한국의 자동차 해체·재활용 제도 개선 연구

류병운,Lyou, Byung-Woon 한국자동차안전학회 2016 자동차안전학회지 Vol.8 No.4

In Korea, the Vehicle Dismantler and Recycler industry is supervised by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport under the Automobile Management Act. Also, Korean Automotive recycling businesses are supervised by the Minister of Environment under the Resource Recirculation Act. The main concern of the Minister of Environment is how the wastes from Dismantled vehicles will be environmentally removed, stored, treated, recycled or disposed. In 2000, the European Union (EU) adopted the End-of-Life Vehicles Directive (2000/53/EC) which required Members to ensure the collection, treatment and recovery of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs). The Directive, the most tightly regulated and precautionary legal systems, required that the last owner of a vehicle could drop off the ELV at an authorized treatment facility and that the producers of the ELV should pay the cost of the program. The adoption of the ELVs directive has led the development of Automotive Dismantler and Recycler networks to reuse, refurbish, remanufacture, recycle and recover parts and materials embedded in ELVs. Also, the ELVs directive which has had an insignificant impact on Korean manufacturers has strong presence in the European market and has been successfully externalized on them. The Korean manufacturers not only achieve the 85% recycling target set by the ELVs directive but also meet the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) which requires manufacturers to contribute dismantling process. In order to improve the Korean vehicle dismantling and recycling system, the Automobile Management Act and the Resource Recirculation Act should be harmonized. Particularly the roles of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport and the Minister of Environment should be sharply divided. Like Japan, the ELV management needs to be highly centralized, regulated, and controlled by the ministry specialized in Vehicle, namely the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport and the sub organizations. Like EU Members, recovery, reuse, and recycling must be distinguished. Recovery is defined as the final productive use of the parts and materials embedded in ELVs, which includes reuse and remanufacture of parts and recycling of the other materials. Dismantling process and reuse and remanufacture of parts must be governed by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. For environmental recycling or disposal of waste materials, such as CFCs, glass and plastic material, and toxic substances, governmental financial support system should be in place.

UAM의 도입 및 산업화를 위한 법 · 제도의 설계

류병운 ( Lyou Byung-woon ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2022 홍익법학 Vol.23 No.2

UAM은 대도시권 교통난 해소와 보다 빠른 운송의 목적으로 개발되는 새로운 교통체계이다. UAM과 같이 혁신적이고 문화 충격적 교통수단은 법과 제도로서 그 도입과 상업화를 촉진하는 것이 필요하다. 문제는 UAM의 도입과 산업화를 위한 입법에 UAM의 기술적 특성과 표준에 대한 정보가 거의 없다는 점과 정부가 이 새로운 교통수단에 대하여 추상적이고 관념적인 위험 판단에 따라 높은 수준의 선제적, 예방적, 안전 규제를 채택한다면 UAM 제도의 실현은 계속 지연될 수밖에 없다는 점이다. 한국 정부는 신속하게 UAM의 도입 및 산업화를 위한 법적 과제를 파악하고 입법 수요에 따른 적절한 규칙을 마련하여야 한다. 국민의 일상생활과 직접 관련되고 안전과 환경 문제가 수반되는 획기적인 새 교통수단인 UAM의 개발과 사용화를 위해서는 가칭 ‘UAM 특별법’ 제정이 필요하다. 이 법은 ICAO 중심의 국제항공법의 틀 안에서 미국과 EU의 규칙과 철저하게 조화되는 방식으로 입법되어야 한다. ‘UAM 특별법’은 현재의 「드론법」을 폐지하고 UAM과 UAS의 통합법 형태로 제정할 수도 있다고 생각된다. UAM 승인과 운영 전반에 걸쳐 기존의 규제적 규칙을 적용하는 대신, 업계가 주도적으로 규칙을 수립하되 국가의 핵심 이익과 관련된 국가 영공의 안전, 공역에 공평한 접근, 보안 등의 사항은 정부의 승인을 받도록 하는 규칙 제정 방식과 그 절차를 간소화하고 규제적 규칙의 적용에 융통성을 부여하는 시장 친화적 접근방식이 필요하다. UAM의 사회 비용을 줄이기 위해서 초기 UAM 인프라 투자 비용을 최소화하는 방안을 모색하여야 한다. 비용 절감과 함께 기존 교통망과의 연계라는 UAM의 효용을 제고하려면 개발 단계의 UAM은 물론 기존 대중교통 체계의 설계에서도 효율적 연계가 고려되어야 한다. 한국의 경우, eVTOL형을 주로 개발하더라도 장거리 운송이 가능하고 국내 산업 경쟁력 이 있는, 수소전지 비행차량(특히 그 감항 능력 기술)의 개발도 함께 추진해야 한다. 또한, 한국은 개인 수요자의 다양한 선호에 더 부합할 수 있는 STOL형 또는 PAV 개발의 추진에 주저해서는 안된다. UAM is one of the new transportation systems developed for the purpose of resolving traffic congestion in metropolitan areas and providing faster transportation. Innovative and culture-shocking means of transportation such as UAM are required to promote their introduction and commercialization by laws and systems. One of the two problems is that there is little information about the technical characteristics and standards of UAM required for the introduction and industrialization of UAM legislation. The other is that if the government adopts high-level preemptive, preventive, and safety regulations based on abstract and conceptual risk judgments for this new mode of transportation, the realization of the UAM system will continue to be delayed. The Korean government should quickly identify the legal tasks for the introduction and industrialization of UAM and prepare appropriate rules according to the legislative demands. In order to develop and use UAM, a groundbreaking new means of transportation that is directly related to people's daily life and is accompanied by safety and environmental issues, the so-called 'UAM Special Act' needs to be enacted. This law should be enacted in a way that is thoroughly harmonized with the rules of the United States and the EU within the framework of ICAO-centered international aviation law. It is thought that the ‘UAM Special Act’ may abolish the current drone law and enact it in the form of an integrated law with UAM and UAS. Instead of applying the existing regulatory rules throughout UAM approval and operation, the industry takes the initiative in establishing rules, but issues such as safety of national airspace, equitable access to airspace, and security related to the country’s core interests are subject to government approval. There is a need for a market-friendly approach that simplifies the rules-making process and provides flexibility in the application of regulatory rules. In order to reduce the social cost of UAM, it is necessary to find a way to minimize the initial UAM infrastructure investment cost. In order to reduce costs and improve the utility of UAM, such as connection with the existing transportation network, efficient connection should be considered in the design of the existing public transportation system as well as the UAM in the development stage. In the case of Korea, even if it develops an eVTOL type, it should also promote the development of hydrogen-cell air vehicles (especially its airworthiness technology) that Korea has competitiveness and can transport over long distances. Also, there is no reason for Korea to hesitate in promoting the development of STOL-type or PAV that can better meet the diverse preferences of individual consumers.

