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간장 ( 肝臟 ) , 담도 ( 膽道 ) 및 췌장 ( 膵臟 ) : 단순 담낭 절제술 후 배액술의 필요성
김홍진(Hong Jin Kim),심민철(Min Chul Shim),권굉보(Koing Bo Kwun),노진우(Jin Woo Roh),김재황(Jae Hwang Kim) 대한소화기학회 1991 대한소화기학회지 Vol.23 No.3
N/A A retrospective review is undertaken to evaluate the effects of drainage versus nondrainage of the gallbladder bed after elective cholecystectomy. Ninety one charts of patients who underwent elective cholecystectomy without choledochotomy were reviewed. Patient selection was based upon following criteria: 1) No evidence of empyema, pericholecystic abscess or cholangitis 2) No bleeding or leakage of bile from the bed of the gallbladder after cholecystectomy 3) Lack of exploration of the common bile duct. Two groups were analyzed. Those who had postoperative drainage of the subhepatic space and those who didn't have drainage. The results are as follows. Postoperative length of hospital stay was longer in the drainage group (p<0.05). The average days of hospital stay were 7.75 (+- 1.20) in nondrainage group and 8.16 (+- 1.21) in drainage group. Maximum postoperative temperature elevation was higher in the drainage group (p<0.05). The average maximum postoperative temperature were 37.20 (+- 0.33)C in nondrainage group and 37.94 (+- 0.42)C in drainage group. There was no significant difference in the duration of the postoperative fever between the drainage and nondrainage group. The average druation of the postoperative fever were 1.91 (+- 1.44) days in the nondrainage group and 2.27 (+- 1.47) days in the drainage group. There was no significant difference in the dose of the postoperative analgesics between the drainage and nondrainage group. The average dose of the postoperative analgesics were 4.45 (+- l. 47) in the nondrainage group and 4.98 (+- 2.12) in the drainage group. There was no significant difference in the complication rate between the drainage and nondrainage group. It is concluded that routine drainage of the subhepatic space after elective cholecystectomy without choledochotomy is unnecessary and contributes to increased length of postoperative hospotal stay and a higher rate of patients discomfort.
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‘설교자의 설교에 대한 의도’와 ‘성도의 설교에 대한 니즈’의 비교 분석
김홍진(Kim Hong Jin) 대학복음화학회 2009 대학과 복음 Vol.14 No.-
본 논문은 청중의 니즈를 알고 설교자가 설교에 들어가야 한다는 생각을 가지고 출발했다. 설교는 청중 없이 설교자만 존재하는 것이 아니다. 청중이 존재한 상태에서 청중의 니즈를 알고 잘 적응하는 설교자가 훌륭한 설교를 할 수 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 설교자가 청중을 더 깊이 이해하는 기회가 될 것이며, 청중의 심리를 알고 설교를 준비하고 설교를 함으로써 설교의 효과를 극대화하는데 있다. 본 논문을 진행함에 있어서 도구는 설문조사를 이용하였다. 하나는 설교자의 설교에 대한 의도 분석이다. 또 하나는 성도의 설교에 대한 니즈 분석이다. 이 두 가지 설문을 비교 분석하고 해석하면서 진행했다. 본 논문의 중요성은 설교자를 연구하기보다는 사실 청중을 연구하고 청중의 니즈를 파악하여 어떻게 하면 설교자가 청중을 얻고 효과적으로 설교할 것인가에 있다. 그렇게 함으로 설교자의 변화를 꾀하는 것이다. ‘설교자의 설교에 대한 의도’ 분석은 설교자의 문제점을 파악하기 위한 것이며, ‘성도의 설교에 대한 니즈’분석은 청중을 알고 이해하고 청중에게 잘 적응하는 설교를 하기 위한 것이다. 설문을 통해서 발견한 사실을 정리하자면 첫째, 설교의 관심에 있어서 청중은 설교를 들을 때 감동을 받으려고 애쓴다. 둘째, 설교의 수준에 있어서 청중은 쉬우면서도 수준 있는 설교를 듣고 싶어 한다. 셋째, 설교 본문을 접하면서 청중은 낯익은 잘 아는 본문에서 은혜를 더 잘 받는다. 넷째, 설교의 의도에 있어서 청중은 말씀을 생활실천에 연결시켜주는 설교를 듣고 싶어 한다. 다섯째, 설교의 추구에 있어서 청중은 먼저 변화보다는 은혜를 받고 싶어 한다. 여섯째, 설교의 초점에 있어서 청중은 내 삶에서 하나님의 뜻을 발견하고 싶어 한다. 일곱째, 설교의 감동을 받는 도구로서 청중은 하나님 말씀 못지않게 예화를 통해서도 받는다. 여덟째, 설교의 듣는데 있어서 청중은 시리즈 설교 보다는 설교 한 편을 듣는 것에 관심이 있다. 아홉째, 설교를 들을 때 청중은 교회 성장보다는 내 신앙 성장에 더 관심이 있다. 열째, 설교 내용을 들으면서 청중은 확실한 본문 말씀들에 대해 듣고 싶지만 이에 못지않게 애매모호한 본문을 확실하게 풀어주기도 원한다. 본 논문의 결론은 ‘설교자의 설교에 대한 의도’와 ‘성도의 설교에 대한 니즈’를 비교 분석한 결과 문제의 키는 설교자에게 있음을 주장했다. 