漢城旬報· 周報의 報道用語에 관한 硏究 : 外來語 表記를 中心으로

남병국 한국외국어대학교 정책과학대학원 1998 국내석사

自然主義文學硏究 : 初期 美國 自然主義 作家와 Theodere Dreiser를 中心으로

남병국 建國大學校 大學院 1987 국내석사

Literary Naturalism occurred in France in the late nineteenth century. The term "Naturalism" was used with "realism" as almost the same meaning. What the Realists and the Naturalists have in common is the fundamental belief that art is in essence a mimetic, objective respresentation of outer reality (in contrast to the imaginative, subjective trans-figuration practised by the Romantics). This led them to choose for their subject matter the ordinary, the close-to-hand. In this sense, Realism is a general tendency in so far as every work of art is realistic in some respects and unrealistic in others. It was out of this general tendency to mimetic Realism that Naturalism grew. In many ways it was an intensification of Realism. The Naturalists not only elaborated on and intensified the basic tendencies of Realism; they also added important new elements which turned Naturalism into a recognizable doctrine such as Realism had never been. Naturalism is therefore more concrete and at the same time more limited than Realism; it is a literary movement with distinct theories, groups and practices. If it is looked at in this way, Naturalism, in fact, is different from Realism. What then were these new elements that were added to mimetic Realism to produce Naturalism? They were derived largely from the natural science, scientific method and the effects of industrialization. One of the important elements of natural science in naturalism must be the biological sciences, both for the startling nature of the discoveries and for their direct, relevance to thought and literature. Specially Darwin's Origin of Species is very important. Darwin maintained that man is descended from the lower animals and that in animal life there is a continuos struggle for existence which leads to the survival of the fittest by a process of natural selection. In the development of Naturalism Darwin's theory is without doubt the most important single shaping factor. The Naturalists' view of man is directly dependent on the Darwinian picture of his descent from the lower animal. In contrast to the idealization of man by the Romantics, the Naturalists deliberately reduce him to animal level, stripping him of higher aspirations. The methods of science were adopted. Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer are very important persons in this case. Specially Spencer is more important. His ideas caused much excitement in the nineteenth century, specially in England and the U.S.A. Spencer based his philosophy on evolutionism. He regarde all development as a process of change from homogeneity to heterogeneity and he applied this principle to psychology, sociology and ethics as well as to biology. And with the growing of industry, there were many kinds of problems. Many Naturalists adopted the various social phenomena caused by industrialization as their material. Naturalism like this, rose from France in the late nineteenth cntury. Emile Zola played a most active part in Franch Naturalism. He pointed out that a novelist must be a scientist, an analyst, an anatomist, and his work must have the certainty, the solidity, and the practical application of a work of science. Almost the entire body of naturalistic. literary theory in France came from Zola. In the case of America, there are four naturalists in early America literary Naturalism, who accepted and applied the naturalistic literary theory to their works. They are Hamlin Garland, Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Jack London. They tried to shatter the "genteel tradition" by means of describing sex, slum life, violence, alcoholism which was common in American society at that time. In spite of their effort, however, they could not establish complete naturalism. Real accomplishment of American Naturalism had been established with Theodore Dreiser in the early twentieth centry, who accepted complete determinism and perceived man as an effect produced by causes over which he has not control. In his master pieces, "sister Carrie" and "An American Tragedy", he shows two persons, Carrie and Clyde who act like animal under the social circumstences and desire high social position, money, clothes, well-furnished house and sex and who finally falls into the self-destruction and futility. But Dreiser does not cast the stone of blame against their immoral conduct. Far from blaming them, Dreiser, as a humanist, takes an attitude of pity and compassion to Carrie and Clyde's tragedy. And also, he ascribes their tragedy and depravity to the great machanized society.