인간복제를 규제하는 국제규범 -「생명윤리 및 안전에 관한 법률」의 문제점과 개정방향 모색-

류병운 ( Byung Woon Lyou ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2014 홍익법학 Vol.15 No.1

Human cloning is a very difficult problem staying on a coordinate which includes human lives and the need for regulation against cloning activity to avoid any disaster caused by the birth of cloned offspring. The human fetus is originated from the early stage of a life, a human embryo. Thus the national obligation to protect lives should be logically expanded to the protection of human embryos as well as the effort to eliminate any risk intimidating sound existence of them. The possible methods to regulate cloning activities divide by ① the total ban on any kind of embryo production or cloning ② the partial permission of embryo production or closing for the purpose of biomedical technology research which still prohibits implanting a cloned embryo into a woman`s uterus or other cultivation environment like pregnancy. As a result the method of ② means the utilization of cloned embryo for the purse of treatment, which accompanies the controversies against balance and conflict for interests between a life and a life. 「United Nations Declaration on Human Cloning」demands UN member countries to adopt all necessary methods for proper protection of human lives, to prohibit human cloning (including embryo cloning) which is not matched with the dignity of man as well as life protection, to ban genetic engineering against human dignity, and to adopt any method protecting the utilization of women as domestic law. Under Article 1 of the 「Additional Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine, on the Prohibition of Cloning Human Beings」, “Any intervention seeking to create a human being genetically identical to another human being, whether living or dead, is prohibited.” Most of countries currently prohibit human cloning including treatment purpose as a domestic law. Jumping on the vague hope of general public which was created by the fabrication of experimental results done by Dr. Hwang Woo-Suk and the exaggeration of treatment effects using by somatic cell cloning embryo, it is a big problem to legislate 「the Life Ethics and Safety Act」which restrictively allows embryo cloning. Especially the embryo exchange done by a researcher in Hwang Woo-Suk case practically shows the possibility that embryo cloning for treatment purchase could be abused as reproductive human cloning. According to the international rule or the legislative examples of other countries, 「the Life Ethics and Safety Act」should be reformed as strictly banning human cloning. To prohibit reproductive human cloning, all kinds of human embryo cloning would be completely banned. It would not be late to review the amendment of this law later when the need of embryo cloning for treatment purpose is clearly proved. As another alternative, embryo cloning for treatment research purpose would be limitedly allowed however the enforcement of the legislation would be deferred until it is proved that ① embryonic stem cells are overwhelmingly superior to non-embryonic stem cells for the treatment of intractable disease ② embryonic stem cells have more outstanding biomedical value than the embryonic stem cells formed from IVF.

