어미 ‘-으려고’의 통사ㆍ의미적 특징에 대하여

목지선(Mok, Ji-seon) 한국어문학회 2013 語文學 Vol.0 No.122

The purpose of this study is to figure out the grammaticalization process of connective ending ‘-euryeogo’ by identifying its semantic functions and syntactical characteristics. The ending of ‘-euryeogo,’ used in a spoken language with great frequency, was chiefly classified into a connective ending representing intention or purpose. Besides, ‘-euryeogo’ also combines with a following sentence, is used in the form of ‘-euryeogo hada’ in combination with a dummy verb ‘hada,’ and does the function of ending a sentence by being put into the last position of the sentence. However, despite the big difference between structures of ‘-euryeogo + following sentence’ and ‘-euryeogo hada,’ the existing studies have failed to investigate the syntactic and semantic characteristics by proper division. Besides, though grammaticalization as a final ending means having difference both in syntactic restriction and semantic function from when used for connective ending, they are making an error of treating ‘-euryeogo,’ which still means intention, as a final ending. Simply for the case, it is used at the end of a sentence with emission of a following sentence. Thus, this thesis will divide the uses of ‘-euryeogo’ into connective endings of ‘-euryeogo + following sentence,’ ‘-euryeogo hada’ and the final ending of ‘-euryego’ to find the syntactic and semantic differences between these. In case of the use in the form of ‘-euryeogo + following sentence,’ the intention or purpose of the subject must appear in the preceding sentence, while the following sentence must be presented with an accompanying act to achieve the intention or purpose, given in the preceding sentence including means or manner. This causes a big restriction in the relative meaning between preceding and following sentences with a severe syntactic restriction, such as those in the subject, mood in the following sentence and the pre-final ending. ‘-euryeogo’ in the use of ‘-euryeogo hada’ has the meaning of not only intention or purpose but also sign or expectation, while by omission of ‘- go ha-’ it can be used in the form of ‘-euryeo + connective ending’ to be connected to another following sentence. In the use for the form ‘-euryeo (-go ha -) + connective ending’ it forms another semantic relationship with the following sentence, which could be said to relax the restriction compared to the structure ‘-euryeogo + following sentence.’ Lastly, since ‘-euryeogo,’ which functions as a final ending, has gone through the process of grammaticalization, in terms of meaning too. It represents not intention, but doubt revealing a different characteristic from when used for a connective ending in syntactic restriction such as in pre-final ending.

경남 방언의 단형 부정 의문문에 대한 연구 - 확인, 강조 용법을 중심으로 -

목지선 ( Mok Ji-seon ) 한말연구학회 2022 한말연구 Vol.63 No.2

Negative questions sometimes express positive propositions in special situations. Studies on this unusual usage have been focused on the long form negative question. This article criticizes this research trend. Therefore, the special usage of negative question was studied targeting the short form negative question of the Gyoungsang dialect. Its special usage is the usage of confirming existing information and the usage of emphasizing new information. When the ‘an’ negative question of the Gyoungsang dialect is used as a function to confirm existing information and to deliver new information, it functions similar to a declarative sentence. Therefore, there is no negative meaning and no questionable meaning. In this article, this point was presented through syntactic characteristics. Usually, when uttering a negative question, the listener has enough information. On the other hand, the speaker lacks or lacks information. The special usage of ‘an’ negative question is revealed when the listener has the same amount of information as the speaker or only the speaker has information that the listener does not. Usage of confirming seeks to get the other party's approval by requesting confirmation of information. And the speaker tries to reveal the accuracy of the information he has. In addition to this intention, it has a function to induce the listener to actively participate in the dialogue with the speaker himself by allowing the listener to agree and sympathize with the speaker's own utterance. And, in the case of a function that emphasizes new information, information that the listener is not familiar with or new information requested by the listener through a question is provided. And the emphasis is added compared to the general descriptive text