IPMC의 구동에 있어서 백금전극, 금속이온, 극성용매의 영향에 대한 연구

남병국 건국대학교 대학원 2005 국내석사

영문초록: Ionic polymer-metal composite(IPMC) is very effective material which show large bending deformation in the presence of low applied voltage. It consists of ion-exchange membrane sandwiched between two novel metal plates. The ion-exchange membrane is neutralized with an amount of metal ions, balancing the charge of anions covalently fixed to the membrane. When a small potential is applied to an IPMC in the hydrated state, the mobile metal cations are subjected to diffuse toward the cathode. As a result, the composite undergoes bending deformation toward the anode. The overall performance of an IPMC is dependent upon many parameters including electrical properties of material. Experimental studies were conducted on the performance of NafionTM-based IPMCs using different platinum electrodes, counter-cations and solvents. In the first experiments, the reduction temperature was treated as a major process parameter. IPMCs were prepared at various reduction temperature; 5℃, 25℃, 45℃. The reduction process creates platinum particle between 4 and 20 nm in mean particle size. The platinum penetration is measured by SEM cross-sectioning and surface resistivities of the samples were measured by Jandel Multiposition probe. Overall, it should be noted that the samples having low surface resistivities tend to produce larger deformations. Counter cationic species of IPMC also strongly affect the performance of deformation. The mechanism of the bending motion is due to unidirectional electro-osmosis by cations. Water enrichment at the cathode and depletion at the anode causes bending due to differential swelling and shrinkage. The purpose of second experiment is to investigate the relationship between the deformations of IPMCs having different counter cations and water states in their membranes. Each IPMC sample was treated to contain different counter-caions; H+, Li+, Na+, Co2+, Cu2+. When exchanged with H+, Li+ and Na+ ions as counter ions, the displacement is rapid. The fast response is thought to be linked with the small radius of the hydrated ion compared to the hydrophilic channel size in the membrane. In contrast, the displacement with Co2+and Cu2+ ions increases, while the rate decreases, systematically with molecular size. The transduction in the material is caused by redistribution of the mobile cations in the material, which is made possible because the material is saturated with a solvent. Typically, the solvent used is water, although its use limits the performance of these materials. With water as the solvent, the applied electric potential must be limited less than 1.3V at room temperature, to avoid electrolysis. Moreover, water evaporation in open air presents additional problems. These limit the application of IPMCs with water as the solvent. The main focus in the third experiments are the behavior of IPMCs with heavy water, DMSO, NMP, DMF and PEG 200 as the solvents. IPMCs solvated with these solvents have improved staility when operated in air as compared to the same materials solvated with water, although the magnitude of the response decreased as compared to the water samples. The use of D2O to replace water as the solvent in IPMC shows promise for improving the stability of IPMC when operated in air

