Growth and Yield Responses of Corn (Zea mays L.) as Affected by Growth Period and Irrigation Intensity

남효훈,서명철,조현숙,이윤호,서영진 한국토양비료학회 2017 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.50 No.6

The frequency and intensity of soil moisture stress associated with climate change has increasing, and the stabilityof field crop cultivation has decreasing. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of soil moisturemanagement method on growth and yield of corn. Soil moisture was managed at the grade of WSM (wet soilmoisture, 34.0~42.9%), OSM (optimum soil moisture, 27.8~34.0%), DSM (dry soil moisture, 20.3~27.8%), andESM (extreme dry moisture, 16.6~20.3%) during V8 (8th leaf stage)-VT (tasseling stage). After VT, irrigationwas limited. The treated amount of irrigation was 54.1, 47.7, 44.0 and 34.5% of total water requirement,respectively. The potential evapotranspiration during the growing period was 3.29 mm day-1, and upwardmovement of soil water was estimated by the AFKAE 0.5 model in the order of ESM, DSM, OSM, and WSM. Wecould confirm this phenomenon from actual observations. There was no significant difference in leaf characteristics,dry matter, and primary productivity depending on the level of soil moisture, but leaf development wasdelayed and dry weight decreased in DSM. However, dry weight and individual productivity of DSM increasedafter irrigation withdrawal compared to that of OSM. In DSM, ear yield and number of kernels per ear decreased,but water use efficiency and harvest index were higher than other treatments. Therefore, it is considered that thesoil moisture is concentratedly managed before the V8 period, the V8-VT period is controlled within the range of100 to 500 kPa (20.3~27.8%), and no additional irrigation is required after the VT.

이미지 분석을 통한 일천궁 고온피해 진단

남효훈,서영진,장원철,김병성,오태영,김덕영 한국약용작물학회 2018 한국약용작물학술대회 발표집 Vol.2018 No.10

Background : Due to changes in climate and cultivation conditions, the growth monitoring is an essential factor in improving crop productivity. With the recent development of image analysis technology incorporating ICT, it has become possible to constantly monitor the crop growth. As a medicinal crop specialized in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea, Cnidium officinale Makino was examined for the possibility of growth diagnosis through image analysis for stable production. Methods and Results : The IP camera was installed at 2.5 m height in experiment field. The RGB image of every 06:00 was captured from July 1 to July 30 and used for analysis. The captured images were analyzed using the image analysis tool, Image J. The greeness was estimated by the average value of the green histogram. The canopy size was determined by the color range (red: 0-255, green: mean value-255, blue: 0-255) and was calculated as the ratio of pixels number of the entire image to those of the selected area. The growth temperature during investigation period was measured by Hobo MX2300. High temperature, excess of 28℃, was compared to stress response such as decrement of canopy size. The greeness and the canopy size are respectively represented by the quadratic function greeness = -0.0722GD2 + 6248.9GD – 1e + 08 (GD, growing day; R2 = 0.46) and canopy size = -0.0462GD2 + 3996.7GD – 9e + 07 (R2 = 0.93). From July 11, it began to exceed the growth limit temperature of 28℃, and the canopy size began to decrease from this period. Between the canopy size (C) and the accumulated temperature exceeding 28℃, there was a negative correlation, C = -0.13ATEC + 56.75 (R2 = 0.87) during the decreasing period. Conclusion : Extraction of color information in Cnidium officinale Makino using RGB image should be preceded by standardized setting, but it is considered to be useful tool for analyzing the change of quantitative characteristics over time. In the future, it is necessary to make a comparative study with the actual growth rate in the image diagnosis.

