Selection of suitable reference gene for gene expression studies of porcine ovaries under different conditions in quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay

김환득,전혜진,장민,배슬기,윤성호,한지은,김승준,이원재 사단법인 한국동물생명공학회 2022 한국동물생명공학회지 Vol.37 No.2

The ovary undergoes substantial physiological changes along with estrus phase to mediate negative/positive feedback to the upstream reproductive tissues and to play a role in producing a fertilizable oocyte in the developing follicles. However, the disorder of estrus cycle in female can lead to diseases, such as cystic ovary which is directly associated with decline of overall reproductive performance. In gene expression studies of ovaries, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay has been widely applied. During this assay, although normalization of target genes against reference genes (RGs) has been indispensably conducted, the expression of RGs is also variable in each experimental condition which can result in false conclusion. Because the understanding for stable RG in porcine ovaries was still limited, we attempted to assess the stability of RGs from the pool of ten commonly used RGs (18S, B2M, PPIA, RPL4, SDHA, ACTB, GAPDH, HPRT1, YWHAZ, and TBP) in the porcine ovaries under different estrus phase (follicular and luteal phase) and cystic condition, using stable RG-finding programs (geNorm, Normfinder, and BestKeeper). The significant (p < 0.01) differences in Ct values of RGs in the porcine ovaries under different conditions were identified. In assessing the stability of RGs, three programs comprehensively agreed that TBP and YWHAZ were suitable RGs to study porcine ovaries under different conditions but ACTB and GAPDH were inappropriate RGs in this experimental condition. We hope that these results contribute to plan the experiment design in the field of reproductive physiology in pigs as reference data.

대구지역 폐수처리장에서 분리한 cefotaxime-resistant Escherichia coli의 특성

김환득 ( Hwan Deuk Kim ),박대현 ( Dae Hyun Park ),이미리 ( Mi Ree Lee ),김은정 ( Eun Jeong Kim ),조재근 ( Jae Keun Cho ) 한국동물위생학회 2014 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.37 No.4

In this study, 185 cefotaxime-resistant Escherichia coli were isolated from different stages of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Daegu in Korea. Among them, 99.5% (184 isolates) originated from raw sewage and 0.5% (1 isolates) from the final effluent. Cefotaxime-resistant E. coli were high resistant to ampicillin, piperacillin, cefazolin, cephalothin, cefachlor and cefamandole (99.5∼100%). About 93% of the cefotaxime-resistant E. coli were extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)- producing E. coli. The blaTEM+CTX gene was the most predominant of the ESBL genes (72.5%), followed by blaCTX-M (16.2%), blaTEM (8.7%), blaTEM+CTX+SHV (1.1%), blaTEM+SHV, blaTEM+OXA, and blaTEM+CTX+SHV (respectvely 0.5%). Class 1 and 2 integron were found in 49.7% and class 3 integron was not found. All of integron positive isolates were multiresistant (i.e. resistant to four or more antibiotics). Our findings showed WWTP is contaminated with antibiotic resistant bacteria with resistance genes.

Establishment of normal reference intervals in serum biochemical parameters of domestic sows in Korea

김동엽,김환득,손영민,김성호,장민,배슬기,윤성호,김승준,이원재 사단법인 한국동물생명공학회 2021 한국동물생명공학회지 Vol.36 No.4

Because sows are industrially vital for swine production, monitoring for their health or disorder status is important to ensure high reproductive performance. Especially, ambient temperature changes in different season, especially during summer, are directly influenced to the reproductive performance of sows. Although the serum biochemical parameters are widely applied in the veterinary medicine with wide ranges for the physiological process, the values are also influenced by several factors such as age, breed, gender, and stress. In addition, domestic sows in Koreaspecific reference interval (RI) for serum biochemistry has not been established yet. Therefore, the present study was aimed to evaluate seasonal variation of RIs in the serum biochemistry in domestic sows in Korea at different seasons and to establish normal RIs using a RI finding program (Reference Value Advisor). Significant difference (p < 0.05) on the different seasons were identified in several serum biochemical parameters including BUN, CRE, GGT, GLU, ALB, TP, LDH and Na in sows. Therefore, we further established RIs, specific in domestic sows in Korea regardless of season. The established RIs based on the serum biochemical values provide a baseline for interpreting biochemical results in the domestic sows in Korea, regardless of seasonal effect. It may contribute to develop a strategy for better reproductive performance by improving breeding management practice and evaluating health of pig herds, which facilitate to avert the economic loss in summer infertility in sows.