WTO DDA협상 재개와 타결을 위한 정책 방향

류병운(Lyou, Byung-Woon) 조선대학교 법학연구원 2010 法學論叢 Vol.17 No.2

무역장벽의 획기적 축소를 통한 세계 경제 성장과 개도국의 발전을 함께 목표로 하는 DDA협상 타결의 지연과 결렬은 2008년 이후의 세계적 경제 침체라는 상황에 시사하는 바가 크다. 아울러 DDA 실패는 곧 WTO의 위축내지 위기를 초래하게 될 것이다. G-8 기능의 상당 부분이 G-20으로 대체된 현재, 오는 11월 서울에서 개최되는 G-20 정상회의에서 DDA협상 재개의 돌파구가 마련되도록 미국과 EU는 물론 주최국인 한국도 최대한 리더십을 발휘해야 한다. 향후 DDA협상 전략은 한국의 이해와 WTO에 대한 세계적 불만을 반영하여 마련되어야 한다. 먼저 한국에 국한된 문제로서 우리 정부는 한-EU FTA 및 한-미 FTA의 타결 내용을 전제로 DDA협상 전략을 수립해야 한다. WTO는 많은 최빈국과 개도국에게는, 특히 세계적 경제 침체 상황에서, 실패한 기구로 낙인찍히고 이러한 불만이 DDA협상 결렬의 이유이기도 하다. GATT /WTO를 통한 세계무역자유화의 최대 수혜국인 한국이 WTO하의 자유무역의 이점과 국제무역을 통해서 산업화와 경제발전을 성취할 수 있다는 모델과 노하우를 자유무역으로 빈곤이 더욱 가속화된 저개발 국가들에게 전수하는 프로그램을 개발해야 한다. 서울 회의를 포함 향후 G-20 정상회의는 개도국에 대한 지원 패키지를 마련하는 노력도 경주하여야 한다. 지원 패키지는 개발도상국 및 최빈 개도국을 위한 ‘무역을 위한 원조(Aid for Trade)’로서 산업화와 상품의 수출능력 향상에 초점을 맞춘 ‘능력배양(capacity building)’이어야 하며 단순히 선진국의 개도국시장 개척전략이 되어서는 안 된다. WTO의 협상시한을 지키기 위한 절차적 방안과 협상시한을 넘긴 경우에 대한 규범적 조치 마련 등의 제도 개선도 필요하다. DDA협상 타결이 2008년부터 불어닥친 세계경제침제 상황 하에서 예견되는 보호주의 확산을 세계적 차원에서 차단하는 중요한 계기가 될 수 있다는 점에 주목하여야 한다. DDA협상 재개의 돌파구와 향후 타결을 위해 한국은 적극적 역할을 수행 하여야 하며 특히 선진국과 개도국의 가교역할, 즉 중개자의 역할을 확대해가야 한다. The delay and rupture for the settlement of DDA negotiation of which purposes are world economic growth through freer international trade and the progress of developing countries, have great implications for the worldwide economic slump from the year of 2008. Additionally, the failure of DDA would directly cause crisis of WTO. Most parts of G-8 functions are currently replaced with G-20 and Korea, the host country as well as U.S.A. and EU, should show its leadership as much as possible to resume DDA negotiation in the G20 Summit Conference which will be held in Seoul in coming November. A strategy for future DDA negotiation should be prepared reflecting the understanding of Korea as well as discontent against international WTO. First of all, Korean government should set up a strategy for DDA negotiation based on Korea-EU FTA and Korea-U.S.A. FTA as a problem confined to Korea only. Especially under the worldwide economic slump, many developing countries, particularly developing countries, stigmatized WTO a failed organization and these complaints caused the rupture of DDA negotiation. Korea, the main beneficiary of world trade liberalization through GATT/WTO should demonstrate the merits of free trade under WTO and develop the program to hand down the know-how to achieve industrialization and economic development to the underdeveloped countries who are suffering from the poverty accelerated by this free trade. Future G-20 Summit Conferences including Seoul Conference should devote entirely on the preparation of the support package for those developing countries. The support package should not be a strategy only to find a market in developing countries, but be ‘capacity building’ focused on the improvement of ability to export products and industrialization as ‘Aid for Trade’ for developing countries as well as the poorest countries. It is necessary to reform procedural methods to keep the time limit of WTO negotiations and prepare normative measures against passing the negotiation deadline. At worldwide level, it is noticeable that the settlement of DDA negotiation could be a momentous opportunity to block the spread of protectionism which is anticipated under the worldwide economic depression started from the year of 2008. Korea has to perform active roles to make a breakthrough of resuming DDA negotiation and future settlements and expand its activities as a role of intermediary that is a bridge between advanced countries and developing countries.

