소련의 近代體育政策 硏究

盧永九 대구교육대학교 1988 論文集 Vol.24 No.-

The purpose of the study lies in trying to find a course of Korea's future physical education on the basis of examination of Russia's modern physical education organization and policy. About the year 1896, they began to recognize the value of physical education for general education and take its advantage in training leaders in general Russia's physical education started to be widely exercised over all the nation at the same time that they formulated the policy for the purpose of realizing communism at the time of Russian Revolution in 1917. Russia's physical education could be divided into two stages; they have exercised the policy as a national goal for the realization of socialism in Russia since 1917, and after that they have exercised it as a diplomatic policy for the purpose of international exchange since 1945, after World War Ⅱ. In elementary schools, physical education is alloted for two hours every week as a required subject, in high schools students are encouraged to do physical education as team sports for the passing of GTO and in colleges and universities it is exercised over freshmen and sophomores as also a required subject covering field and track events, wrestling, sambo, gymnastics, football, basketball, and handball. Since the Russian Revolution social physical education has obtained great results as a means of improving the labor of whole nation and developing industry owing to the GTO system.

國民學校 體育學習에서 움직임 敎育의 問題와 指導方案

盧永九 대구교육대학교 1985 論文集 Vol.21 No.-

國民學校 體育科 敎育課程에 基本運動 領域에 움직임 敎育에 대한 內容을 파악하여 이를 一線學校 敎師들의 指導問題와 움직임 익히기 題材에 대해서 學生들은 어떠한 動作(活動)을 하고 있는가 그 實態를 調査하고 이를 分析 檢討한 結果 다음과 같은 點을 要約할 수 있다. 1) 國民學校 1學年-6學年까지 움직임 익히기 題材를 基本要求에 包含되는 各 要素에 어떻게 分布되어 있는가 그 狀況은 1學年 3學年에 움직임 익히기 題材의 數가 적게 設定되었고, 2·4, 5, 6,學年에는 많이 設定되어 있다. 1, 2, 3學年에는 各題材마다 應用題材가 많이 設定되어 있는 점이 特徵이다. 그리고 低學年의 경우는 移動運動과 操作運動이 많이 包含되었으며 4學年以上에는 移動運動과 非移動運動에 많이 包含되어 있다. 2) 움직임 익히기 題材에 대한 學生들의 動作(活動)은 全般的으로 잘하고 있다. 그 중에서도 移動運動에 속하는 걷기, 달리기, 뛰기, 피하기와 非移動運動에 속하는 들기, 흔들기, 굽히기, 그리고 操作運動에 속하는 던지기, 치기의 題材에 대한 動作은 잘하고 있다. 題材중에 未及한 動作으로는 移動運動의 호핑, 리핑, 스키핑이며, 非移動運動에는 뻗치기, 돌리기, 비틀기이고, 操作運動에는 잡기, 치기에 속하는 題材이다. 특히 舞踊領域에 關聯되는 要素의 動作은 아주 未及하다. 3) 資料를 蒐集하는데 調査過程에서 나타난 움직임 익히기 題材에 대한 學生들의 動作(活動)의 差異點은 指導敎師의 指導能力에 따른 차이점과 學習環境, 施設, 器具에 따라 많은 差異를 나타내고 있으며 他學生들의 動作에 대한 模倣과 示範에 관한 問題가 論議되고 있다. In the curricum of physical education at the primary school which was promulgated by the Notification No. 442 of Ministry of Education in Korea, on Decembere31, 1981, a new way mevement education was organized and has been carried out. But even the teachers themselves do not unders-and the conception and teaching method of it correctly. It leads to a lot of confusion in teaching for the physical training. Therefore in this study, it is intended to solve those problems as possible as we can. First of all, to find logical bas is about movement training for this study, some bibliographies of it were corrected and analized, and the contents are examined for the purpose of this study as follows: 1. the units of movement practice in the textbooks for grades (1-6) at the primary schools were picked out. 2. It is examined and analized how the basic element of movement training parts is distributied in the textbooks of evry grade. 3. It is also examined by the teachers of primary schools. How the students at8every grade act themselves for the movement practice in the units. 4. The students movements are divided into 3 grades; excellent, good and fair, and the materials were analized and made a chart to study this work. 5. To get a concert and resonable materials, the 1, 773 students and 33 teachers in the grades (1-6) at the 33 primarn schools in Daegu city, and in the urban an rural area of Kyungbuk Province were selected for the object of this study.