설교자는 말씀을 전하는 청지기로써 성도들의 니즈를 발견하고 그에 잘 적응하여 하나님의 말씀을 전해야 할 것을 강조하고 마쳤다. This paper is initiated by finding a necessity for a preacher to understand the needs of a congregation before preaching a sermon. The preacher cannot exist alone without the congregation who would listen to the sermon. In order to make the best of the sermon, the preacher should know and try to accommodate the needs of the congregation. The objective of this research is to enable the preacher to gain better understandings of the congregation and develop well-prepared sermons based on the characteristics of the congregation so that he can maximize the effect of the sermon. This research was largely conducted by using surveys. The surveys were conducted in two aspects: one aspect as to the preacher's motives for preaching and the other aspect as to the needs of the congregation's needs for the sermon. The focus of this paper is not about analyzing the preacher's styles. Rather, it is to analyze the congregation and their needs to help the preacher grasp a perspective of what he should do to give effective sermons and win the congregation. In this way, the preacher can change his preaching styles. The purpose of analysis on "a preacher's motives for preaching a sermon" is to find current problems that the preacher may have in preaching sermons. The purpose of analysis on "the congregation's needs for sermon" is to understand the congregation better and derive solutions to give more proper sermons that would meet their needs. Outstanding results analyzed through the surveys are summarized as follows: (ⅰ) the congregation want sermons which touch and move their hearts; (ⅱ) in terms of a level of sophistication in sermons, the congregation like sermons that are easy to understand while maintaining a certain standard; (ⅲ) the congregation are more responsive to a sermon with respect to a well-known passage of scripture in the Bible that they are familiar with; (ⅳ) the congregation want the preacher to show connecting points between the sermon and a real life; (ⅴ) the congregation's immediate interest in a Church worship service is receiving God's grace through the sermon rather than struggling to change their way of life; (ⅵ) the congregation would like to see a direct application of the sermon in their lives so that they can find the will of God; (ⅶ) the congregation are easily moved by illustrative stories just as they are moved by God's words; (ⅷ) the congregation prefer a single topical sermon to consecutive sermon series; (ⅸ) the congregation are more interested in their inner growth rather than the growth of church as one body; (ⅹ) the congregation would like the preacher to give clear explanations of some ambiguous passages of scripture as well as they would like to listen about passages that are clearly understood. This paper ends with a conclusion that the preacher has responsibility to give proper sermons to the congregation. As a steward entrusted with Gods' words, the preacher should understand the needs of the congregation and preach proper sermons to meet such needs.
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김홍진(Kim Hong-Jin) 대학복음화학회 2006 대학과 복음 Vol.12 No.-
This thesis studies John Amos Comenius's relationship for a man and education. Comenius is a Christian and education scholar who is very important a pioneer and father in modern education. His comprehension of man and education plays a vital role in modern education. Comenius's human understanding the first is human as a mage of God, the second is human as the existence of corruption, the third the second is human as the existence of reason. Comenius's student understanding is following that the first is the existence of the whole personality, the second is the existence of reason, the third is the existence of responsibility, the forth is the existence of interaction. These effect education aspects which are following that the first is the faith education, the second is the whole man education, the third is the universal education, the forth is the lifelong education. The viewpoint of human in education is an importance because it is the most basis and the starting point in education. The purpose, goal, content and method of education decided by the viewpoint of human. Comenius is a Christian educator despite being a general educationalist. He understands man with his christian sense of value. Christian human understanding is very important in man and education.