드론과 로봇 등 자율무기의 국제법적 적법성

류병운 ( Byung Woon Lyou ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2016 홍익법학 Vol.17 No.2

이 논문의 목적은, 인공지능(artificial intelligence)이 탑재된 자율 살상 로봇(Lethal Autonomous Robotics: LARs), 즉 "살인자 로봇(killer robots)"이나 사실 상 공간적 제약으로부터 자유로운 자율 무인항공기, 무인함정, 무인잠수함 등의 다양한 드론과 같은, 자율무기(autonomous weapon)에 대한 국제법적 적법성 판단과 허용원칙을 제시하는 것이다. 과학기술의 발전은 인류의 일상생활에 편리함, 안전, 풍요로움을 가져왔으나 다른 한편으로는 심각한 재앙의 결과, 나아가 인류공멸의 위험을 내포하고 있다. 이와 같은 과학기술의 양면성(兩面性)은 자율무기의 이익, 즉 "로봇이 전사하면 그 어머니한테 편지를 쓰지 않아도 된다."는 미 해군 상사의 말이나 북한군이 DMZ에 몰래 매설한 지뢰의 위험 속에 혹한기에 긴 철책을 밤새 지켜야하는 병사를 SGR이 대신하는 상황으로부터 파악되는 이익과함께 자율무기가 인간에 대한 직접적이고 가공할 위험으로 작용하고 있어 이에 대한 규제가 필요하다. 다만 자율무기는 종래의 무기와는 달리 다양하고 복합적이며 다목적 기술의조합이고 이미 개발 중이거나 실전에 배치되는 과정에 있어 그에 대한 금지 내지 규제가쉽지 않다. 따라서 자율무기에 대한 무리한 금지보다는 효과적인 규율이 바람직하다자율무기가 적법하기 위해서는 일단 전시에 민간인과 같이 전쟁에 참여하지 않은 당사자가 반드시 보호되어야 하고 그를 위해 민간보호를 위한 구별성 원칙을 갖추어야 한다. 또한 전투원에게 불필요한 고통을 주거나 특정한 군사적 이익에 비하여 과도한 공격, 즉 비례성 원칙에 위반되는 무기는 위법하다. 아울러 인간 생명권의 존중과 고문이나 잔인한처벌 등의 금지에 부합하여야 한다. 자율무기체계가 금지된 방식의 포탄이나 무기를 사용하거나 그 운반 수단인 경우는 철저히 금지되어야 한다. 자율무기와 다소 인간의 개입이 가능한 반자율 무기를 구분하고 전자(前者)를 보다 엄격히 규제해야 한다. 공격무기와 방어무기를 구분하여 공격무기에 대하여는 구별성 원칙과 비례성 원칙의 엄격한 적용 등 보다 강화된 규제가 필요하다. 적대국의자율무기 개발이나 배치 상황에서 대응 무기로 개발 배치되는 자율무기에 대한 규제는 동등성 기준을 적용하여 완화할 수 있다. 공공양심에 반하거나 가증스러운 테러조직, 국제법상 강행규범(jus cogen) 반하는 범죄집단이나 독재세력을 방어 또는 격퇴하거나 대응하기자율무기에 대한 기준도 완화되어야 한다. 국가는 자율무기의 연구·개발·획득 및 채택함에있어서 적법성 심사와 결정의 의무를 성실하게 이행해야 한다. 향후 자율무기 개발 선진국이 자율무기에 대한 적법성 및 안전기준의 수립도 선도할 것으로 예상된다. The purpose of this article is to provide the legality judgement and compatibility rule under international law against LARs(Lethal Autonomous Robotics) loaded with artificial intelligence, which are killer robots free from space limit like various Drones including UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), UUV(Unmanned Undersea Vehicle) and Unmanned ships. The development of technology brings convenience, security and richness in everyday life of human beings but also contains the results of serious disaster as well as risk of mankind codestruction. The control over LAR is necessary because using autonomous weapon provides such ambilaterality of technology which provides some benefits, for example, there`s no need to write its mom when a robot dies or instead of human soldiers, an SGR stands guard duty in the dangerous mine field of DMZ in cold winter season, as well as which could be a directive and terrifying hazard to human beings. Unlike traditional weapons, autonomous weapons are various, complicated and multifunctional technology, and under development or in the middle of deployment of actual warfare, it is not easy to prohibit or regulate them. Therefore effective regulation on autonomous weapons is more desirable than impractical prohibition. To make autonomous weapons legitimate, any party like civilians not participating in the war should be protected and a differential principal should be set up for this purpose. Any weapon violating the proportional principle is unlawful, such as unnecessary suffering to a combatant or excessive aggression compared to specific military benefit. And also it corresponds to the respect of right of human life as well as the prohibition of torture and cruel punishment. Any autonomous weapon system using bombs of forbidden way or providing means of movement should be drastically banned. While autonomous weapons are distinguished from half-autonomous weapons in which any interference by a human being is possible, the former should be regulated more strictly. Offensive weapons are necessary to be separated from defensive weapons and to be regulated more strictly through the principles of differentiation and proportion, etc. The regulation against the development and deployment of autonomous weapons to cope with that of enemy states, would be moderated through the application of equivalence principle. The standard of autonomous weapons should be alleviated when its purpose is to defend, expel or take action against heinous terrorist organization, criminal groups or dictatorship violating public conscience or jus cogen in international law. A state has to perform sincerely the obligation of decision and legality judgment in research, development, acquisition and adoption of autonomous weapons. The advanced states in the development of autonomous weapons are expected to lead the establishment of legality and safety standards in the future.