보광에 의한 거베라 ‘써니레몬’의 광합성과 수량 반응

남효훈,권민경,성전중,임재하 한국화훼산업육성협회 2012 화훼연구 Vol.20 No.4

거베라의 동계 약광기 생산성 향상을 위하여 보광처 리가 광합성과 수량에 미치는 영향을 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 광원별 보광처리에 의해 절화수량은 48- 58%, 광합성률은 15-200% 증가하였으며 특히 고압나 트륨등과 메탈할라이드등이 광합성률이 높고 보광등의 발열로 인한 환경개선 효과가 높아 적합한 보광용 광 원으로 나타났다. 한편 전력사용량이 증가할수록 무처 리에 비해 수량이 증가하고 절화품질이 향상되는 경향 이었으나 절화수량 증가와 난방효과와 같은 이익적인 요소에 비해 설치비용, 전기요금 등의 손실적인 요소들 이 더 발생하여 30kW·10a-1 수준의 보광이 적합한 보광시설 설치 기준으로 판단되었다. This study was conducted to find out the effect of supplemental lighting on the photosynthesis and cut flower yield of Gerbera hybrida ‘Sunny Lemon’ in order to improve the winter season productivity. Cut flower yield and photosynthesis were respectively increased 48-58% and 15-200% as affected by supplemental lighting sources compared to the control. It seems that high pressure sodium lamp or metal halide lamp was the appropriate supplemental lighting lamp because those lamps provides higher photosynthetic rate and heating effect. Cut flower yield and quality tendes to increased although higher electricity consumption is to required. In particular, loss factors such as installation expenses and electricity charge were greater than profit factors such as increasing yield and heating effect at over 30 kW 10 a-1 treatments. It was recommended that the electricity consumption by 30kW 10 a-1 with HPS or MH was promising cultural method to improve the higher productivity of Gerbera hybrida ‘Sunny Lemon’.

NDVI를 활용한 약용작물 생육진단

남효훈,서영진,김병성,오태영,장원철,김덕영 한국약용작물학회 2018 한국약용작물학술대회 발표집 Vol.2018 No.10

Background : It is necessary to develop a diagnostic tool for the precision agriculture according to the change of agriculture environment. In particular, medicinal crops are often cultivated in poor areas such as mountains and valleys, and are susceptible to abnormal climates. Therefore, there is a need for a method that can diagnose the growth easily and with time. We conducted a study to investigate the possibility of remote sensing for 10 species of medicinal crops using unmanned aerial vehicles and multispectral images. Methods and Results : This study was conducted in 0 - 4 times continuously cultivated field with 10 species of medicinal crops (Angelica gigas, A. koreana, A. tenuissiman, A. dahurica, A. acutiloba, A. polymorpha, Ledebouriella seseloides, Lithospermum erythrorhizon, Rhemannia glutinosa). Growth characteristics such as plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, stem diamanter and number of stems were investigated between July 10 and July 16. The reflectance map of red (660 ㎚) and NIR (790 ㎚) was obtained using a UAV equipped with a multi-spectral sensor and NDVI [Normalized Difference Vegetation Index] was obtained with a Pix4D mapper. As the number of times of continuos cultivation increased, the growth and NDVI tend to decreased. 6 species of Angelica genus were positively correlated with growth characteristics such as plant height, leaf length, leaf width, and stem diameter and NDVI. Otherwise, there was no significant relationship between growth characteristics and NDVI in Ledebouriella seseloides, Lithospermum erythrorhizon, and Rhemannia glutinosa. This is because the difference in the growth according to time of continuos cultivation was not significant and the canopy structure tended to overlap with the upper and lower leaves. Conclusion : NDVI is widely used as a useful tool for evaluating the canopy productivity and is highly correlated with the above-ground growth characteristics of 6 species of Angelica spp. It is necessary to develop the growth index suitable for the each species and to enhance the validity of growth index by examining the correlation under various cultivation conditions.

아마란스의 생육기간에 따른 건물생산성 및 종실 수량

남효훈,이중환,손창기,서영진 한국자원식물학회 2018 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.31 No.1

Amaranth (Amaranth caudatus) is attracting attention as a preference crop in Gyeongsangbuk-do province. To determine its growth potential and cultivation requirements, we investigated its growth characteristics, dry matter productivity, and grain yield according to the growing period. Growth and dry matter productivity were significantly higher for plants that were sown on May 10 th when the temperature was the highest, whereas the yield was significantly higher for plants that were sown on April 10 th . Amaranth grain yield ranged from 96 to 243 kg according to the sowing date and cultivation year. The optimum harvest time for plants that were sown on April 10 th , May 10 th , and June 10 th were 120, 110, and 110 days after seeding, respectively. The mean temperature and growing period had a significant quadratic function with yield. Based on these equations, the optimum growing temperature was estimated as 20.6℃ and the optimum growing period as 104-119 days after seeding. Key words - Harvest time, Relative growth rate, Sowing date 기호성 잡곡작물로 주목 받고 있는 아마란스의 경북지역 내재배가능성과 재배요인을 구명하기 위하여 파종기와 수확기를 달리하여 건물생산성과 수량을 조사하였다. 생육특성과 건물생산성은 생육기 온도가 가장 높았던 5월 10일 파종이 가장높았던 반면 수량은 4월 10일 파종이 많았다. 파종기에 따라경북지역 아마란스의 종실수량은 96~243kg의 범위를 보였다. 각 파종기별 적정 생육일수는 4월 10일 파종이 120일, 5월10일과 6월 10일 파종은 110일일 때 수량이 가장 많았다. 생육기 평균기온(MT)과 수량(Y) 간에는 각각 Y=-16.362MT2+ 670.04MT-6639.1 (R2=0.629)의 2차 함수관계를 보이고 최적온도는 20.6℃, 최적 생육일수는 파종기에 따라 104~119일로추정되었다.