국어 범용어미에 대한 연구

목지선 ( Mok Ji-seon ) 우리어문학회 2018 우리어문연구 Vol.61 No.-

이 연구에서는 종결어미화된 연결어미 중 양태 요소를 포함한 ‘-는데, -거든’을 제외한 ‘-고, -든지, -으려고, -게, -도록, -으면’이 모두 후행절 대신 어휘적 의미가 약한 ‘하다’와 결합해 쓰일 수 있다는 점에 주목했다. 형태가 동일하고 어말어미라는 공통점을 지니나 후행 요소의 유무나 종류에 따라 연결어미, ‘어미 + 하다’ 구성, 종결어미로 쓰이면서 통사·의미적 기능을 달리 하는 이러한 것들을 ‘범용어미’라 규정하고 그 특성에 대해 살펴보았다. 대등나열의 ‘-고, -든지’는 연결어미와 ‘하다’ 구성 모두 중첩 구성을 기본으로 하여 동일 가치의 명제가 더 나열될 수 있음을 함의한다. 이러한 나열의 개방성은 내용을 풍성하게 해 표현을 구체화하여 의사소통 효과를 높인다. 선후행절의 논리적 관계를 나타내는 연결어미 ‘-으려고, -게, -도록, -으면’은 [-실제성]과 [+주관성]을 공통의미로 가지는데, ‘어미 + 하다’ 구성의 경우는 여기에 [+바람]의 의미가 더해진다. 통사적 제약에 있어 ‘-으려고, -게, -도록’은 연결어미와 ‘하다’ 구성에서 동일한 양상을 보이나 ‘-으면’의 경우는 차이가 있다. 또 ‘어미 + 하다’ 구성의 생략에 있어 양태적·문법적 기능을 하는 것은 생략이 불가능한 반면 표현 효과에만 기여하는 것은 생략이 가능하다. 범용어미가 종결어미로 쓰일 때의 의미 기능에 대해 살펴보면 대부분 양태적 의미를 드러낸다. 의미 강조나 바람, 동조, 감탄 외에도 상황에 대한 의아함이나 의심, 분노, 짜증 등 다양한 양태적 의미가 나타나며, 화용적 상황에도 제한이 있어 친근한 관계에서의 당부나 인사, 공적인 상황에서 다수를 대상으로 한 업무 지시 등에만 한정된 쓰임을 보이는 예도 있다. In Korean, there are total 8 endings that were used as connective ending and became final endings, including ‘-는데, -거든, -고, -든지, -으려고, -게, -도록, and -으면’. Excluding ‘-는데 and -거든’ that contains modal markers in these 8 endings, ‘-고, -든지, -으려고, -게, -도록 and -으면’ can be combined with endings with no lexical meaning such as ‘하다’ in place of following clause. Even the endings in identical form display different meaning and syntactic characteristics based on the presence and type of following element. This study defines the endings in identical form that are used as the connective ending, ‘ending + 하다’ form, or final ending widely as two or more functional final endings. In addition, it developed the discussion based on the characteristics when the two or more functional final endings are used in ‘ending + 하다’ structure or as final endings. Based on the discussion, ‘-고, -든지’ were based on reapplication construction when used as connective endings or combined with ‘하다’ Also, this means that more propositions with identical value can be listed. The openness of this list makes the contents richer and more diverse to specify expressions and improve communication effects. ‘-어려고, -게, -도록, -으면’, which show the logical relationship of antecedent/following clauses, can have [-reality]와 [+subjectivity] in common when used as connective endings. Also, the meaning of [+wish] is added when used in ‘ending + 하다’ structure. In terms of syntactic constraints, ‘-어려고, -게, -도록’ do not show difference when used in connective ending + ‘하다’ structure, but showed a huge difference in case of ‘-으면’ In addition, ‘ending + 하다’ can’t be omitted in ‘-어려고 하다, -으면 하다’ that have modal meaning or ‘-도록 하다, -게 하다’, which are causatives with grammatical function. Meanwhile, clauses related to expressive effective, such as ‘-고 하다, -든지 하다, -도록 하다’, rather than grammatical or modal melding, can be omitted. Lastly, the study examined the characteristics of two or more functional final endings when they are used as final endings. They strongly show the modal meaning, such as the speaker’s psychological attitude or emotions. Declarative endings provide the functions of emphasizing meaning or expressing speaker’s motions or wishes through the addition of information. When ‘-고, -게’, added with basis for speaker’s prediction or expectation, emphasize meaning, it expresses suspicion about unusual event or situation. Also, speaker’s psychology or emotion, such as positive appreciation, or negative anger or irritation, is displayed in the expression or emotion. Modal meaning is strongly displayed when expressing speaker’s wish. ‘-으면’ contains speaker’s positive wish or hope, and ‘-든지’ expresses dissatisfaction against negative reality, while displaying the hope to improve the situation. When functioning as a question, ‘-고’ plays a similar function as the existing interrogative endings, but ‘-으려고’ and ‘-게’ strongly show the model meaning, such as suspicion or agreement. This displays the speaker’s accepting attitude about the authenticity of previously presented information. ‘-고’ or ‘-도록’ ist’t very different from the existing imperative final endings, but aside from the general imperative function, ‘-고’ is frequently used as the way to extend greetings in friendly ways in personal relationships. Also, ‘-도록’ sounds more natural in official situations such as work orders or against the public, so its use is rather limited.