복제약품의 국제무역

류병운 ( Byung Woon Lyou ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2013 홍익법학 Vol.14 No.3

In order to facilitate international trade of generic drugs, it is necessary to balance various interests, such as international trade liberalization pursued by the WTO, intellectual properties related to the (original) drugs and each member state`s public health policy. WTO 2001 Doha Ministerial Conference Declaration on the TRIPs Agreement and Public Health provides some of the standards for the balancing, like “flexibility” in the application of the TRIPs Agreement. As lots of disputes concerning generic drugs show, however, the 2001 Doha Declaration is not enough to tackle the balancing. At first, international community should make an effort to crack down counterfeit medicines, which bring risks and real injuries to human health. If a drug is made in a way of appropriation of the patent, trade mark, brand name, design or trade dress of another drug, the drug should be considered as counterfeit medicine. However, such cracking counterfeit medicines down should not result in unnecessary trade barrier on international trade of generic drugs. A generic drug authorized in a WTO member state should not be considered as a counterfeit medicine except for the case decided by DSB of WTO to be illegal. The better way for a clear distinction between a generic drug and a counterfeit medicine is harmonization of the each state standard for the patentability. Each state should expand its effort to harmonize standards for the patentability. It is expected that the DSB of WTO will provide some clear standards in the case of ‘European Union and a Member State - Seizure of Generic, Drugs in Transit.’ The relation between an original drug and a generic drug could be governed by the values, such as right for public health, right of access to medicine, and “flexibility” in the application of the TRIPs Agreement. When a developing country, which lacks of ability to produce sufficient medicine, imports cheap generic drugs including the drugs produced in a way of compulsory licensing, there should not be any kind of international trade barriers. For the states, parallel import of drugs including drugs supported by public health fund of a state, needs to be permitted For rapid releasing generic drugs onto a market, it is necessary to facilitate and simplify the procedure of authorization. To facilitate the procedure, Early Working with flexible interpretation of the TRIPs Agreement could be introduced.

WTO 「무역원활화협정」의 내용과 향후 이행과제

류병운 ( Byung Woon Lyou ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2014 홍익법학 Vol.15 No.3

Trade facilitation’ means, through “the simplification and harmonization ofinternational trade procedures” and with increase of transparency of the procedures,securing smooth and efficient flow or to reduce trade procedure barriers (TPBs) ininternational trade. The Agreement on Trade Facilitation was adopted at the 9th WTO MinisterialConference as part of “Bali Package” in December, 2013. The new agreement, which wasincorporated to the WTO, a powerful enforcement organization with dispute settlementsystem, is expected to boost the world economy more than one billion dollars by tradeexpansion as well as reducing trade procedure costs. The Agreement promotes the transparency in trade procedure by establishing specificduties of Member States about the declaration and availability of important information,information notice, chance of comment and consulting service, advance ruling, and theprocedures of appealing and review. Also, the Agreement contributes to increaserationality and efficiency in customs clearance and release procedure, with providing theprinciple limits the size of fees and charges to the approximate cost of the servicesrendered, and by clarifying obligations of Member States on allowance of pre-arrivalprocessing, instalment of electronic payment, separation of release from final determination of customs duties, risk management, post-clearance audit, introduction ofauthorized operators, special handling for expedited shipments, etc. The Agreement demands minimizing and simplifying documents and processes of theimport/export customs in standardized forms, and tolerates to submit copies whengovernment authorities already have the original documents. This Agreement introducessingle window system, which allows one time submission of related customs documentsto a single counter, and bans pre shipment inspection to evaluate customs tariff and rate. The Agreement prohibited mandatory use of customs broker too. The Agreement specifies the freedom of transit in GATT Article V by encouragingMember States to abolish voluntary restrictions on transit, prohibiting Member Statesnew charges that are additional to those administrative limited to the cost of providingthe transit service, requiring Member States to allow advance filing and processing oftransit documents, and ensuring formalities and documentation requirements on trafficin transit to identify the goods and to ensure fulfillment of transit requirements. Also,this Agreement provides the cooperation system of customs office, which allows MemberStates to respect the confidentiality of information as well as to share the information todevelop systematic cooperation and voluntary compliance systems. Such voluntarycompliance systems would allow importers to self-correct without penalty, whileintroduce stronger measures for non-compliant traders. To secure authentically the expected economic effect through Trade facilitation, theexertion from both of WTO and each member state are necessary. The WTO should seekfor concrete ways to develop simplification, harmonization and increase transparency intrade procedures including the suggestion of practical model documents for theAgreement or standard forms for electronic documents. Also, the WTO shouldcontinuously remove the obstacles against trade flow in the areas other than theAgreement on Trade Facilitation. For example the WTO needs to complete the negationon harmonized rules of origin. Republic of Korea is one of the countries in Category A, which is designated forimplementation upon entry into force of the Agreement, is expected to play a leadingrole in substantial application of the Agreement. To apply and implement the Agreementdomestically, Korea needs to revise or establish related rules and systems for institutionof national committee of Trade Facilitation, escalation system for inquiry, the procedures of appealing and review, and integrated framework for border administrative agencies. The existing FTAs, of which Korea is one of the parties, needs to be improved in a wayof the Agreement on Trade Facilitation plus. Using outstanding information technology, Korea is expected to play a leading role indevelopment, standardization, and international distribution of the systems forimplementation of the Agreement. Especially Korea should accelerate the negotiationsand developments to share harmonized infrastructure systems and programs with maintrade partners like China, U.S.A., the EU, and Japan. It is necessary to distribute activelythe infrastructure systems and programs, which were developed or initiated by Korea,to the developing countries by the way of technical support and capacity building. AlsoKorea may support the developing countries to build infrastructures for electroniccustoms clearance systems and programs, and to support Internet base information andcommunication system as ODA to the countries.