Sports 技術變遷에 關한 考察(Ⅱ) : Basket ball 中心으로 Focused on Basket Ball play

盧永九 대구교육대학교 1980 論文集 Vol.16 No.-

The basket ball play was begun in the United States of America in 1891 and was introduced to Korea by an American, Mr. Phit, Gillrtt who was an executive of Y. M. C. A. in 1907. Since that time, it has been developed much in skill. Here the period of changing process in basket ball play skills was devided into as follows: The diffusion period was from 1907 to 1930. The developiog time was from 1931 to 1960. and since 1960, it has heen changing in skill and it was called as a changing period, in this country. Therefore in this study, this researchar intented to devide the skill parts of basket ball play into four parts of skills personal and team skills, and attack and deffence skills-and to examine how they were developed in this country.

Sports 技術變遷에 關한 考察(1) : Volley ball 中心으로 Focussed on Volley Ball Game

盧永九 대구교육대학교 1979 論文集 Vol.15 No.-

In 1895, the volley ball game was originated from the United States and it was popularized in the Asian and Western countries through the YMCA almost from 1910. In the early times, 9 members in a team played the game and so the skill of the game had been developed for the nine member players in the Asian Area. In the Western countries, on American volley ball game was introduced and it was spread world widely in those days. In Korea, the volley ball game was introduced in 1916 and it was spread very rapidly in the whole parts of this country as a popular game. At those days, the game with 9 member players had been carried out until 1960. After then the game with 6 member players has been carring out up to today. The skill of volley ball game in Korea is mich adepted to that of Japan and it has been developed ath the top level in the world today by the playing tour abroad.

조선시대 군사훈련을 통한 전투 복원

노영구 대전대학교 군사연구원 2008 군사학연구 Vol.6 No.-

This paper examines the concrete content and procedure of Military Trainings and the Combat Restoration during the Joseon Dynasty and aims at considering a military implication of its Inspection of Troops. The emphasis of military exercises in Joseon period during the 15th century was an extensive hunting practice, that is to say, an Training in the art of war(講武) and an exercise of battle formation, namely, an Inspection of Troops(閱武). An Explanation of Military Affairs was a military exercise that soldiers were stationed around at hunting fields, An Inspection of Troops was that soldiers made a battle formation and exercised themselves in various combats. In the Early Joseon Dynasty, the importance of an Explanation of Military Affairs was great and gradually the importance of an Inspection of Troops became greater. This is related to the change of military organization and tactics of Joseon. After Imjin war, new Chinese group-centered tactics was introduced in Joseon and on this account the weight of an Inspection of Troops became greater in military exercises in the Late Joseon period. Above all, a large-scale combat was brought up for discussion in the whole area of Manchuria by an expedition to conquer the north and the importance of a large-scale Inspection of Troops became higher. A large-scale Inspection of Troops was managed by king and politically established his position. Moreover, it seems to be significant that it shows the development of large-scale tactics of Joseon's Army and its change.

壬辰倭亂 초기 양상에 대한 기존 인식의 재검토 - 和歌山縣立博物館 소장 「壬辰倭亂圖屛風」에 대한 새로운 이해를 바탕으로 -

노영구 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2003 한국문화 Vol.31 No.-

Until now, the early battle aspect of the Imjin War was established that Japan Army surprise attack, Joseon Army successive defeats and counterattacks of patriotic soldiers centering on peasants, which was rising from all around the country. But this is not surely accord with the historical facts. In the early stage of the battle, the response of the government army of all over the Kyeongsang province was so systematic and swift. Also, the most part of the Patriotic Soldiers(義兵), established peasants as the main force, were actually consist of straggling government soldiers and the role of them was a little limited. The difference between the real fact and our cognition of the Imjin war reflects the phase of the times in the later of the Joseon period that needed to bring out the role of the patriotic soldiers. The folding screen named of The Folding Screen of the Imjin War(壬辰倭亂圖屛風) which was founded at Wakayamagenritsu Museum of Japan was quite similar to the drawing of the Dongrae Castle battle, but the existing research concluded it to the first Jinju Castle battle on the basis of the reinforce soldiers in that drawings. This is the result of cognition of the Imjin war that evaluates the role of the patriotic soldiers highly comparing whit the languid government army in the early of the battle. The drawings of the fold screen was reproduced the Dongrae Castle battle as a model and the reinforce soldiers in the drawings are meaningful in that the desire of the people in the later of the Joseon period was reflected to recognize the Imjin War as a triumph.