연결어미 ‘-든지’의 통사 · 의미적 특징

목지선(Mok, Ji-seon) 한국어문학회 2017 語文學 Vol.0 No.136

The ending ‘-deunji’ is divided into single construction and reduplication construction based on the number of proposition combined. It may be used as a final ending, connective ending, or ending of embedded sentence in terms of the presence or types of following elements. This study examines various usage of ‘-deunji’ particularly in a form of the reduplication construction such as ‘-deunji, -deunji’ and analyzes its syntactic and semantic characteristics. First, the primary condition of using ‘-deunji’ is the availability of the list of items for selection, and therefore the ending does not merely require the performance of selection. This may be supported by the fact that ‘-deunji’ is often employed in the reduplication construction to represent the meaninglessness of selection, and that it also appears in a form of ‘infinitival construction + -deunji.’ On the other hand, the form of ‘proposition + -deunji’ contains a semantic feature so that it can be repeated as ‘ending 1, ending 2, ....., ending n + following phrase,’ when the range or standard of selection is decided by the characteristics of the following phrase. However, it is difficult to conclude that the preceding endings merely function to enumerate items, while the last ‘ending n’ has a distinct function. According to this study, the reduplication construction of ‘-deunji, –deunji’ can be divided into ‘-deunji -deunji + following phrase’ and ‘-deunji -deunji + hada.’ First of all, the form of ‘-deunji -deunji + following phrase’ can be sub-categorized in accordance with the presence of the expression that characterizes the listed objects in the following phrase. In the form where the reduplication construction of ‘-deunji’ is followed by the phrase, the necessity of selection varies depending on the proposition in the phrase. The use of the form depends on the necessity of selection, and the form can be distinguished by the way in which the followed expression imposes limitation on the ‘-deunji’ phrase. In this respect, this article argues that ‘-deunji -deunji + following phrase’ has three types in regard to the openness of proposition list and the necessity of selection: extreme openness, semi-openness, and closeness. The first type is conditioned by the complete absence of the following phrase expression that intends to define the category or characteristics of the listed proposition. In this case, the reliability of the former “deunji” statement does not affect the meaning of following phrase, and other objects can be listed as many as the speaker wants, so it shows the extreme openness. The second type is used when the expression that defines the category or selection criteria of listed propositions is followed by the phrase that contains semi-openness in the followed expression. This type can be divided again based on whether or not the followed phrase or noun (phrase) presents the selection criteria that characterizes the listed objects. The latter pattern is often used when the speaker only intends to provide a list of objects. Lastly, the third type is the expression that put a limit on the number of listed propositions and selections in the following phrase, and it therefore represents the closeness of listed objects. Therefore, the pattern of extreme openness does not demand the listener’s act of selection, while that of semi-openness and closeness requires the performance of selection.

