type. Conclusions: These findings indicate that the positive rate of the cagA gene in cancer tissue was lower than that in non-cancer tissues and this might be related to a low infection rate of H. pylori in cancer tissue rather than the presence of cagA negative H. pylori in cancer tissues.

온라인서비스제공자(OSP)의 법적 의무와 책임: 개정 저작권법 중심

문일환 한국지식재산연구원 2012 지식재산연구 Vol.7 No.2

It has been long discussed that the online service providers(OSP)are entitled to specific legal duties and so they, as well as the infringers themselves, shall be entitled to legal responsibilities when violating the duties. The legal practitioners are also in the same position. However, under the prior legal framework the scope of indemnification of OSP was unclear. On the other hand, under the present copyright act amended to execute FTA, OSPs are classified by the type and the requirements for indemnification are enumerated. This is important in that OSP can operate their businesses without a risk by predicting their legal responsibilities and coping with the copyright infringement positively. However, because certain types of OSP are regulated separately and in the same manner as the prior copyright act,the same problem under prior law still remains. The lower court’s holding demanding the active filtering which results in blocking the indemnification by technical impossibility is questionable, and so the different interpretation by the Supreme Court is expected. In the online world, the power and influence of OSP are so huge that OSP are expected to voluntarily forge their own rules before the government intervenes. 온라인 이용자들의 타인 저작물의 불법 전송, 복제를 막기 위해 OSP에게 일정한 법적 의무를 부여하고 OSP가 이를 위반하여 침해가 발생하는 경우 직접 침해자뿐만 아니라 OSP에게도 일정한 법적 책임을 물어야 한다는 논의가 오랫동안진행되어 왔었고, 실무 역시 이에 동조하고 있다. 다만 단순한 법률구조로 인해 OSP의 책임 면책 범위가 불분명하였으나 FTA 이행을 위한 이번 저작권법 개정을 통해 OSP를 유형별로 분류하여 그 요건을 상세화하였다. OSP에게 높은 예측가능성을 부여하여 사업을 안정적으로 운영할 수있도록 하고 저작권 침해에 능동적으로 대응할 수 있도록 한 점에 있어서 그 의의가 크다. 그러나 특수한 유형의 OSP는 구법과 동일하게 별도로 규율하고 있는바개정법 하에서 그 실효성에 의문이 든다. 그리고 적극적 필터링을 요구하여 사실상 OSP가 기술적 불가능성에 의해 면책될 수 있는 여지를 봉쇄한 하급심의 태도는 문제라고 보이는 바 향후 대법원의 다른 해석이 요청된다. 온라인 세상에서 OSP의 위치와 영향력은 매우 크므로 저작권 보호를 위해 국가가 강제적으로 개입하기 이전에 OSP들이 자율적으로 질서를 형성해 나가는 환경이 조성되기를 기대해본다.

