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휴머니즘 : 그 빛과 그림자 Its Light and Its Shade
문경환 연세대학교 인문과학연구소 1995 人文科學 Vol.73 No.-
Everything under the sun has its bright side and dark sid, because it is under the sun. Humanism in the sun is the hues of a rainbow; humanism in the shade is the haze of the limbo. Humanism in its true sense is humility with dignity; humanism in disguise is humiliating indignity. Humanism in the highest is the halo of honor; humanism in the lowest is a hell of a howler. Humanism in a word, is a dilemmatic milestone. It can lead to the mountain peaks of hope and glory or to the bottomless pit of vainglory. Maybe it´s all because of the ´ism´tacked on to its name. For, free of this troublesome appendix, "every human heart is human," as goes a line of a poem I don´t remember whose. But think twice before you damn this poor little word. For every human ism is human also. An ism after all is a human endeavor, in the hope of better understanding human morality, human mortality, human capacities, human infirmities--in short, things human. This paper invites you to the crossroads of humanism, showing you around to its sunny greens of lush pastures and to its gloomy dells of lurking vultures. During your journey you will be ushered once in a while to a resting place so you can stop and think about what the branch of learning called the humanities should be like. At the end of your trip, you will find yourself having made a quick tour, as well, of the historical development of humanism and humanistic scholarship.
문경환 연세대학교 인문과학연구소 1990 人文科學 Vol.63 No.-
Risking banality, let us have it said that language is a mixture of various elements and factors intertwined in a complex web. Its multifariousness, coupled with its vast typological diversity, somehow buries the possibility of appreciating this entity from any one vantage point. What appears to be a quite plausible account of a particular aspect or type of language often disappears in thin air as soon as other aspects or types are taken into account. New discoveries almost always bring in their wake modish theories to explain them, which normally do not mesh with older theories. Perhaps no other individuals are more painfully aware of the difficulty of defining the intrinsic attribute of language with some systematicity than those who may fall under the rubric of “linguists”(or “linguisticians”if you will). Be that as it may, many people who are otherwise very well-informed but know little or nothing of the principles underlying the professional study of language love to speculate about linguistic phenomena, much as some otherwise intelligent outsiders to medical science have fantastic notions about physiology and pathology and express them vehemently, sometimes even to experts. (After all, everyone has a body of one sort or another, and everyone has language of one sort or another.) An attempt by the linguist to show that their speculations are groundless is likely, with overwhelmingly greater than chance frequency, to fall across heartfelt resentment. For, their speculations do not come out of the blue but are the upshot of their most authoritative opinions about what they fancy language is, or more often, ought to be. Notably, though, more speculations about language derive from redoubtably emotional value judgment than not Consider, by way of example, those gentry who put British English high on a pedestal while giving a wide berth to American speech, or vice versa: or those who are prejudiced against the speech of regions of their own land other than those in which they acquired their own speech habits. We are even told of an American cirtic (Van Wyck Brooks by name) who has condemned all varieties of his own national speech, namely American English, as “the mud-turtle language … spoken as if one had mud in the mouth … [with an] accent which is not so much an accent as a whiffle, a snuffle, a twang.” Such commentary by distinguished literary men certainly reflects personal tastes and attachment. But it throws no light at all on the real nature of the language at hand. One might as well feel advised to remind oneself that poems are written to be read in a native language (or dialect) and that operas are written to be sungin one's native tongue. More opinionated, perhaps, than the esthetic appraisal is the moral attitude toward language, known as “prescriptivism.” A grammar of the prescriptive persuasion sets up normative standards about how a language should be used, rather than lay out, as a grammer of descriptive (or “languistic”) vein purports to, an account of why a language is in fact used the way it is. (The double meaning of the term “grammar” has too often given rise to confusion and misunderstanding that in turn galvanize a battery of misdirected criticisms against linguistics.) A grammar, in the current lingo, is essentially a collection of opinions about the propriety of using certain words and phrases, and about the social status of those who use certain verbal expressions. (A descriptive grammar, it should be stressed again, passes no judgment on such matters and makes no claim whatsoever about which lingusitic forms one should actually use in performing a speech act.) Not surprisingly, prescriptive grammarians would hew steadfastly to the traditional line of “usage and abusage” commentary that is largely on the order of “This is a bad form” or “This does not make sense.” What is surprising is that even those expressions that are used so often and so innocuously are frequently taken up as the target of puristic strictures. The sad truth here―sad to the professed vanguard of linguistic purity, whatever this word may mean to them―is that languages of the world have gotten along only too well without prescriptive policing. In fact, there is no dearth of evidence suggesting that, if a language shows a sign of degenerating into the state of chaotic gibberish, it is just because of external regulation. What has been said so far outlines the rudiments of what my paper is all about. Since, however, my intention is to make this abstract more or less self-contained on its own, a qualification may be in order lest I convey the impression that esthetic evaluation and policing is out of the question right through. A command of graceful, artistic and effective language is surely an accomplishment that a linguist, a linguist of decent quality for that matter, would readily appreciate and would himself be more than happily in pursuit of (Unfortunately, I stumble upon some linguists who seem to believe that being a linguist is not having to worry about one's poor and sloppy use of language, which, by the way, reveals itself only under the curious guise of “metalanguage” one habitually resorts to.) The point is, such a talent does not already qualify one to make authoritative statements about language, any more than leading a righteous, sober and even godly life (say, in love and charity with one's neighbors) qualifies one to set himself up as a theologian. As for normative policing, let them say who will it is a quite efficient way of containing the ever―changing characters of language within certain limits of communicability, provided (beware!) their claim is not based on mere dogma―false dogma at that.