복합형어미 ‘-다니까’의 의미와 통사적 특성

목지선(Mok, Ji-Seon) 한국어문학회 2020 語文學 Vol.0 No.150

이 글은 복합형어미 ‘-다니까‘의 의미ㆍ통사적 특성을 밝히는 것을 목적으로 한다. 그리고 연결어미 ‘-다니까’는 ‘-니까’와 관련되므로 이들의 비교도 진행하였다. 우선 연결어미 ‘-니까’의 의미기능을 인과, 상황 설명과 경험/정보, 기대 부정으로 보았으며, 연결어미 ‘-다니까’는 발화와 그에 대한 사람의 반응을 이어주는 기능을 한다고 보았다. ‘-다니까’는 선행절 명제의 사실성 여부, 필연성, 선후행절의 의미 요소 등에서 ‘-니까’와 차이가 있다. ‘-다니까’에 후행하는 반응은 화자의 기대에 맞을 수도, 어긋날 수도 있는데 기대에 어긋난 반응의 경우 후행절이 생략되고 수사의문문과 결합되면서 불만, 부정의 의미가 강조된다. ‘-니까’의 상황설명 기능은 ‘-다니까’에 드러나지 않는다. 종결어미 ‘-다니까’는 첫째, 기대에 어긋난 반응을 보이는 상대방에게 불만이나 불평을 나타내는 기능을 한다. 둘째, 한 발화 안에서 자신의 발화를 받아 강조하는 기능을 하는 ‘-다니까’는 앞선 발화가 드러나지 않는 상황으로 그 쓰임이 확장된다. 셋째, 현재 시점에서 어떤 상황을 경험하면서 이미 있던 내면적 앎을 확인하는 것인데 의미가 강조되어 감탄문처럼 쓰인다. The purpose of this study is to reveal the semantic and syntactic features of the endings of the compound form "-danikka", and compare the connective ending ‘-danikka’ and the connective ending "-nikka" because they are closely related. First, the connective ending "-nikka" performs three semantic functions. It is used to connect causes and results, contextual background and experiences/in formations, and expectations with opposite results. But the connective ending "-danikka" functions to connect someone’s utterance with people"s reaction to it. ‘-danikka’ differs from ‘-nikka’ in the truth of the proposition of previous clauses, necessity, and the semantic factors of previous and following clauses. The reaction appears on the following clause of conjunct sentences with "-danikka", which may well meet or go against the speaker"s expectations. However, in cases where the response does not meet the speaker"s expectations in the conjunct sessions, the following clauses are omitted and rhetorical questions are combined. Therefore, in this type of sentence, the meaning of discontent or negation is strongly expressed, and the function of situational explanation in ‘-nikka’ is not revealed in ‘-danikka’. First, the final ending "-danikka" indicates the complaint or dissatisfaction of a person with a reaction contrary to the speaker’s expectations. Second, ‘-danikka’ functions to emphasize what the speaker has said within a sentence. And this can be used even if the speaker has not previously said anything as the usage expands. Third, ‘-danikka’ serves to confirm the knowledge that was already in place when experiencing a situation. It is used as an exclamation with an emphasis on meaning.