(A) study on isotactic polypropylene/atatic poly-propylene blends

남병국 Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 2016 국내박사

타워크레인 법제도개선이 중대재해예방에 미치는 영향

남병국 경기대학교 공학대학원 2020 국내석사

The tower crane is fundamental and the most widely used lifting machine to construct high-rise buildings. It is installed to construct the foundation high-rise buildings and is used until the completion of the frame construction. It is frequently used to move materials and weights used for various types of work by moving and hoisting trolleys up and down and left and right. However, as the building's framing work progresses, serious tower crane collapse frequently occurs during the tower crane's elevation work due to the elevation of the building and the dismantling of the tower crane after the completion of the framing work. In the past five years(2013~2017), 26 serious accidents involving a tower crane have occurred causing 39 deaths and 44 injuries. From 2016 to 2017, the number of fatal accidents involving a tower crane surged to 15(58%) causing 27(69%) deaths and 38(86%) injuries. As tower crane related accidents with human casualties occurred frequently, the government announced the resolution of the “tower crane accident prevention measures” in cooperation with related ministries at the November 16, 2017 National Statistical Inspection and Coordination Meeting. Therefore, in this study, we are going to analyze the current status of revision of statutes for the last three years since the government's announcement of measures to prevent serious accidents and present effective improvement measures by analyzing the impact of improvement of tower crane legal system on prevention of serious accidents through the surveys and analysis of field management officers, field workers and related experts. A total of 224 people were surveyed from April 6 to April 22, 2020 to check the impact of the improvement of tower crane legal system on the prevention of serious accidents, and the following research results were derived through statistical analysis through the SPSS IBM 19 program. According to the survey on the effects of improving the legal system of tower crane, most of the respondents responded positively above average to the validity of the introduction of the persisting period, the effect of strengthening the management of facility safety, the effect of strengthening the special safety and health education for the signalman of tower crane, the effect of strengthening the training for qualification of workers installing and dismantling the tower crane, the effect of prevention of unsafe act by the special safety and health education of the tower crane companies safety information before the work, the effect of strengthening responsibility of the prime contractor and the effect of reforming the system. It indicated that the effect of improving the legal system affects prevention of serious accidents in tower crane. As a result of cross-analysis of the natural validity, system improvement effect, certification system effect, special safety and health education time effect, education reinforcement anxious behavior prevention effect, and safety information effect according to demographic characteristics, x2 significance level for each item (p < 0.05). In addition, reinforcement of safety and health training courses training before workers start working including machine operating system, work environment and workplace safety rule is effective in preventing serious accidents, and inspection and verification of machinery and facilities, which are harmful hazard factors before starting work, prevents fatal crane-related accidents. It is thought to be an important factor. Based on the results of the study, the following suggestions were made to prevent serious accidents in tower crane. 1) Special safety and health training for the workers related with tower cranes, such as site managers, safety managers, and workers, is suggested to be completed at least 8 hours per year. 2) If illegal modification and false registration of tower cranes are made, I suggest that punishment regulations be strengthened so that they can be sentenced to up to two years in prison or fined up to 20 million won. 3) It is proposed to revise the rules on the restrictions on employment of hazardous and dangerous work so that workers who have to install and dismantle tower cranes should receive 36 hours of maintenance training within 2 years. 4) The construction site where the tower crane is installed and dismantled is proposed to amend the law so that it can be installed and dismantled in the presence of the labor inspector. Key words : Tower crane, The Improvement of Legal System, prevention of serious accidents 타워크레인은 고층 건물 공사 시 자재를 인양하는 데 가장 많이 사용되는 필수 건설기계로서 고층 건물의 기초 바닥공사 시점에 설치되어 골조공사 완료 후 마감 공사 시점까지 사용되며, 특성상 수직 타워 상부에 위치한 지브를 선회시켜, 트롤리이동과 권상동작으로 다양한 형태의 작업에 사용되는 자재 및 중량물을 상하, 좌우로 이동시키는데 빈번하게 활용되고 있다. 그러나 건물의 골조공사가 진행될수록 건물 높이 상승에 따른 타워크레인 상승작업 및 골조공사 완료 후 타워크레인 해체작업 시 타워크레인 붕괴에 의한 중대 재해 사고가 빈번하게 발생하고 있다. 타워크레인 사고 관련 최근 5년간(‘13년∼’17년) 중대 재해 발생 현황은 재해 건수 26건 사망자 39명, 부상자 44명이 발생하였으며, 특히 2016∼2017년에 재해 건수 15건(58%), 사망자 27명(69%), 부상자 38명(86%)으로 타워크레인 사고 관련 중대 재해가 급증하였다. 인명피해를 동반한 타워크레인 중대사고가 빈번하게 발생함에 따라 정부는 2017년 11월 16일 국정현안점검조정회의에서 관계부처 합동으로 ‘타워크레인 중대재해 예방대책’을 의결하여 발표하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 정부의 중대재해 예방대책 발표 후 최근 3년간 법령 개정현황을 분석하고, 현장 관리책임자, 현장근로자 및 관련 전문가들을 대상으로 설문조사와 분석을 통하여 타워크레인 법제도개선이 중대재해예방에 미치는 영향을 분석하여 효과적인 개선방안을 제시하고자 한다. 타워크레인 법제도개선이 중대재해예방에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위해 2020년 4월 6일부터 4월22일까지 총224명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였고, SPSS IBM 19 프로그램을 통한 통계분석을 통해 다음과 같은 연구결과를 도출하였다. 타워크레인 법제도개선 효과에 대한 설문조사 결과 내구연한도입 타당도, 설비안전성 관리강화 효과, 타워크레인 신호수 특별안전보건교육 강화효과, 타워크레인 설치·해체작업자 자격취득교육 강화효과, 작업전 타워크레인회사 안전정보 특별안전보건교육 불안전행동 예방효과, 원청의 책임강화 효과, 제도개선효과에 대해 대부분 보통 이상의 긍정적인 응답을 하여 법제도 개선 효과가 타워크레인 중대재해예방에 영향을 끼치는 것으로 나타났다. 인구학적 특징에 따른 내구연한 타당도, 제도개선효과, 설비안전성 관리강화 효과, 설치·해체작업자 자격취득교육 강화효과에 대해 교차분석한 결과 대상 각 항목별로 x2 유의수준 (p<0.05)하에서 유의하게 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 작업시작전 기계작동, 작업환경, 작업자 안전수칙 특별안전보건교육 강화가 중대재해 사고 예방에 효과적이며, 작업시작 전 유해위험요인 확인 사항인 기계 및 설비점검·확인이 타워크레인 중대재해 예방에 중요한 영향을 미치는 요인이라고 사료된다. 연구 결과를 바탕으로 타워크레인 중대재해예방을 위해 다음과 같이 제언을 하였다. 1) 현장관리책임자, 안전관리담당자, 근로자 등 타워크레인 작업주체에 대한 특별안전보건교육을 매년 8시간 이상을 이수토록 제안한다. 2) 타워크레인 불법개조 및 허위등록을 할 경우 2년 이하 징역 또는 2,000만 원 이하의 벌금에 처하도록 처벌규정 강화를 제안한다. 3) 타워크레인 설치·해체작업자에 대한 보수교육시간을 2년 이내에 36시간을 받아야 하도록 유해·위험작업의 취업제한에 관한 규칙개정 제안한다. 4) 타워크레인 설치·해체작업이 이루어지는 건설현장은 반드시 근로감독관 입회하에 설치·해체 작업을 시행할 수 있도록 법령 개정을 제안한다. 주요어 : 타워크레인, 법제도개선, 중대재해예방