상용 Gentoo 폴리머가 경화된 고체주입표면에서 물방울 거동

김형원,김정현 한국가시화정보학회 2024 한국가시화정보학회지 Vol.22 No.1

In this study, the behavior of water droplets on a solid-infused surface was evaluated by quantifying a water droplet's contact angle, sliding angle, and terminal velocity. The contact angle hysteresis and sliding angle of water on the solid-infused surface were measured to be lower than those of the hydrophobic PTFE surface. It led to the enhancement of the initiation of the water droplet’s movement. When the capillary number was lower than Ca < 0.004, the terminal velocity of the water droplet on the solid-infused surface was higher than the PTFE surface due to the low contact line resistance. However, the transition of the droplet morphology from a hemispherical shape to a streamlined teardrop shape beyond Ca > 0.004 lost the effect of reducing frictional resistance on the solid-infused surface.

권리사용료의 관세부과 요건에 관한 연구

김형원 사법발전재단 2015 사법 Vol.1 No.34

A Study on Requirements for Imposing Customs Duties on Royalties and License Fees Kim, Hyoung-won There is growing importance among rights holders as well as the general public on the need to protect intellectual property rights such as patents, trademarks, designs, etc. On the other hand, “know-how” is considered as an unregistered intellectual property right and despite exhibiting conceptual vagueness, it is widely used in cross-border transactions, particularly in describing technology transfers. Where importing patented goods or technology know-how, the need arose to calculate customs duties by adding royalties and license fees (for using such patent or know-how) to the imported goods price. Against this backdrop, Korea has imposed duties including royalties and license fees pursuant to relevant rules such as the Customs Act and the Notice on Determining the Taxable Value of Imported Goods, and by referring to the Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (also referred to as GATT Valuation Agreement) of, and advisory opinion by the World Trade Organization (WTO). Nevertheless, regulatory provisions on customs valuation of royalties and license fees are ambiguous and delegated by administrative rules; thus, legislative improvements are imperative. This paper aims to understand the requirements for imposing customs duties through reviewing existing doctrines, court decisions and administrative adjudications, the Korea Customs Service’s rules, and foreign cases, and then to point out regulatory issues. Of note, this paper intends to explore problems of administrative rules which impose the burden of proof on taxpayers as to separating royalties and license fees (for use of patent or know-how) added to the price of imported technologies and imported goods, and as to calculating unrealized royalties and license fees. In conclusion, this paper proposes legislative improvements based on tax laws and provisions, and Supreme Court precedents. 특허, 상표, 디자인 등 지적재산권 보호에 대한 권리자들의 의지는 예전에 비해 비약적으로 상승하였고, 이에 대한 일반인들의 인식도 많이 개선되었다. 한편 당국에 등록되지 않은 지적재산권의 한 형태로서 노하우는 그 개념의 모호성에도 불구하고 거래의 대상이 되는 경향을 보이고 있으며, 국제 간 거래에 있어서는 더 말할 나위도 없이 물품수입과는 별개의 기술이전 대상으로 취급되고 있다. 이러한 특허나 노하우가 결합된 물품을 수입할 경우 물품의 명목상 수입가격에 특허나 노하우의 대가 즉, 권리사용료를 수입물품가격에 가산하여 관세의 과세표준을 산정해야 한다는 필요성이 인정되어 왔다. 그에 따라 우리나라는 관세법령 및 ‘수입물품 과세가격 결정에 관한 고시’ 등 관련 규정, WTO 관세평가협정, WCO 권고의견 등을 참조하여 권리사용료와 수입물품 사이에 일정한 연관이 있는 경우 권리사용료를 가산하여 관세를 부과해왔다. 그런데 아직까지도 권리사용료에 대한 관세평가에 있어 관련 규정이 모호하고, 포괄적으로 행정규칙에 위임하고 있을 뿐만 아니라, 입법 미비인 부분이 존재하여 개선이 필요한 상황이다. 본 논문에서는 관세부과 요건에 관한 기존 학설, 법원의 판결과 행정심판, 관세청 예규, 외국 사례를 통해 관세부과 요건에 관한 판단 경향을 파악한 다음, 관세부과 요건 규정의 문제점을 지적하고자 한다. 특히 수입설비에 가산할 특허나 노하우에 대한 권리사용료에 관하여 수입물품과의 분리 가능성 및 구현되지 않은 부분에 관한 권리사용료 금액의 입증책임을 납세자에게로 포괄적으로 전환한 행정규칙의 문제점을 밝히고자 한다. 그리고 이러한 문제점을 해소할 방안으로서 다른 세법 및 세목 규정과 그에 대한 대법원판례 등을 토대로 입법 아이디어를 제시해보고자 한다.