상태동사와 결합하는 보조용언의 특성 연구 - 강조의 의미기능을 하는 보조용언을 중심으로 -

목지선(MOK JI SEON) 국어문학회 2021 국어문학 Vol.78 No.-

기존의 연구에서는 결합 용언에 차이에도 불구하고, 상태동사가 선행할 때도 동작동사가 선행할 때와 동일한 판별조건을 적용하여 일부 보조용언을 보조용언의 범주에서 제외하기도 한다. 하지만 동일한 형태의 보조용언이라 해도 동작동사와 결합할 때와 상태동사와 결합할 때 통사적, 의미적 차이가 있으므로 선행용언의 유형에 따른 특성을 밝힐 필요가 있을 것이다. 이 글에서는 우선 상태동사와 결합하여 강조의 의미 기능을 하는 보조용언을 대상으로 그 의미 기능과 통사적 특징을 살펴보았다. 우선 이를 위해 보조용언과 상태동사의 의미를 밝힌 뒤 이를 적용하여 상태동사와 결합하는 보조용언을 추출했다. 그리고 의미 기능을 기준으로 이들을 분류하여 선행용언이나 명제를 강조하는 기능을 하는 보조용언 ‘-어 터지다, -어 빠지다, -어 죽다, -어 쌓다’를 논의 대상으로 삼았다. 이들 중 ‘-어 터지다, -어 빠지다, -어 죽다’는 상태동사와의 결합이 일반적인데 ‘-어 터지다’와 ‘-어 빠지다’는 대상 자체의 상태가 매우 심각하며 이에 대한 화자의 시선이 부정임을 강조하는 반면 ‘-어 죽다’는 대상을 대하는 주체의 감정이나 느낌이 매우 심하다는 점을 강조하며 부정적인 시선은 드러나지 않는다. 그리고 ‘-어 터지다, -어 죽다’는 인과구문에서, ‘-어 빠지다’는 ‘-에 빠지다’에서 보조용언으로 문법화 한 것으로 보았다. 그리고 ‘-어 쌓다’는 동작동사와 결합할 때는 동작의 반복이나 강세의 의미를 가지다가 상태동사와 결합하는 경우는 반복이나 지속의 의미가 ‘-기 십상이다, 쉽게 잘 –게 되다’를 나타내는 의미로 확장되고 이것이 대상의 속성이나 감정, 심리를 강조하는 의미 기능을 하게 된 것으로 보았다. Auxiliary verbs have different characteristics depending on the verb they are combined with. Nevertheless, in previous studies, the same criterions for distinguishing are applied when combining with a state verb as when combining with an action verb. Therefore, it is argued that some auxiliary verbs do not fall into the category of auxiliary verbs. In this article, it is considered that there is a syntactic and semantic difference between an action verb and a state verb, even if the auxiliary verb has the same form. Therefore, it will be necessary to reveal the characteristics according to the type of preceding verbs. Therefore, it is necessary to study the characteristics of auxiliary verbs that can be combined with state verbs and characterize the modal meanings they express. First of all, in this article, the semantic function and syntactic characteristics of auxiliary verbs that function as an emphasis by combining with state verbs were examined. And based on this discussion, the meanings of auxiliary verbs and state verbs were defined, and by applying this criterions, a list of auxiliary verbs that can be combined with state verbs was determined. And, after classifying them according to their semantic function, the auxiliary verbs ‘-어 터지다, -어 빠지다, -어 죽다, -어 쌓다’ were taken as the subject of discussion. ‘-어 터지다, -어 빠지다, -어 죽다’ is combined only with state verbs. Among them, ‘-어 터지다, -어 빠지다’ have the same emphasis, but ‘-어 죽다’ is different. Emphasizing that the condition of the subject of ‘-어 터지다, -어 빠지다’ is very serious, the speaker’s perspective on this is negative. On the other hand, ‘-어 죽다’ emphasizes that the emotions or feelings of the subject toward the object are very severe, and the negative view is not revealed. And "-어 터지다, -어 죽다" is a grammaticalization of a causal phrase as an auxiliary verb, and "-어 빠지다" is a grammaticalization of "-에 빠지다" as an auxiliary verb. ‘-어 쌓다’ is common to combine with action verbs, but it is also combined with state verbs. When combined with an action verb, it means repetition or stress of an action, but when combined with a state verb, it expands to the meaning of "it is easy to do, it is easy to - get well". And the meaning is more abstracted, and it functions as a semantic function that emphasizes the attribute, emotion, or psychology of the object.