국회의 입법과정에 대한 개선 방안 연구

류병운 ( Lyou Byung-woon ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2019 홍익법학 Vol.20 No.2

입법과정은 주로 국내법인 법률의 제·개정 과정으로 종국적 국가 정책 결정 과정을 의미한다. 바람직한 입법을 위하여 전체 국민의 이익과는 상관없이 특정 이익집단들의 선호가 입법과정에 영향을 미치는 포퓰리즘 입법과 졸속 입법을 방지하여야 한다. 바람직한 입법과정의 1단계는 ‘현시적 선호’를 수렴하고 통합하는 것이고 2단계는 이 수렴·통합된 ‘현시적 선호’를 여과해서 ‘진정한 선호’를 도출하는 것이며 3단계는 이 ‘진정한 선호’에 근거하여 법률을 제·개정하는 것이다. 1단계에서 수렴·통합되어야 하는 ‘현시적 선호’는 국민의 ‘진정한 현시적 선호’이어야 하는데 발의·제출된 법률안 자체가 이미 왜곡된 선호와 정보에 근거할 가능성이 있다. 백지상태에서 입법과정의 출발을 위해 법률, 경제정책, 기술과학 전문가로 구성되는 임시적 성격의 외부위원회로서 ‘백지자문위원회’를 구성할 필요가 있다. 입법과정에서 정보 역량을 강화하기 위하여 자유롭고 충분한 토론이 이루어질 수 있도록 공청회 기능을 강화해야 한다. 입법지원 조직은 미국의 CRS를 모델로 하여 연구자 중심, 이용 가능한 경험적 증거 제공 서비스 중심으로 강화되어야 한다. 입법과정에서의 여과기능 강화를 위하여 국회가 자유로운 판단과 토론이 보장된 (민주적) 대의기관의 기능을 회복해야 한다. 특히 외부 이익집단의 주장이나 당리당략적 또는 대통령의 선호가 여과 없이 국회의원 개인에 전달되어 그 의사를 제한하거나 영향을 주는 것을 방지하여야 한다. 국민의 ‘현시적 선호’를 여과하는 기준으로서 입법의 원칙 수립과 적용이 필요하다. 특히 규제적 입법에 대한 엄격한 필요성 검토와 시장에 대한 최소 침해성과 ‘덜 제한적 대안’의 모색이 중요하다. The legislative process, which is mainly the process of enacting and revising domestic law, means the ultimate process of national policy making. For desirable legislation, populism legislation, which is based on the preferences of specific interest groups regardless of the interests of the whole people, and hasty legislation should be prevented at the legislative process. Step 1 in the desirable legislative process is to receive and consolidate the ‘manifest preferences' of the people. Step 2 is to filter out this integrated ‘manifest preferences' to derive 'true preferences.' Step 3 is to enact and revise the law based on this 'true preferences.' The 'temporal preference' that should be integrated in Step 1 should be the 'genuine manifest preferences' of the people, but the proposed legislative draft itself may be based on distorted preferences and information. In order to start the legislative process in a blank state, it is necessary to form a 'blank advisory committee' as an ad hoc committee composed of experts in law, economic policy and technical science. The public hearing function should be strengthened so that free and sufficient debate can be made to strengthen the information capacity in the legislative process. Legislative support organizations should be strengthened to focus on researcher-centered, available empirical evidence services with reference to the United States CRS model. In order to enhance the filtering function during the legislative process, the National Assembly should restore the functions of the (democratic) representative institutions that are free to make judgments and discussions freely. In particular, the outcome of limiting or influencing the opinions of individual member of the National Assembly should be avoided, as the claims of the external interest group, or the interests of the party, or the preferences of the president, are not passed on to the members of the legislature without any filtering. It is necessary to establish and apply the principle of the legislation as a criterion for filtering the It is necessary to establish and apply the principle of the legislation as a criterion for filtering the 'present poetic preference' of the people. Particularly, it is important to conduct a rigorous and careful review of the need for regulatory legislation, and to find a minimum infringement on the market and a less restrictive alternative.