단삼 우량종자 생산을 위한 채종적기

남효훈,김병성,서영진,오태영,장원철,김영국 한국약용작물학회 2018 한국약용작물학술대회 발표집 Vol.2018 No.10

Background : Saliva miltiorrhiza is a perennial medicinal crop of Lamiaceae and has been reported to have various functionalities such as improvement of cardiovascular function and antihypertensive. However, domestic cultivation technique in Korea has not been established yet. Seed production system is required to increase propagation efficiency and to establish breeding basis for stable production. This experiment was carried out to determine the optimal date of the S. miltiorrhiza. Methods and Results : S. miltiorrhiza was seeded in April of 2017 and 2018. The seeds were harvested at 5-day intervals based on the flowering period of 2018. Number of peduncles, flowers, and seeds were investigated at each period. And germination rate was also investigated. The optimum seed harvest time was estimated by relationship between the seed production and days after flowering period (DAF) or cumulative temperature. The flowering rate and amount of seed of 2-years plant was higher than 1-year plant. As DAF increased, number of flowers, fertility rate, and the amount of seeds increased. At 20 DAF, 1-year, and 2-years plant respectively produced 2.2 g and 25.2 g of seed. Seed production (SP) and DAF or accumulated temperature (AT) had a quadratic relation, SP (g) = -0.1052DAF2 + 3.7396DAF - 12.347 (R2 = 0.828) and SP (g) = -0.0002AC2 + 0.1727AC - 9.146 (R2 = 0.853). The maximum amount of seed was estimated to be 20.9 g at 17.8 DAF or 21.3 g at 353℃. The seed germination rate was increased until 20 DAF with 62.0%. The amount of seed and germination rate were decreased at 25 DAF. Conclusion : The seeds of S. miltiorrhiza can be produced the highest amount with high viability on the 18th day after flowering period in 2-years after planting.

얌빈 생육과 괴경 수량에 영향을 미치는 재배요인

남효훈,권중배,이중환,손창기,서영진 한국자원식물학회 2019 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.32 No.1

This study was conducted to establish a domestic cultivation system of a newly introduced yam bean(Pachyrhizus erosus L.). Growth and yield were investigated in response to various cultural practices, such as seedlingraising, planting distance, pinching, and flower pruning. Optimum conditions for raising of seedling were an averagetemperature of 22℃ for 30 days. Considering of the raising efficiency and the convenience of transplanting, 128 cells pertray was a suitable size. When pinching at a height of 120 ㎝ from late July to early August, yield increased by 22%compared to no pinching. Flower pruning between late August and early September increased the number of tubers andtuber yield by 32% in comparison with no flower pruning. Yam bean seedlings planted at 50 ㎝× 30 ㎝ spacing resulted in30% yield increase as compared to wider spacing of 100 ㎝× 30 ㎝. Our results thus suggested that the optimal combinationof cultural practices (50 × 30 ㎝ planting distance, pinching at 120 ㎝ height, and one time of flower pruning) increaseprofitability by 107%. All these results suggest high possibility of yam bean as a new income crop in Korea. 새롭게 도입된 얌빈의 국내 재배기술 확립을 위하여 육묘조건, 적심, 적화, 재식밀도 등의 재배요인에 의한 생장과 수량반응을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 얌빈은 P.E. 하우스내에 전열온상을 설치하여 평균 22℃로 유지하여 30일(적산온도 650℃)육묘하면 건전묘 생산이 가능하였다. 트레이 규격에 따른 출현특성의 차이는 없으며, 셀 크기가 클수록 묘 생장량이 증가하지만 육묘효율, 이식작업의 편의성을 고려하여 128공 트레이가 적합하였다. 7월 하순에서 8월 상순에 120 ㎝ 높이에서 적심을 하면 수량이 23% 가량 많아지며 8월 하순에서 9월 상순 사이에 적화를 하면 괴경수와 괴경중이 증가하여 수량이 32% 가량 많아진다. 50 ㎝×30 ㎝로 정식하였을 때 관행 100 ㎝×30 ㎝보다수량이 30% 증가하였다. 적심, 적화, 재식밀도 최적조합처리는무처리에 비해 경제적으로 107%의 이익적인 요소가 발생하였다. 이상의 연구 결과 얌빈의 최적 재배기술 적용을 통해 국내에서 새로운 소득 작목으로서 유망할 것으로 판단된다.