계기의 접속어미 ‘-고’와 ‘-아서’의 의미·통사상 차이

목지선(Mok, Ji-seon) 한국어문학회 2012 語文學 Vol.0 No.116

This study has the purpose of describing the semantic and syntactic differences of the preceding clause with negative expressions comparing with the preceding clause used as the affirmative sentence, considering that a preceding clause of the connective ending of Succession ‘-go’ and ‘-aseo’ cannot perform the semantic function of Succession any longer when it is conjoined with negative expressions. In addition, based on it, I am going to look into the meaning differences between these two connective endings ‘-go’ and ‘-aseo’ containing the meaning of ‘Succession.’ When conjunctive sentences are conjoined with negative expressions, the scope of negation can be altered depending on the sort of connective endings, and the semantic and syntactic differences can be appeared different from conjunctive sentences used as affirmative sentences. When the preceding clause performs the function of presupposition of the following clause, the preceding sentence with negative expressions has great influence on the relative meaning between the preceding and the following sentence. Thus, looking into the differences between the conjunctive sentence with negative expressions and the conjunctive sentence used as the affirmative sentence is very important. Especially, conjunctive sentences with the meaning of ‘Succession’ should be grounds for the conditions of ‘the completion of an event in the preceding clause’ and ‘no overlapping of an event between the preceding and following clause.’ However, when the preceding sentence is negated, it cannot perform the semantic function of Succession any longer because it violates these two conditions. In this thesis, I considered the meaning and features of the preceding clause of the connective endings ‘-go’ and ‘-aseo’ when it conjoined with negative expressions in two different aspects; ‘the uses requiring the performance of behavior’ and ‘the uses not requiring the performance of behavior’. As a result, in case of the conjunctive sentences containing ‘-go’ with the same subject, it has the meaning of denial of expectation in the uses requiring the performance of behavior, whereas it has the conditional meaning for the performance of behavior in a following clause in the uses not requiring the performance of behavior. On the other hand, in case of the conjunctive sentences containing ‘-aseo,’ they were ungrammatical in both uses. From this consideration, it is restricted to affirmative sentences that ‘-aseo’ can have the meaning of Succession. It proves that ‘-aeso’ has relatively more coherence or association of preceding and following clauses than ‘-go’. Therefore, we can find out the difference of the relative meaning of preceding and following clauses in conjunctive sentences containing ‘-go’ and ‘-aseo’ through the aspect of the combination with negative expressions.

어미 "-으러"의 통사,의미적 특징

목지선(Ji Sun Mok) 언어과학회 2015 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.72

In a conjoined sentence with connective ending ‘-으러’, one can find a movement of place from antecedent clause, and the purpose of the movement from following clause. Therefore, a verbal constraint is formed that only strong action verb, excluding the verb that shows the movement of place can be used in antecedent clause, and only motion verb can be used in following clause. The subject for antecedent clause can be 1st, 2nd and 3rd person, and there also forms a subject constraint that verbs in antecedent and following clause must agree. For the mood of following cluase, all of the moods such as declarative, interrogative, imperative, optative, commissive and etc can be used. Although negative expression cannot be used in antecedent clause, it can be used as ‘안(ahn)`` negative, ‘못(mot)`` negative, and also ‘말다(mal da)`` negative in following clause. However, when used as rhetorical questions, it shows verbalㆍsemantic characteristics that are different from ‘-으러’ that shows the purpose premise of a movement of place. Most significant characteristic is that a combination with not only motion verb but also general verb is possible since constraints of verb in following clause disappears. Unlike the facts that ‘-으러’, which shows purpose of movement of place can combine with almost all interrogatives, and strong action verb excluding motion verb can combine as antecedent clause verb without any particular constraints, there is constraints such as only ‘what+objective postposition`` can be combined among interrogatives, and only ‘하다(ha da)`` can be used as antecedent clause verb and can be used as fixed forms of ‘뭐/무얼/뭘/뭣.’Also, due to these vanishments of verbal constraints, meaning of movement of place is lost and meaning of ‘purpose`` is denied by rhetorical questions, and therefore, the meaning does not signify the purpose of movement of place but denial or restriction of possibility or necessity in accordance to different tenses or persons. In this case, verbal, semantic changes are emphasized, can be used as sentense concluding in a form of omitting following clause, signifies negative through function of rhetorical questions, but it is unlikely to be admitted as a complete grammaticalization since used as following clause can be restored. But it is identified to be different with when ‘-으러’, a connective ending that signifies purpose of movement of place, is used at the sentence concluding by omitting following clause, because an action verb other than motion verb can be used as the verb for the restored following clause. And it also functions as sentence concluding in a form of ‘뭐 하러’ without following clause. In this case, unlike when it serves its semantic function as denying necessity, it signifies euphamistic refusal. Therefore, unlike that preceding utterance is allowed with all moods except declarative and exclamatory when it signifies denial of necessity and functions as affirmative, volitive, and prohibitive, when used as final ending, previous utterance must signify suggestive, optative, commissive meaning and etc. Above all, the fact that restoration of following clause is impossible when ‘뭐 하러’ functions as following sentence could be the most significant proof that it cannot be defined as a connective ending that signifies purpose of movement of place. ‘-으러’ that serves to deny necessity, or functions to signify refusal to a suggestion or a demand, seems to be undergoing changes of its verbalㆍsemantic function on a process of becoming final ending from connective endings that signifies purposes through grammaticalization. These usage of ‘-으러’ is very active in actual use of language and should not be overlooked.