세계보건기구(WHO)의 역할과 한계: 코로나19 창궐 상황을 중심으로

류병운 ( Lyou Byung-woon ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2020 홍익법학 Vol.21 No.4

COVID-19의 국제적 전파로 인한 환자와 사망자의 급증으로 국내 및 국제사회는 큰 혼란에 빠졌고 WHO에 대한 불신도 증폭되었다. 조속한 백신 개발 및 접종에 대한 기대 외에 별 대책 없이 세계적 전파의 고통을 겪고 있는 국제사회는 미래 감염병의 위험에 효율적이고 능동적으로 대응하기 위한 개혁과 세계보건법의 재구성 필요성을 절감하고 있다. WHO 규범의 실효성 강화와 이행 수단의 확보를 위하여 PHEIC 상황에서 발급되었던 권고들 중 공통적 내용과 주요 국제관행을 (의무적) 규칙 조항에 포함하고 보건 위협에 따른 국제여행과 무역의 제한에 대한 표준 및 집행 가이드라인을 마련하며 현재의 유명무실한 제도를 개혁하여야 한다. 어느 당사국의 의무 위반으로 손해를 입은 당사국을 실질적으로 구제할 수 있도록 분쟁해결 제도를 개혁해야 한다. 피해 당사국의 제소권을 인정하고 강제관할권을 갖는 특별법정의 설치가 필요하다. 사무총장에게 집중된 권한과 정치 편향성의 문제를 시정하기 위하여 비상위원회의 사무총장이나 특정 당사국으로부터의 독립성과 권한은 강화되어야 하고 그 의사결정 방법도 구체화하여야 한다. WHO의 정보 수집 권한과 능력을 보완하기 위하여 ① WHO에 사실조사 권한의 부여 ② PHEIC이 결정된 경우 당사국이 제공해야 할 정보에 병원체 생물학적 표본과 GSD 포함, ③ 비당사국 정보 통로를 확대하여야 한다. WHO는 강대국의 영향력으로부터 독립적으로, 과학적 근거와 평가에만 근거하여, 운영되어야 한다. 한편, 당사국들은 WHO 대응 및 관리 체제에 적극적으로 협력해야 한다. 이러한 WHO 개혁은 당사국의 주권과 영토관할권에 대한 제한이 수반된다는 점에서 국제사회의 보다 적극적 협력과 정치적 결단이 필요하다. 또한, WHO의 역할과 기능 강화는 충분한 예산 확보, 특히 당사국들의 더욱 많은 기여에 달려있다. 개혁을 통한 WHO에 대한 신뢰의 강화는 예산 확충의 방안이기도 하다. The rapid increase in the number of patients and deaths caused by the international spread of COVID-19 has caused great confusion in the domestic and international community and increased distrust in the WHO. The international community, which is experiencing without any good countermeasures other than the expectation of rapid vaccine development, recognizes the need for reform and reorganization of world health law to effectively and actively respond to the risk of future infectious diseases. In order to strengthen the effectiveness of the WHO rules and regulations and secure the means of implementation, the common contents of the recommendations issued in the PHEIC situations and the main international practices are included in the provisions of regulations. Also, we should set standards and enforcement guidelines for the restriction of international travel and trade in the PHEIC situations. The dispute settlement system should be reformed so as to provide substantial relief for any State Party that has been affected by the the other Party’s breach of its obligations. It is necessary to establish a special tribunal, which has compulsory jurisdiction, and to recognizes the right to sue of the affected Party. In order to correct the problem of political bias and the power concentrated on the WHO Director-General, the independence and powers of the Emergency Committee from the Director-Genera or specific States Parties should be strengthened and the method of decision-making should be specified. In order to supplement the WHO information collection authority and capacity, ① granting the authority to investigate facts to the WHO. ② In case PHEIC is determined, the information to be provided by the Party includes pathogen biological specimens and GSD, and ③ The information channels of non-State Party should be expanded. WHO should operate solely on scientific basis and evaluation, independent of strong national influence. States Parties should actively cooperate in the WHO response and management system. The international community's political determination is necessary in that this WHO reform entails restrictions on the sovereignty and territorial jurisdiction of the State party. In addition, the strengthening of the role and function of WHO depends on securing a sufficient budget, in particular the greater contribution of the Parties. Reinforcement of trust in WHO through reform is also a way to expand the budget.