문경환,김영규,정문호 ( Kyong Whan Woon,Young Gyu Kim,Moon Ho Chung ) 한국하천호수학회 1992 생태와 환경 Vol.25 No.4
Kyongan Stream, one of the first stream flowing into the Han River, was investigated in the viewpoint of its pollutants load run-off into Pal`tang Reservoir which is the most important sorurce for the tap water supply to Seoul City. DO, BOD, COD, SS, and pH values were measured at five selected stations in the stream monthly during the period from January 1989 to December 1991. The amount of pollutants load at each station was also computed on the basis of data adopted from Yongin and Kwangju Gun. Stations 1, 2 located in the upstream were revealed to be heavely contaminated by social sewage and breeding activities of the domestic animal. Stations 4, 5 in downstream were, however, measured to become somewhat better in DO, BOD, COD and SS values possibly due to the increase of the flowing amount by the joining of second streams, i. e., Nungwon Stream. Values of pH ranged from 6.9-8.1 all the year round. DO value showed to decreased in summer season, however, BOD and COD values increased in the winter. Decreaseof DO value might be due to the increase of water temperature, since increase of BOD and COD values by the increase of the flowing amount.
해양경찰의 정보활동 실태 및 발전방안 연구 : 정보조직․활동범주 및 교육․훈련을 중심으로
문경환 경찰대학 치안정책연구소 2017 치안정책연구 Vol.31 No.2
Although the Korea Coast Guard was re-established on July 26th 2017, prior to this, it was affiliated to the Ministry of Public Safety and Security on November 17th 2014 derived from Sewol-ho ferry disaster, it’s investigation and Intelligence capacity has been seriously undermined by the limitation of the scope through the amendment of the National Government Organization Act. It led to the decline in enforcement of smuggling and illegal fishing within the Korean territorial waters. Consequently, this created a necessity for the strengthening of intelligence operation to prevent national security threat factors. This study is thus aiming to examine the status of Maritime Police Intelligence structure and its operational scope. It will be followed by suggestions of alternatives in relation to intelligence operations and training programs through the analysis of the results from in-depth interviews from maritime police intelligence officers. Results and policy alternatives are as followed. First, intelligence manpower is not enough to execute the operation corresponding to the demanding roles of the Korean Coast Guard including counter-terrorism, counter-piracy and countering the protest on the sea etc. Second, specialized and differentiated intelligence training programs need to be established based on the competency indicator for the maritime intelligence police officers. Third, clarification and consolidation of the actual role as the maritime intelligence police are necessary in order to correspond the upcoming restructuring of the Korea Coast Guard. 2017. 7. 26. 해양경찰청이 재출범하였지만 세월호 침몰 사고로 인해 지난 2014. 11. 17. 정부조직법 개정을 통해 국민안전처 소속의 해양경비안전본부로 개편될 당시 해양에서의 경비․안전․오염방제 업무와 해상에서 발생한 사건의 수사․정보에 관한 사무만으로 업무영역이 제한되면서 해경의 수사․정보 인력 감소와 이로 인한 활동역량 약화는 심각한 수준에 이르렀다. 이는 밀입출국 및 밀수범죄 단속 감소와 외국어선의 불법조업 확산으로 이어졌고, 결과적으로 해상테러를 포함하는 다양한 해상 안보위해요인에 대한 사전 예방적 역할로서의 정보활동 역량 강화 필요성은 매우 절실한 상황이 되었다. 이 연구는 그런 이유로 현재 해경의 정보조직체계 및 활동 범주에 대해 살펴보고 정보관을 대상으로 한 심층 인터뷰 결과를 토대로 해경의 향후 정보활동 방향과 정보교육․훈련에 대한 발전방안을 제시하고자 진행되었다. 연구결과, 해경의 정보활동 범주에는 해상테러나 해적행위, 해상시위 등 공공질서 위반행위에 대한 정보활동과 이를 예방하기 위한 정보활동까지 포함되는 것으로 여겨지나 현재 이를 수행할 정보인력은 이에 충분치 않고, 해양경찰교육원에서 진행되는 정보 전문교육 역시 전문성이나 충분성 측면에서 개선 필요성이 제기되었다. 제안컨대, 해양경찰의 역량지표 개발 및 이를 통한 역량기반 교육과정 개설과 함께 해경 정보관 양성과정을 비롯하여 정보관 실무과정과 전문과정 정보관리자 과정 등 해경 정보관에 대한 차별화된 전문교육 프로그램의 개설, 그리고 해경의 정보활동 범주에 대한 명확한 해석을 토대로 향후 정보조직 및 활동방향에 대한 전면적인 개편이 필요할 것이다