보조용언 쌓다에 대한 연구 -대다와의 비교를 중심으로-

목지선 ( Ji Seon Mok ) 한말연구학회 2013 한말연구 Vol.- No.32

The purpose of this article is to reveal a use of ``쌓다``, an auxiliary verb, is divided into a use for repeated emphasis and a use for simple emphasis, and discuss its syntactic features. ``쌓다``, an auxiliary verb, used in a form of ``-어 쌓다`` has been treated as similar to ``어 대다`` and no one has a great interest in the syntactic and semantic differences between these two auxiliary verbs. However ``어 대다`` and no one has a great interest in the syntactic and semantic differences between these two auxiliary verbs. However ``어 대다`` can be easily replaced by ``-어 쌓다`` whereas ``-어 쌓다`` is not used by being replaced by ``어 대다``, which indicates ``쌓다``, an auxiliary verb, is more widely used than ``어 대다`` in the context of meaning and function. There are severe restrictions in combining ``어 대다`` with main verbs yet there are less restrictions in combining ``-어 쌓다`` with main verbs. As ``어 대다`` can take the verbs with the property of [+repeatability] and [+mobility] as main verbs, it functions only to emphasize the repeated actions. However there are less restrictions in combining ``-어 쌓다`` with main verbs, it can be used to simply emphasize the non-repeated actions and state as well as the repeated actions. Furthermore when ``-어 쌓다`` functions as ``repeated emphasis``, it still has the meaning of a general verb ``쌓다``. If it demonstrates the negative awareness when functioning in this way, it can be replaced by ``대다``. However when it functions as ``simple emphasis``, its meaning becomes abstract and thus it cannot be either combined with non-repeated verbs nor be replaced by ``대다``. Regarding the syntactic features of ``-어 쌓다``, unlike the previous studies, it can be combined with tense prefinal endings-``었-`` and, ``-겠-`` and there are no restrictions in combining it with the adverbs with small degreed when it has the property of repeatability. Furthermore, regarding anaphora, other emphasis auxiliary verbs do not go well with the anaphora of main verbs only yet ``쌓다`` goes well with that.

Ovalbumin 으로 감작된 생쥐에서 CpG ODN 투여 후 기관지폐포세척액내의 세포 및 Cytokine 변화에 대한 연구

목지선(Ji Sun Mok),최성민(Sung Min Choi) 대한소아알레르기호흡기학회(구 대한소아알레르기 및 호흡기학회) 2002 소아알레르기 및 호흡기학회지 Vol.12 No.2

N/A Purpose: Asthma is an inflammatory disease of the airways that is induced by Th2 cytokines and inhibited by Th1 cytokines. Oligodeoxynucleotides containing a CpG motif(CpG ODN) , as potent inducers of Th1 immunity, are considered promising candidates for immune modulation in asthma. In this study we wanted to investigate the effect of CpG ODN on eosinophilia and cytokines of BALF in a mouse model established airway inflammation and the optimal route(systemic vs mucosal) of CpG ODN. We examined the difference of immunologic responses between CpG ODN and corticosteroids. Methods: Female BALB/c mice, induced pulmonary allergic inflammation, were treated intranasally or intraperitoneally with CpG ODN and Dexamethasone. Allergen-specific antibody responses, cytokines(IL-4, IL-5, IL-12) , and eosinophilic inflammation of the airways were investigated on BALF and splenocyte. Results: CpG ODN effectively induced IL-12 and inhibited IL-4 and IL-5 as well as eosinophilic inflammation when CpG ODN was administered intranasally or intraperitoneally with allergen challenge. Therapy with corticosteroides, while effective inhibiting IL- 5 generation, did not induced IL-12 in BALF. Conclusion: Systemic or mucosal administration of CpG ODN effectively stimulated the production of Th1 cytokines and suppressed eosinophilic airway inflammation in contrast of corticosteroids and control ODN. Thus, CpG ODN vaccination is a potentially useful approach for immunomodulation of established airway inflammation in a mouse model of asthma.