국가계약법상 부정당업자 입찰참가자격 제한에 대한 고찰

문일환 부산대학교 법학연구소 2019 법학연구 Vol.60 No.3

「Act on Contracts to Which the State is a Party」 provides that the inappropriate business entities shall not participate in the tendering procedures to prevent business entities from committing the illegal violations only to be successful in the tendering. The projects the State carries is so public-oriented and highly effective in people’s life socially and economically that this provision is indispensable in order to maintain the fairness and transparency in the contracts and to promote the smooth implementation of the large scale national projects. On the other hand, this restriction provision brings huge financial damage to the very inappropriate business entities because they shall be prohibited from participate in all the public tendering for a specific period thereafter. Therefore, with regard to the restriction provision, the details of the requirements, effects, and procedures shall be stipulated in the law and the subordinate decrees. If the government agency imposes sanctions against business entities by wrongfully interpreting the relevant law, the court may revoke the sanctions by its decision in the lawsuit. This Article reviews the possible issues in a legislative, administrative, and interpretative fields, based on the article 27 in the Act, and article 76 in the Enforcement Decree, which provides the restriction on participation of inappropriate business entities in tendering procedures. First all, the inappropriate business entities which were prohibited from participating in the tendering were stipulated in the enforcement decree, not in the law before the amendment. This triggers the issue whether this provision stipulated in the enforcement decree violated the scope of delegated legislation, which means that the essential features restricting people’s right shall be provided in the law, not in the subordinate decrees. This article deals with that matter. To solve this potential unconstitutional situation, the article 27 of 「Act on Contracts to Which the State is a Party」 was substantially amended, and the article 76 of the enforcement decree was accordingly amended. This Article explains the detailed interpretation on the amended law and the enforcement decree in regard to which business entities may participate in the tendering. Secondly, besides the business entities which shall not participate in the tendering stipulated in the law, the detailed criteria for the restriction are stipulated in the enforcement decree. Whether these detailed criteria are binding for the courts and people in general, not just the internal criteria for the government agency shall be addressed. This is about the character of the enforcement decree, that is, whether this provision in the enforcement decree is just internal administrative standard, or legally binding to the courts and people in general. Then, because the business entities prohibited from participating in the tendering suffer from substantial legal disadvantages, they are easy file a lawsuit against the decision of the government agency. Especially there are many legal disputes in regard to the implementation of the contract. When the business entities implement the contracts, they could do it not comforting with the contracts, they could do it wrongfully, they could forge or falsify the documents relevant to contracts, they could submit false documents, or they could fail to conduct relevant to executing contract. This Article addresses these various cases with reference to the court’s decisions.

파열을 일으킨 공장의 평활근육종 1예

문일환,김성숙,김도영,심기남 대한소화기학회 1996 대한소화기학회지 Vol.28 No.6

A 53-year-old male patient presented with diffuse abdominal pain and intermittent melena for 7 years. Abdominal CT showed an exophytically growing, huge bilobed mass in mesentery. Segmental resection was performed under the impression of panperitonitis due to rupture of tumor of the small intestine. The final histologic diagnosis was leiomyosarcotna of the jejunum, which was composed of long spindling cells with elongated nuclei and eosinopbilic cytoplasm. Increased mitotic figures(13 mitoses/10 HPF) and moderate cytologic atypia were noted. After a successful resection for the tumor, Picibanil 10KE was adminisetered daily for 5 days and the patient was discharged. The rarity of this case is emphasized and the literature reviewed.

내시경적 역행성 췌담관 조영술후 췌장염 발생에 대한 임상적 고찰

문일환,이선영 대한소화기내시경학회 1996 Clinical Endoscopy Vol.16 No.4

Background/Aims: Pancreatitis is one of the major complications of ERCP. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the incidence rate and risk factors of ERCP- induced pancreatitis. Method: We analysed 99 consecutive patients(45 males and 44 females) undergoing ERCP from March to September, 1994. The level of serum amylase was measured and clinical assessment of pancreatitis was performed before, 24 hour, 48 hour, and 72 hour after ERCP. We defined clidical pancreatitis as combination of elevated amylase level over 2 days with abdomial pain and tenderness. Reaults: ① Fifty eight patients(58.6%) underwent ERCP for diagnosis, and 32 patients(32.3%) for therapy including endoscopic sphincterotomy(EST), endoscopic nasobiliary drainage(ENBD), or endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage(ERBD). The failure rate of the ERCP was 9 percent(9 patients). ② Underlying diseases were 64 biliary stone cases(71.1%), 15 malignant cases, and other 11 cases. ③ There were 3 ERCP-induced pancreatitis cases(3%) including 2 mild cases and t severe case leading to sepsis and death. C)ther ERCP-induced complication included hemorrhage. ④ The patient group who underwent therapeutic ERCP including EST, ENBD, or ERBD, showed significantly higher rate(9.4%) of complication than the group who underwent diagnostic ERCP(0%)(P$lt;0.01). Age, gender, periampullary diucticolon, the kinds of underlying disease, or the connulation of pancreatic duct showed no significant effect on the incidence rate(P$gt;0.05). Conclusion: The incidence rate and risk factor of ERCP-induced pancreatitis were 3 percent and therapeutic ERCP, respectively. There were no other risk factors. ERCP seldom induces clinical problems if performed by an expert endoscopist with cauxion. However, since a severe complication may cause death, careful monitoring is required for patients undergoing ERCP.