활성탄가 CuO/zeolite에 의한 SO₂ 가스의 흡착특성 및 제거효율
문경환 高麗大學校 倂設 保健大學 保健科學硏究所 1994 保建科學硏究論集 Vol.3 No.1
Development of flue gas desulfurization process is becoming an essential task to be accomplished especially for the power plants and industrial facilities. This study is to discuss the adsorption characteristics and removal efficiencies of SO₂ by granular activated Carbon, activated carbon impregnated with sodium and cupric oxide supported on zeolite. The results obtained in the experiment were as follows : 1. Freundlich isothermal predicted single component adsorption is as follows granular activated carbon logX/M=-3.139+1.871ogC activated carbon (impregnated with sodium) logX/M=0.718+0.89logC Removal efficiency of SO₂ with the activated carbon impregnated sodium is higher than the activated carbon. 2. Removal efficiency of SO₂ with CuO/zeolite was improved with temperature increase. 3. The reaction rate constant of SO₂ with CuO/zeolite was as follows : k(㎝/s)=2.060exp[ -3307(cal/㏖)lRT]
“일본 고유의 병리” : 그들에 대해 우리가 알아야 할 것들
문경환 국제언어인문학회 2015 인문언어 Vol.17 No.1
The expression captioned above, which I borrow from a Japanese literary critic for the title of the present article, refers to those aspects of irrationality and parochial spiritual tendency that the critic believes account for the nationalist militarism of modern imperial Japan. The militarism has often capitalized on what is known to the world as bushido or 'the way of the warrior' which, as the code of conduct of the samurai class, used to operate as well in terms of the ethical basis of the whole nation, emphasizing the spirit of absolute loyalty and sacrifice. As it turns out, however, the very notion of bushido is actually an invention of an amateur opinionist who had no knowledge whatsoever about the real nature of the historical samurai societies. Worse still, the fabricated notion of bushido has coupled itself with the notion of 'aesthetics of death,' itself a result of the militarists unjustly interpreting a document of the early 1700s as merely glorifying the way of dying of the warrior. As such, bushido has contributed to the strengthened practice of forced belly-slitting suicide during the wartime. It was also exploited as a means of compelling all of the soldiers involved to fight and die to the last man in the face of apparent defeat. Recent years have seen a new surge of militarist nationalism arising in Japan, which plans on expanding its self-defence forces, claiming its right to the so-called 'collective self-defence.' The notion of self defence, however, is what the country has habitually resorted to when waging a war against a foreign country. Besides, Japanese government is very active in implementing historic revisionism, thereby whitewashing the nation's wartime crimes against humanity such as sexual enslavement of 'comfort women.' The present article is meant to be a critical survey of the cultural aspects of Japan that seem to be responsible for its 'pathological conditions.' We look into the people's unique notion of the 'inner circle' as opposed to the 'outside,' their inconsistent observance of their dictum 'Do not make troubles for others,' the nationalist propaganda by means of cinematography, their false idea of samurai spirits, their fabricated notion of Tenno ('heavenly emperor'), and so on. This article hopes to bring to light some of the unwholesome factors deep-rooted in the status quo of Japanese militarist policy making processes.