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김홍진 (Hong-Jin Kim) 대학복음화학회 2011 대학과 복음 Vol.16 No.-
우리 백석학원은 기독교 대학으로서 학원복음화를 위한 사명을 가지고 설립하였다. 지금까지 학원복음화를 위해 노력해 왔다. 이제 개혁주의 생명신학의 기반 위에 학원복음화에 대한 신학적 이념을 바로 세우고 든든한 배경위에서 이 학원복음화를 계속하고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 개혁주의 생명신학이 복음화에 대해서 어떻게 이야기하는가를 먼저 알아본다. 개혁주의 생명신학이 말하는 복음과 전도에 대해서 전 이해를 가진다. 그리고 개혁주의 생명신학이 주장하는 학원복음화란 무엇일까를 연구하여 기독교대학의 학원복음화 사명을찾고자 한다. 기독교대학이 학원복음화 사명을 이루기 위해서 학원공동체가 어떤 사명감을 가져야할 것을 돌출해 내고자 한다. 그리고 학원복음화의 위기와 도전 속에서 전략을 어떻게 세우고 학원복음화를 이룰 것인가 대안을 제시하고자 한다. 제2장에서는 개혁주의 생명신학과 복음화에 대해 개혁주의 생명신학의 복음관과 전도관을 알아본다. 개혁주의를 대표하는 칼빈이 그의 구원론에서 예정설을 말했다. 즉 구원받을 자와 받지 못할 자를 선택했다는 것이다. 그러면 복음을 전할 필요가 없는가? 라는 오해를 풀어보았다. 즉 복음을 전하는 일까지 예정에 포함된다는 것이다. 제3장에서는 개혁주의 생명신학의 학원복음화 사명을 도출하기 위하여 개혁주의 생명신학과 학원복음화의 의미, 대상, 내용을 살펴본다. 그리고 우리대학의 대학공동체가 받은 학원복음화 사명이 무엇인지 설립자, 교수, 직원, 교목들의 입장에서 밝혀 본다. 제4장에서는 개혁주의 생명신학의 학원복음화 전략을 도출해 낸다. 현대에 와서 학원복음화를 하고 있지만 대내외적으로 여러 도전과 위기를 당하고 있다. 이 위기를 해결하기 위하여 전략이 필요하다. 여기에서 6가지 전략을 도출해냈다. 첫째는 소통하는 메시지 전략이다. 둘째는 가르치는 교육적 전략이다. 셋째는 초청하는 관계전도 전략이다. 넷째는 돌보는 상담적 전략이다. 다섯째는 보여주는 문화적 전략이다. Baeksuk Academy was established with missions for campus evangelization and has made a lot of efforts to accomplish the missions. It will found a theological principle with respect to campus evangelization based on reformed life theology, and will continue to accomplish the missions for campus evangelization based on the founded theological principle. Firstly, in chapter 1, this study will find how the reformed life theology addresses as to evangelization. That is to say, it is required to understand how the reformed life theology defines the Gospel and evangelism. Also, this study will refresh the missions for campus evangelization of a Christian academy by probing what the campus evangelization defined by the reformed life theology is about. Additionally, an object of this study is to find callings to be carried by the academy community to accomplish the missions for campus evangelization by the Christian university. Another object of this study is to suggest alternatives as to how to set up strategies so as to accomplish the campus evangelization in the current crises and challenges. In chapter 2, another object of this study is to find the views of the reformed life theology as to the Gospel and evangelism in the context of the reformed life theology and evangelization. Calvin, who was a representative for the Reformation, asserted the doctrine of predestination in that a saved or unsaved person was predetermined. Accordingly, this study made an effort to correct a misunderstanding that there is no need to preach the Gospel in this doctrine of predestination, and concludes that the evangelization is also predetermined in it. In chapter 3, an aspect of this study is to see the meanings, objects, and contents of the reformed life theology and campus evangelization to reach the campus evangelization missions of the reformed life theology. Also, this study shows the missions assigned to Baeksuk university in views of the founder, professors, staff, and chaplains. In chapter 4, this study presents strategies for campus evangelization of the reformed life theology. Although we make efforts for campus evangelization today, there are a lot of internal and external crises and challenges. In order to tackles these crises and challenges, we need strategies. This study suggests five strategies as below. Firstly, a communicating message strategy is provided. Secondly, a teaching and educational strategy is provided. Thirdly, a relational evangelization strategy for invitation is provided. Fourthly, a counseling strategy with care is provided. Fifthly, a cultural strategy showing His love to others is provided.
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