반려동물 유래 장내세균에서 plasmid 매개 퀴놀론 내성 유전자의 특성

조재근,김정미,김환득,김경희,임현숙,양창렬 한국동물위생학회 2019 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.42 No.1

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and characterization of plasmid-mediated quino-lone resistance (PMQR) gene in 79 Enterobacteriaceae isolated from dogs and cats. Of 79 isolates, PMQR genes were found in 10 (12.7%) isolates, including aac(6’)-lb-cr, qnrB, qnrS and qnrA detected alone or in combination in 8 (10.1%), 4 (5.1%), 2 (2.5%) and 1 (1.3%) isolates, respectively. Interest-ingly, two qnrS genes were detected in nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin susceptible isolates. Extended- spectrum -lactamase (ESBL) was detected in 90% (9 isolates) of PMQR positives isolates. Among ESBL genes, CTX-M, TEM and SHV were detected in 9, 8 and 3 isolates, respectively. Almost all PMQR genes were detected in co-existence with ESBL genes. All PMQR positives isolates were multi-drug resistance (i.e. resistant to five or more antibiotics). qepA, OXA and CMY-2 genes were not found. The six transconjugants were obtained by conjugation experiment. The aac(6’)-lb-cr, qnrB and qnrS were co-transferred with CTX-M, TEM and/or SHV, whereas qnrA was not observed among transcon-ugants. This is the first report of the presence of aac(6’)-lb-cr and qnrA gene among Enterobacteriaceae isolates from dogs in Korea. The prudent use of antimicrobials and continuous monitoring for com-panion animals are required.

대구지역 집합유와 소에서 큐열 항체 보유율 조사

임현숙,양창렬,김환득,김경희,도주양,조재근 한국동물위생학회 2019 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.42 No.2

Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) in bulk-tank milk and cattle in Daegu area was analyzed from 2017 to 2018 by ELISA. The prevalence of antibodies in collected bulk-tank milk from 12 dairy cattle farms was 41.7% (10/24) and the seroprevalence of 249 cows reared in the area of Daegu was 3.2% (8/249) By age, the seroprevalence was 1.9% (2/105) in less than 2 years of age, 4.2% (5/119) between 3 and 5 years of age and 4.0% (1/25) in more than 6 years of age. By breed, the seropreva-lence of the Hanwoo cattle was 1.2% (2/162) and the seroprevalence of the dairy cattle was 6.9% (6/87). The result suggested that seroprevalence of C. burnetii was relatively high in both bulk-tank milk samples and dairy cattle than the Hanwoo cattle. Based on these data, it is necessary to keep monitoring the prevalence of Q fever in Daegu area.

대구지역 동물병원에서 입원중인 개와 고양이로부터 분리된 항생제 내성 대장균

조재근,김정미,김환득,김경희,Cho, Jae-Keun,Kim, Jeong-Mi,Kim, Hwan-Deuk,Kim, Kyung-Hee 한국동물위생학회 2017 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.40 No.3

This study was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial resistance profiles and resistance genes in 62 Escherichia coli isolated from dogs and cats hospitalized at animal hospitals in Daegu. E. coli isolates showed high resistance to nalidixic acid (46.8%) and ampicillin (45.2%). Resistance to the other antimicrobial agents was less than 30%, and no resistant isolates were detected for imipenem and amikacin. Of the 28 ampicillin-resistant isolates, TEM and CTX-M genes were detected in 16 (57.1%) and 11 (39.3%), respectively. The aadA gene was found in 4 (26.7%) of 15 gentamicin-resistant isolates, and strA-strB gene was found in 10 (66.7%) isolates. The sul I and sul II genes were detected in 11 (61.1%) and 14 (77.8%) of 18 trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-resistant isolates, and tetB gene in 9 (81.8%) of 11 minocycline-resistant isolates, and cmlA gene in 2 (22.2%) of 8 chloramphenicol-resistant isolates. The qnrB and qnrS genes were found in 3 (10.3%) and 1 (3.4%) of 28 nalidixic acid-resistant isolates, respectively. Whereas, none of the SHV, CMY-2, tetA, dfr Ia and dfr VII, and qnrA genes were found. Our results show a wide variety of resistance genes in E. coli isolates from dogs and cats. This study also represents the first report of qnrB and qnrS gene producing E. coli isolates from dogs in republic of Korea.