생육환경에 따른 한국특산식물 벌개미취의 광합성 특성

남효훈,손창기,이중환,권중배 한국자원식물학회 2016 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.29 No.4

This study was conducted to elucidate the photosynthetic response to the environment and establish optimum cultivation conditions for the Korean endemic plant, Aster koraiensis. Photosynthetic characteristics according to growth stage, light, CO2, and soil water potential were investigated. During the first year of transplanting, photosynthetic rates were drastically increased until June, after which they slowly declined, During the second year, photosynthetic rates declined throughout the entire growth period. The highest level of light compensation point was shown the early growth stage. Photosynthetic rates affected by intercellular CO2 concentration were maintained or decreased over the CO2 saturation point. The lowest CO2 compensation point was 16.1 μmol・mol -1 during March. The morphological changes of leaves were observed due to shading with chlorophyll contents increasing. Photosynthetic rates were higher at 0% and 50% shading treatments than at 75%. There were rarely any morphological changes of leaves due to soil moisture, however, changes to leaf compactness were observed. Photosynthetic rate, apparent quantum yield, and respiration rate increased, whereas water use efficiency decreased over -25 kPa of soil moisture.

벌개미취의 건물생산성과 광합성특성

남효훈(Hyo Hoon Nam),이현숙(Hyun Sook Lee),우진하(Jin Ha Woo),김길웅(Kil Ung Kim) 한국원예학회 2008 한국원예학회 학술발표요지 Vol.2008 No.5

경상북도 시설재배지 토양 화학성의 장기 변화

남효훈(Hyo-Hoon Nam),정혜정(Hye-Jeong Jeong),이중환(Joong-Hwan Lee),김종수(Jong-Soo Kim),김명숙(Myuong-Sook Kim) 한국토양비료학회 2021 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2021 No.11

시설재배지는 단절된 기상환경과 집약적이고 연속적인 양분 공급으로 인해 토양의 이화학성이 악화되기 쉽고 이로 인한 연작장해 등 피해가 발생한다. 양분의 과부족, 상호간의 작용 등을 고려한 시비관리를 위해서 토양환경에 대한 조사 및 관리가 필수적이다. 농업환경자원 변동평가의 일환으로 시설재배지의 토양화학성을 분석하고 장기간의 변화양상을 조사하였다. 조사대상은 경상북도 일반농경지 시설재배지 토양의 pH, EC, 유기물, 유효인산, 치환성 양이온 등이었고, 조사지점은 도내 20개 시군, 1,043점이며 조사년도별로 2004년~2016년 각 206점, 2020년 219점이었다. 재배작물은 총 23작물이었고 토마토, 딸기 등 과채류가 87.7%로 가장 많았고 시금치, 상추 등 엽채류 7.5%, 기타 4.7%이었다. 2020년 시설재배지의 화학성분 평균은 pH 6.9±0.8, EC 4.1±4.0 dS m<SUP>-1</SUP>, OM 41±17 g ㎏<SUP>-1</SUP>, Av.P₂O<SUB>5</SUB> 918 ㎎ ㎏<SUP>-1</SUP>, 치환성양이온 K 1.60±1.32 ㎝ol<SUB>c</SUB> ㎏<SUP>-1</SUP>, Ca 12.5±4.3 ㎝ol<SUB>c</SUB> ㎏<SUP>-1</SUP>, Mg 3.68±1.64 ㎝ol<SUB>c</SUB> ㎏<SUP>-1</SUP>이었다. 적정 화학성 범위의 분포 비율은 pH 37.4%, EC 38.4%, OM 21.1%, Av. P₂O<SUB>5</SUB> 13.2%, 치환성 양이온 K 11.9%, Ca 1.4%, Mg 8.2%였으며 대부분이 적정범위를 초과하는 비율이 높았다. 시설재배지 토양의 화학성분 장기 변화는 모든 성분이 조사시기가 경과될수록 증가하는 추세였으며 2004년 대비 2020년의 pH, EC, OM, Av.P₂O<SUB>5</SUB>, K, Ca, Mg 함량은 각각 4.5%, 10.8%, 90.9%, 16.9%, 14.4%, 50.6%, 11.5% 증가하였다. 이는 시설재배 특성상 집약재배에 따른 양분의 과다투입이 원인으로 판단된다. 시설재배 토양의 생산성을 유지하기 위해서 검정시비를 실시하고 제염, 물리성 개선 등을 병행하여야 한다.