국제 무역과 국가 안보: WTO의 안보 예외 남용 방지를 중심으로

류병운 ( Lyou Byung-woon ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2021 홍익법학 Vol.22 No.1

국가와 국민의 생존과 직결되는 국가 안보 이익은 국제 자유무역의 경제적 이익에 우선 한다. 따라서 국가는 그 안보를 위해 국제 무역을 제한할 수 있다. 그러나 국가의 무역 제한 조치가 안보 가치 우월성으로 항상 정당화할 수는 없다. 오늘날 국가 안보 개념 확대와 안보 위협 수단 및 그 타격 대상의 다양화는 WTO 회원국이 안보 예외 조치에 의존할 가능성과 여지를 크게 한다. 또한, 안보 예외 조치의 필요성 판단이 WTO 회원국에 재량에 맡겨져 있어 안보 예외의 남용가능성이 크다. 이러한 현상은 국제 자유무역의 경제적 이익을 상당히 훼손한다. 따라서 WTO 안보 예외 조항의 남용을 방지하는 방안을 마련하는 것이 시급하다. WTO 안보 예외 조항의 남용을 방지하는 방안으로써, 비사법적(非司法的) 방식보다는, WTO DSB에 의한 심리와 새로운 법리의 축적이 현실적이고 합리적이라고 생각된다. 안보 예외와 관련된 추가적 국제 합의나 관행, 판례들에서 확인된 기준들이 안보 예외 조항의 해석에 반영되어야 한다. 안보 예외 조치 등 비경제적 무역 제한조치의 시행은 가급적 자제하여야 한다. 안보 예외 조치를 시행하는 회원국은 가능한 최대한의 정보를 WTO와 관련 회원국에 제공해야 하고 그 조치로 야기될 국제무역과 WTO 협정이 부여하는 권리에 대한 부정적 영향 및 제3회원국의 이익 침해를 고려해야 한다. 자국의 필수 안보 이익에 따른 조치의 필요성을 판단하는 회원국의 재량은 신의성실 의무에 따라 행사되어야 하고 ‘국제관계의 비상사태’는 객관적으로 평가되어 충족되어야 하며 그 상황에서의 필수 안보 이익을 조치를 취한 회원국이 증명해야 하는 것으로 안보 예외 조항을 해석하여야 한다. 안보 예외 조치로 무역을 제한하는 경우에도 의료품, 식료품, 민간 항공 서비스 무역은 보장되어야 한다. WTO 안보 예외 조항의 개정은 안보 예외의 남용을 방지하기 위한 효과적 방법의 하나이다. WTO의 안보 예외 조항에 필수 안보 이익에 대한 정의(定義)를 추가하고 모든 조항에 안보 예외 조치를 시행한 회원국의 WTO 및 관련 회원국에 대한 통보 의무를 규정할 필요가 있다. 또한 WTO 안보 예외 조항의 개정하여 자국의 필수 안보 이익에 따른 무역 제한조치 필요성의 판단하는 회원국의 재량을 통제하는 신의성실 의무를 보다 구체적 내용으로 조문화할 필요가 있다. Since national security is directly related to survival of a state and its people, it takes precedence over the economic benefits of international free trade, such as increasing consumer welfare and efficient allocation of resources. Thus, the state can restrict international trade for its security. However, the superiority of these security values cannot always justify trade restrictions implemented for security purposes. Today, the expansion of the concept of national security and the diversification of the means and targets of security threats increase the possibility and room for WTO Members to rely on security exceptions. In addition, since the determination of the necessity of security exception measures is left to the discretion of the WTO Member the possibility of abuse of security exceptions is high. This phenomenon significantly undermines the economic interests of free international trade. Therefore, there is an urgent need to prevent abuse of the WTO security exception provisions. As a way to prevent the abuse of the WTO security exception clause, I think that the WTO DSB's review and the accumulation of new legal principles and doctrines are realistic and reasonable rather than non-judicial methods. Criteria identified in subsequent international agreements, practices and precedents relating to security exceptions should be consdered in the interpretation of the security exception provisions. As a way to prevent the abuse of the WTO security exception clause, I think that the WTO DSB's psychology and the accumulation of new legal principles are realistic and reasonable rather than non-judicial methods. Criteria identified in additional international agreements, practices and precedents relating to security exceptions should be reflected in the interpretation of the security exception. The enforcement of non-economic trade restrictions, such as security exceptions, should be refrained as much as possible. Members implementing security exceptions should provide the WTO and the Member States concerned with as much information as possible and take into account the negative impacts on international trade and the rights conferred by the WTO agreements and the infringement of the interests of third Members. Member‘s discretion in determining the necessity of measures in accordance with its essential security interests should be exercised in good faith obligations, 'emergencies in international relations' should be objectively evaluated and met, and the measures should be taken to address the essential security interests in the situation. The security exception case should be demonstrated by the Member State invoking it. Even if trade is restricted by security exceptions, trade in medical supplies, food and civil aviation services should be guaranteed. Revision of the WTO security exception provisions is one of the effective ways to prevent abuse of security exceptions. It is necessary to add definitions of essential security interests to the security exceptions provisions of the WTO, and to stipulate the obligations of the Members to implement security exceptions to the WTO and to the relevant Members. In addition, it is necessary to amend the WTO's security exception provisions to further co-ordinate the obligations of good faith to control the discretion of member states in determining the need for trade restrictions in line with their essential security interests.