낙동강과 금호강에서 분리된 광범위 베타 락탐 분해효소 생성 Escherichia coli 내 항균제 내성 및 integrons의 분포

조재근 ( Jae Keun Cho ),김환득 ( Hwan Deuk Kim ),권순효 ( Soon Hyo Kwon ),김진현 ( Jin Hyun Kim ),장성일 ( Sung Il Jang ),박최규 ( Choi Kyu Park ),김기석 ( Ki Seuk Kim ) 한국동물위생학회 2014 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.37 No.1

This study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial resistance, presence of β-lactamase genes and integrons in 83 ESBL-producing Escherichia coli isolated from Nakdong river and Geumho river in Daegu. Among the β-lactam antimicrobials, all isolates were resistant to ampicillin, cephalothin, cefamandole and cefotaxime, followed by piperacillin (98.8%), ampicillin/sulbactam (86.7%), aztreonam (60.2%) and cefepime (59.0%), whereas resistance to piperacillin/tazobacram, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid and cefoxitin was less than 30%. Many of the ESBL-producing Escherichia coli were also resistant to non-β-lactams antimicrobials such as nalidixic acid (83.1%), sulfonamides (72.3%), ciprofloxacin (62.7%) and gentamicin (38.6%). All isolates showed resistance to seven or more antimicrobial agents.The most frequently detected gene was blaTEM+CTX-M (49.4%), followed by blaCTX-M (27.7%), blaTEM (6.0%) and blaOXA (1.2%). But blaSHV was not found. Class 1 integrons were found in 61.4% (51 isolates) of isolates, however, class 2 and 3 integrons were not detected. The results showed water from Nakdong river and Geumho river is contaminated with ESBL-producing E. coli isolates. These results suggest the need for further investigation of antibiotic resistant bacteria to prevent public health impacts in the water environment.

샤시통합제어용 제동시스템 임베디드 소프트웨어 아키텍쳐 설계

김도군(Dokun Kim),이재현(Jeahyun Lee),김환득(Hwandeuk Kim),김용섭(Yongsup Kim) 한국자동차공학회 2020 한국자동차공학회 학술대회 및 전시회 Vol.2020 No.11

As the electronics of the automobile industry develops, it gets to be actively researching on integration and convergence technical part. Especially, it is more aggressive on chassis systems in vehicles because of various requirements. The chassis control system of future automobiles is expected that electronic components are not only to be improved functionally but also to be integrated complicatedly. There is very advantageous in terms of high performance of a safe and convenient vehicle. This ultimately leads to be able to reduce unnecessary redundant sensors, so car makers could get price competitiveness effectively. Chassis control integration methods can be divided into three methods: (1) hardware integration, (2) software integration, and (3) hardware and software integration. All three methods should always consider ECU integration on hardware, and MCU-related design applied to the integrated ECU is an important consideration in software architecture design. In this paper, the second method, software integration method is adopted to be built in the ECU of the braking system among Chassis domain controllers. The ECU of brake system is the most suitable as the chassis integration ECU. Because it processes the important sensor signals of vehicles such as wheel sensors and direction sensors. This paper proposes the software architecture design for the software integration collaboration between supplier and vehicle manufacturer. And the proposed software architecture is verified by EILS and vehicles.

상용차량을 위한 차량질량 추정로직 개발

강태수(Taesoo Kang),이재천(Jaecheon Lee),정태천(Taechun Jeong),김환득(Taechun Jeong),허재웅(Jaewoong Hur) 한국자동차공학회 2017 한국자동차공학회 학술대회 및 전시회 Vol.2017 No.11

A method of estimating vehicle mass is proposed, which is based on Newton’s second law, and it was developed in actual vehicle test to study the factors that affect the vehicle mass estimation. As a result of this development, this paper analyses the factors that need to be considered in vehicle mass estimation and introduces a method to improve estimation accuracy.

개와 고양이에서 분리한 methicillin 내성 및 감수성 Staphylococcus pseudintermedius

조재근 ( Jae-keun Cho ),이미리 ( Mi-ree Lee ),김정미 ( Jeong-mi Kim ),김환득 ( Hwan-deuk Kim ) 한국가축위생학회 2016 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.39 No.3

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is an important opportunistic pathogen of dog and cats. Since 2006 there has been a significant emergence of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) mainly due to clonal spread. The aim of this study was to investigated the prevalence of antibiotic resistance and presence of mecA and femA gene in 91 S. pseudintermedius isolates isolated from dogs and cats asso-ciated with various clinic infections. Methicillin resistance was confirmed by oxacillin disc diffusion method. MRSP isolate was detected 19 isolates (20.9%). MRSP and methicillin-resistant S. pseudinter-medius (MSSP) isolates were highly resistant to penicillin, kanamycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, trime-thoprim- sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and choloramphenicol (100∼47.3% and 90.3∼33.3%, respectively). About 90% of MRSP isolates were multi-drug resistance (resistance to at least five or more antimicrobials), and MSSP isolates was ca 74%. Among the 91 isolates, mecA gene was detected in 25 isolates (27.5%, 19 in MRSP isolates and 6 in MSSP isolates), but none carried the femA gene. Our results indicated MRSA isolates show a strong resistance to antimicrobials com-monly used in veterinary medicine. A continuous surveillance and monitoring should be called for to prevent the contamination and spread of MRSP in dogs and cats.