17세기 전반기 조선의 대북방 방어전략과 평안도 국방체제

노영구 육군군사연구소 2013 군사연구 Vol.- No.135

The purposeofthis study is to review northern region defense strategy and regionaldefensesystem in Pyongan provinceofChosun in an early 17th century chronologically.RightafterJapaneseInvasionofKoreain1592,inordertoprevent from theJurchen’sinvasioninthenorthernpartofChosun,defensesystem against thenorthhadstartedorganizingcenteringaroundthemainstrategicpointsinland. Especially,due to the antigovernmentled by the King Injo,the possibility of military conflictwith the Qing had highly increased.Chosun organized overall nationaldefensesystem in Pyongan province.In an early era oftheKing Injo,becauseofthelimitinavailablemilitary strength,defensivedefencestrategy took priorityhoweveraggressivedefencestrategywithalargescaleofacounterattack wasconsideredwith.AsweakenedregionaldefenseinPyonganprovinceduetothe rebllionofYikwalandtheJurchen’sInvasionofKoreain1627,thesystem changed intodefensive;givinguptheareaabovetheCheongcheonriverandassignedAnju tothecoreofthedefence.Repulsionfrom thelocalpeoplekepttheoriginalsystem in the northern area ofCheongcheon River.As the possibility of the Qing’s invasionascended,inordertopreservethemilitarystrength,Chosunconvertedthe system from protecting theorginialkey position toprotecting themain mountain fortress.TheQing’sinvasion of1636outbrokebutthenew system and strategy facedtheproblem thattheQing’srapidsouthwardadvancealongtheroad.Chosun hadnochoicebuttomeettheendindefeat. 본 연구는 17세기 전반기 조선의 평안도 지역 국방체제와 대북방 방어전략을시기별로 검토하는 것을 목적으로 한다.임진왜란 직후 건주여진의 침입 가능성이 높아지자 조선의 북방 방어체제는 내륙의 주요 요충지를 중심으로 정비되기시작하였다.특히 인조반정을 계기로 후금과의 군사적 충돌 가능성이 높아지자조선은 평안도 지역의 국방체제를 전반적으로 정비하였다.인조 초 조선의 군사전략은 가용한 군사력의 한계로 인해 수세적인 방어전략이 우선시되었으나 대규모 반격을 고려하는 적극적 방어전략을 함께 가지고 있었다.그러나 이괄의난과 정묘호란으로 인해 평안도 지역 국방체제가 약화됨에 따라 수세적 군사전략이 우선되었고 방어체제도 安州를 방어의 중심지역으로 하고 청천강 이북의방어는 포기하는 전략이 고려되었다.그러나 지역주민의 반발 등으로 인해 청천강 이북 포기 전략은 채택되지 못하였다.청나라의 침입 가능성이 높아지자 조선은 군사력을 보존하기 위해 평안도 지역 방어를 기존의 요충지 방어에서 주요 山城을 중심으로 방어체제를 정비하였다.병자호란이 발발하자 새로운 방어체제와 방어전략은 도로를 따라 남하하는 청군의 신속한 남하를 저지하지 못하는 문제가 나타나 결국 조선은 청에 패배하게 되었다.

임진왜란 의병(義兵)에 대한 이해의 과정과 새로운 이해의 방향

노영구 한일군사문화학회 2012 한일군사문화연구 Vol.13 No.-

この論文は17世紀以後現代に至る朝鮮後期義兵に對する記憶の變化樣相を時期別で檢討して20世紀以後義兵の硏究を時代狀況とともに察して義兵が壬辰倭亂の克服の主要主體になる過程を察することを目的にする.同時に最近義兵に對する新しい硏究傾向と今後の硏究の見みを明らかにしようとする.このために先に壬辰の亂直後功臣の選定過程と光海君代の東國新續三綱行實途,孝宗代の宣祖修正實錄の編纂,そして17世紀後半以後いわゆる傳文學の形成過程で義兵の認識が徐徐に深化になる樣相をよく見た.引き繼いで20世紀韓國での義兵の硏究と認識の樣相を多くの硏究が現われた時代狀況と思想界の變化(民族主義など)と係わってよく見て2000年代に入って現われた義兵硏究の新しい傾向をよく見る.結論的に今後の義兵硏究の正しい方向を摸索した.戰爭の直後、戰爭功臣の選定の過程で、義兵の實際の戰鬪での役割は大きくなかったことで認識になった.義兵に對する消極的な評가は光海君の時代に入って變化し始めた.光海君は戰爭のあいだの忠臣,烈女などを調査して褒賞する措置を取った.その過程で全國のいろいろな地域の義兵の行績が調査されたし、戰爭克服のもうひとつの主體で義兵を認識するきっかけになった.17世紀後半以後傳,實記などがたくさん敍述されながらよく知られた義兵將以外にも揮下の人物や下級義兵の存在も目立った.20世紀に入って新民族主義,國難克服史觀などの影響で義兵に對する理解と評가はもっと高くなった.したがって1960年代以後には壬辰倭亂克服の主役で義兵が高く評가された.20世紀後半以後旣存の民族主義的な歷史認識が批判を受けながら、義兵に對する批判的解釋が現われた.最近には義兵をたんな義勇軍でわなく準官軍で理解したり、壬辰倭亂全體で義兵の役割を制限的に理解したりする.今後の壬辰倭亂の義兵硏究は新しい資料の發掘と新しい觀點での解釋とともに義兵を中心に認識される旣存の壬辰倭亂に對する理解を批判的に理解する硏究の必要性が非常に大きい.このために16世紀後半の朝鮮の軍事制度,動員體制など國家體制を全般的に檢討して戰爭史的な視覺で義兵を檢討する硏究の視覺が要求される.