Patterns and Biologic Features of p53 Mutation Types in Korean Breast Cancer Patients

김형원,정준,이학민,황승현,안성귀,이경아 한국유방암학회 2014 Journal of breast cancer Vol.17 No.1

Purpose: The p53 gene is one of the most frequently mutatedgenes in breast cancer. We investigated the patterns and biologicfeatures of p53 gene mutation and evaluated their clinical significancein Korean breast cancer patients. Methods: Patients whounderwent p53 gene sequencing were included. Mutational analysisof exon 5 to exon 9 of the p53 gene was carried out usingpolymerase chain reaction-denaturing high performance liquidchromatography and direct sequencing. Results: A total of 497patients were eligible for the present study and p53 gene mutationswere detected in 71 cases (14.3%). Mutation of p53 wassignificantly associated with histologic grading (p<0.001), estrogenreceptor and progesterone receptor status (p<0.001), HER2status (p<0.001), Ki-67 (p=0.028), and tumor size (p=0.004). The most frequent location of p53 mutations was exon 7 andmissense mutation was the most common type of mutation. Compared with patients without mutation, there was a statisticallysignificant difference in relapse-free survival of patients withp53 gene mutation and missense mutation (p=0.020, p=0.006,respectively). Only p53 missense mutation was an independentprognostic factor for relapse-free survival in multivariate analysis,with an adjusted hazard ratio of 2.29 (95% confidence interval,1.08–4.89, p=0.031). Conclusion: Mutation of the p53 gene wasassociated with more aggressive clinicopathologic characteristicsand p53 missense mutation was an independent negativeprognostic factor in Korean breast cancer patients.

PSF/AS4 복합재료의 가속노화가 피로강도에 미치는 영향

김형원 한국복합재료학회 2006 Composites research Vol.19 No.4

The effects of aging on fatigue of PSF/AS4 laminates was studied using the new energy release rate analysis. The analysis by the variational mechanics has been useful in providing fracture mechanics interpretation of matrix microcracking in cross-ply laminates. This paper describes the changes of the critical energy release rate ΔGmc (microcracking toughness) about the variation of the aging period during fatigue loading. The master plot by modified Paris-law gives a characterization of a material system's resistance to microcrack formation. PSF/AS4 [0/902]s laminates were aged at four different temperatures based on the glass transition temperature for 60 days. At all temperatures, the toughness decreased with aging time. The decrease of the toughness at higher temperature was faster than at lower temperature. To assess the effects of aging on fatigue, the unaged laminates were compared with the laminates which were aged for 60 days at 170°C near 180°C Tg. The slope of dD/dN versus ΔGm of the aged laminates was lower than that of the unaged laminates. There was a significant shift of the aged data to formation of microcracks at the lower values of ΔGm. PSF/AS4 복합재 적층구조의 가속노화가 피로강도에 미치는 영향을 변분이론을 이용한 에너지 발산율(energy release rate) 분석을 이용하여 연구하였다. 변분이론 분석은 수지미소균열에 대한 파괴역학을 해석하는데 사용되어 왔으며 이 논문에서는 피로하중 하에서 가속노화 시간에 따르는 파괴인성이 어떻게 변하는가를 설명하였다. 수정된 Paris 법칙에 의한 선도는 각 재료마다 미소균열이 형성되는 특성을 나타낸다. PSF/AS4 [0/902]s 적층구조가 60일 동안 유리천이온도에 근거를 두고 세분한 4개의 각기 다른 온도로 가속노화를 하였다. 모든 온도에서 파괴인성은 가속노화 시간에 따라 감소하였다. 높은 온도에서의 파괴인성의 감소는 낮은 온도에서의 감소보다 빠르게 진전되었다. 가속노화가 피로강도에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해 유리천이온도인 섭씨 180도에 가까운 170도에서 60일 동안 노화한 것과 노화하지 않은 것을 비교하였다. 노화된 시편에 대하여 파괴인성의 변화(ΔGm)가 낮은 값에서 미소균열이 형성되는 것을 알 수 있었다.