조선시대 『武經七書』의 간행과 활용의 양상-『武經七書直解』의 도입, 간행을 중심으로-

노영구 조선시대사학회 2017 朝鮮時代史學報 Vol.- No.80

Compiled during the Song Dynasty of China in the 11th century, the Seven Military Classics (武經七書) was first imported to Korea during the Goryo dynasty. Interest in the Seven Classics would increase substantially during the Joseon Dynasty, as the dynasty introduced the Military Exams, and the Classics were included in the Oral Recitation part of the exam. As a result, the Seven Classics were published actively, much of it annotated. However, most were essentially published as study material for the exams, meaning in-depth research into military theory was lacking. That would change when the “Direct Commentaries on the Seven Classics (武經七書直解)” by Liu Yin (劉寅) of the Ming was introduced in the late 15th century, which led to a more profound understanding of military theory in Joseon. Especially, as the need for new tactics an strategies increased in the wake of the Imjin War in the late 16th century, there was an active drive to acquire a more diverse array of military books from China, and the “Direct Commentaries” were published once more. Following the dynasty’s defeat to the Manchu Qing in the mid-17th century, there was renewed interest in classic military theory and interest, in response to possibility of invasion from the Qing and during preparations for ‘the northern expedition’ against the Qing. Accordingly, interest in the Seven Military Classics increased, which led to enthusiastic research and publication of the Seven Military Classics. During the reign of King Jeongjo in the late 18th century, many extant versions and translations of the Seven Military Classics were referenced as part of efforts to produce newer versions of the Seven Military Classics and thus develop new tactics for the military forces. Though these efforts ceased immediately after the death of Jeongjo, some of the results are clearly reflected in military theory literature published in the 19th century. 11세기 중반 중국 송나라에서 편찬되어 고려에 전해진 『무경칠서』는 조선시대에 武科가 설치되면서 관심이 높아졌다. 무과 과목인 講經의 대상 서적이 되면서 『무경칠서』가 중요해지자 이 책에 주석을 붙여 편찬하기도 하였다. 그러나 이는 무인의 학습을 위한 것으로 수준 높은 兵學 연구가 이루어진 것은 아니었다. 명나라 초기 劉寅이 편찬한 『武經七書直解』가 15세기 말 조선에 도입되면서 조선의 병학에 대한 이해는 더욱 깊어지게 된다. 특히 16세기 말 임진왜란이 발발하자 새로운 전술의 정립이 필요해지게 되면서 중국의 여러 兵書가 도입되고 『武經七書直解』가 다시 간행되었다. 17세기 중반 병자호란의 패배 이후 조선은 청의 침입 대비와 북벌 추진의 일환으로 고전 병학에 대한 관심이 높아지자 자연스럽게 『武經七書』에 대한 관심도 높아졌다. 18세기 『무경칠서』 학습과 간행은 병학에 대한 높아진 관심의 반영이었다. 18세기 후반 정조대에는 『무경칠서』의 여러 주석본을 참고하여 새로운 『무경칠서』 편찬을 시도하고 이를 통해 새로운 전술을 정립하고자 하였다. 정조의 사후 이 작업은 중지되었으나 그 성과의 일부는 19세기 간행된 병서에 반영되었다.

排球의 技術構造와 그 領域에 關한 硏究

盧永九 대구교육대학교 1974 論文集 Vol.10 No.-

To present a new instruction of volley ball, the writer attempted to analyse the technical structures required for volley ball games. The consitutional factors of volley ball technique were divided into seven areas and then systematized as follows; 1. A historical study was made on the changing process of volley ball during 80 years since its advent. 2. As to the technical structure of volley ball, basic form, and technique in pass, toss, spike, receive, service and blocking was scientifically rationalized.