태양광을 이용한 CO₂ 전환 및 자원화 기술

김형원,Kim, Hyeong-Won 한국플랜트학회 2019 플랜트 저널 Vol.15 No.2

Avimid?? K3B/IM7 복합재료의 80°C 물에서의 노화현상

김형원 한국추진공학회 2005 한국추진공학회지 Vol.9 No.4

The Hygrothermal aging of the laminates of Avimid K3B/IM7 in 80°C water was studied as a function of immersion time prior to forming microcracks. The factors causing the 80°C water to degradation of the laminates could be the degradation of the matrix toughness, the change in residual stresses or the interfacial damage between the fiber and the matrix. The times to saturation in 80°C water for the laminates and for the neat resin were 100 hours and 500 hours. After 500 hours aging of the neat resin, the glass transition temperature was changed less than 1% by DSC test, and the weight gain was 1.55% increase with the diffusion coefficient 7x10-6 m/s2 and the fracture toughness was decreased about 41%. After 100 hours fully saturated aging of the [+45/0/-45/90]s K3B/IM7 laminates in 80°C water, the weight gain was 0.41% increase with the diffusion coefficient 1x10-6 m/s2. In 100 hours, the loss of the fracture toughness of the laminates was 43.8% of the original toughness by the microcracking fracture toughness criterion. Therefore, the main factor to degrade the microcracking toughness of the laminates could be the degradation of the matrix fracture toughness. 미세균열이 생기기 전 80°C 물속에서 침수시간에 따른 Avimid K3B/IM7 복합재의 습기노화 현상에 관하여 연구하였다. 80°C 물속에서 복합재의 파괴인성을 저하시키는 요인으로는 수지 파괴인성의 저하나 잔류응력의 변화 그리고 섬유와 수지 사이의 계면 손상이다. 80°C 물속에서 수지에 습기가 포화되는 시간은 500 시간이며 K3B/IM7 복합재에 습기가 포화되는 시간은 100 시간이다. 수지가 500 시간 가속노화한 후 DSC 시험을 한 결과 Tg는 1% 이내 증가하였으며, 무게는 7x10-6 m/s2 확산속도로 1.55% 증가하였다. K3B/IM7복합재에 관하여 물속에서 100시간 지난 후 무게는 1x10-6 m/s2 확산속도로 0.41% 증가했다. 500 시간 노화한 후 수지의 파괴인성은 41% 저하하였으며 100 시간 노화한 후 [+45/0/-45/90]s K3B/IM7 복합재의 미세균열 파괴인성은 43.8% 감소하였다. 그러므로 80°C 수분노화 시험에서 복합재 적층의 파괴인성을 감소시키는 주요 원인은 수지 파괴인성의 저하라고 할 수 있다.

The effects of matrix aging and residual stress changes on $Avimid^{(R)}$ K3B/IM7 laminates

김형원,Kim, Hyung-Won The Korea Institute of Military Science and Techno 2005 한국군사과학기술학회지 Vol.8 No.3

In this paper, the effects of matrix hygrothermal aging and residual stress changes on $Avimid^{(R)}$ K3B/IM7 laminates in $80^{\circ}C$ water were studied. The factors causing the $80^{\circ}C$ water to degradation of the laminates could be the degradation of the matrix toughness, the change in residual stresses. After 500 hours fully saturated aging of the neat resin, the weight gain was 1.55% increase with the diffusion coefficient $7{\times}10^{-6}m^2/s$ and the fracture toughness was decreased about 41%. After 100 hours fully saturated aging of the $[+45/0/-45/90]_s$ K3B/IM7 laminates in $80^{\circ}C$ water, the weight gain was 0.41% increase with the diffusion coefficient $1{\times}10^{-6}m^2/s$ and the loss of the microcracking fracture toughness was 43.8% of the original toughness. To see whether the residual stress influenced the fracture toughness, two ply $[90^{\circ}/0^{\circ}]$ laminates were put in $80^{\circ}C$ water from 2 hours to 8 hours. The changes in residual stress in 8 hours are less than 3MPa. Because the 3MPa change is not sufficient to degrade the laminates, the main factor to degrade the microcracking fracture toughness was the degradation of the matrix fracture toughness.

수지 노화와 잔류응력 변화가 Avimid? K3B/IM7 복합재 적층에 미치는 영향

김형원 한국군사과학기술학회 2005 한국군사과학기술학회지 Vol.8 No.3

In this paper, the effects of matrix hygrothermal aging and residual stress changes on Avimid?? K3B/IM7 laminates in 80℃ water were studied. The factors causing the 80℃ water to degradation of the laminates could be the degradation of the matrix toughness, the change in residual stresses. After 500 hours fully saturated aging of the neat resin, the weight gain was 1.55% increase with the diffusion coefficient 7×10-6m2/sand the fracture toughness was decreased about 41%. After 100 hours fully saturated aging of the [+45/0/-45/90]s K3B/IM7 laminates in 80℃ water, the weight gain was 0.41% increase with the diffusion coefficient 1×10-6m/s2 and the loss of the microcracking fracture toughness was 43.8% of the original toughness. To see whether the residual stress influenced the fracture toughtnes, two ply [90°/0°] laminates were put in 80℃ water from 2 hours to 8 hours. The changes in residual stress in 8 hours are less than 3MPa. Because the 3MPa change is not sufficient to degrade the laminates, the main factor to degrade the microcracking fracture toughness was the of the matrix fracture toughness.

Friedel-craft의 炭化水素 合成과 合成化學에 加水分解

金鎣元 단국대학 1960 檀苑 Vol.3 No.1

폐플라스틱활용 수소생산 기술동향과 전망

김형원,Kim, Hyeong-Won 한국플랜트학회 2022 플랜트 저널 Vol.18 No.1