한국통일의 국제환경

김하룡 성균관대학교 사회과학연구소 1970 社會科學 Vol.9 No.1

There is a wide diversity of opinion on the role of international environment as an important factor that can affect the unification of Korea. We can substantially classify the opinions on the above subject into two contrasting categories. First of all, in comparison with other factors, the conditions of the international environment do not comprise the most important element in Korean unification. This is one opinion. On the other side, we have the opinion that Korea's internal conditions form the decisive element. Therefore, nowadays the international situation has already led lesser powers to conclude that they can be strong only in so far as they manage their own problems of their own free will. This is to assert that Korean unification must be decided directly by the Korean people themselves and not by the international environment. On the other hand, there is the viewpoint which maintains that the Koreans capability and independence from other powers is not the decisive element. External conditions, i. e. the conditions of the international environment are the decisive element. No matter what the Korean people do; unification of their fatherland is impossible. This is a pessimistic attitude. The optimistic viewpoint holds that if only the international situation would improve, the unification of Korea could be more quickly realized than is now expected. But the Korean people would still be the key factor in attaining unification. As I consider the key elements of this problem, I wonder how close the connection between Korea's, unification and the international environment is. Nowadays a country's internal and external political systems are very closely related, and this is especially true of the situation concerning the problem of Korea's unification. Accordingly, in spite of the author's recognition that criticism may arise concerning the unreal nature of his approach, let us concentrate on the conditions of the international environment and exclude for the moment Korea's internal conditions. Supposing that by mutual agreement the people of North and South Korea could form a region with a unified government the internal conditions for unification being just right, under what kind of international environment could the Korean people attain unification without any obstacles from external condition? This model requires four suppositions. First, on and around the Korean peninsula there would have to be a relatively stable balance of power among the big powers which have the invested interests in . Korea in. some way or other. Even with the formation of some kind of political agreement, this balance of power is essential: Not one big power could thus either directly or indirectly interfere with Korean unification. Secondly, even though there would be the possibility of a shift in the balance of power and eventually a collision on the Korean peninsula, we could handle the problem of unification if we had the necessary political; economic, and military capability. Thirdly, even if there were opposition from big powers, they would have to be interested in unified Korean government provided that this government were mutually satisfactory to both parties. Fourthly, the U.N., as the body for world peace, would recognize the demand for unification of Korea and set up an international organ to prepare for establishment of the unified government. It would also pass a resolution guaranteeing Korean unification and the big powers would have to respect this resolution. We need to examine the reality of the international situation in terms of the four assumptions of this model, and that is the point of this treatise.

모니터링 및 수치모의를 이용한 하상변동분석 - 세종보 상류를 중심으로 -

김하룡,유인상,유찬종,정상만,Kim. Ha Yong,Yu. In Sang,Ryu. Chan Jong,Jeong. Sang Man 한국방재학회 2013 한국방재학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2013 No.1

세종보 상류 전 구간에 발생한 토사 퇴적으로 인해 수문운영에 지장을 초래하는 등 문제점이 발생하고 있어 준설 및 저층수 차단 등 하상 안정화를 위한 다양한 방법들이 적용되었으나 그 효과가 미흡한 실정이다. 이는 세종보 상류구간에 하상변동특성을 감안하지 않은 획일적이고 단기적인 해결책을 적용하였기 때문으로 세종보 상류 구간의 하상변동에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 세종보 상류 약 600m 구간에 대해 홍수기 전 후로 구분하여 하상변동 모니터링을 실시하여 하상의 변화를 측정하였으며 2차원 수치모형을 이용하여 흐름특성 및 하상변동을 모의하고 실측한 모니터링 결과와 비교하여 보 상류의 하상변동을 분석하였다. 모니터링 결과 세종보 상류 모니터링 구간에서 <TEX>$169,263m^3$</TEX>의 토사가 퇴적되었으며 토사의 퇴적은 우안에 집중적으로 발생하였다. 상류부 전체적으로 퇴적 경향을 보였으나 가동보 수문 개도시 빠른 유속의 영향으로 보 직상류의 토사퇴적은 적은 것으로 측정되었다. RMA2를 이용하여 흐름특성을 모의한 결과 우안은 오목한 지형적 특징으로 인해 유속이 낮게 모의되었으며 수문 개도에 따라 유속의 분포도 바뀌는 것으로 분석되었다. SED-2D를 이용한 하상변동 모의결과 수문개도 방법에 상관없이 우안이 퇴적되는 것으로 모의되었으며 이는 지형적 특징으로 인한 우안의 낮은 유속에 기인한 것으로 분석되었다. 모니터링 및 수치모의 결과 세종보 상류는 전체적으로 퇴적되고 있으며 특히 우안의 낮은 유속으로 인해 퇴적 현상은 우안에 집중되고 있으므로 해결책이 필요하다.

Appropriate In Vitro Methods for Genotoxicity Testing of Silver Nanoparticles

김하룡,박용주,신다영,오성민,정규혁 환경독성보건학회 2013 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.28 No.-

Objectives We investigated the genotoxic effects of 40-59 nm silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs)by bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test), in vitro comet assay and micronucleus (MN) assay. In particular, we directly compared the effect of cytochalasin B (cytoB) and rat liver homogenate (S9 mix) in the formation of MN by Ag-NPs. Methods Before testing, we confirmed that Ag-NPs were completely dispersed in the experimental medium by sonication (three times in 1 minute) and filtration (0.2 μm pore size filter), and then we measured their size in a zeta potential analyzer. After that the genotoxicity were measured and especially, S9 mix and with and without cytoB were compared one another in MN assay. Results Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537 strains revealed that Ag-NPs with or without S9 mix did not display a mutagenic effect. The genotoxicity of Ag-NPs was also evaluated in a mammalian cell system using Chinese hamster ovary cells. The results revealed that Ag-NPs stimulated DNA breakage and MN formation with or without S9 mix in a dose-dependent manner (from 0.01 μg/mL to 10 μg/mL). In particular, MN induction was affected by cytoB. Conclusions All of our findings, with the exception of the Ames test results, indicate that Ag-NPs show genotoxic effects in mammalian cell system. In addition, present study suggests the potential error due to use of cytoB in genotoxic test of nanoparticles. Keywords Bacterial reverse mutation test, Comet assay, Genotoxicity, Micronucleus assay,Silver nanoparticles

Comparative evaluation of the mutagenicity and genotoxicity of smoke condensate derived from Korean cigarettes

김하룡,이정은,정미호,최성진,이규홍,정규혁 환경독성보건학회 2015 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.30 No.-

Objectives Cigarette smoking is associated with carcinogenesis owing to the mutagenic and genotoxic effects of cigarette smoke. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mutagenic and genotoxic effects of Korean cigarettes using in vitro assays. Methods We selected 2 types of cigarettes (TL and TW) as benchmark Korean cigarettes for this study, because they represent the greatest level of nicotine and tar contents among Korean cigarettes. Mutagenic potency was expressed as the number of revertants per μg of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) total particulate matter whereas genotoxic potency was expressed as a concentration-dependent induction factor. The CSC was prepared by the International Organization for Standardization 3308 smoking method. CHO-K1 cells were used in vitro micronucleus (MNvit) and comet assays. Two strains of Salmonella typhimurium (Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ; TA98 and TA1537) were employed in Ames tests. Results All CSCs showed mutagenicity in the TA98 and TA1537 strains. In addition, DNA damage and micronuclei formation were observed in the comet and MNvit assays owing to CSC exposure. The CSC from the 3R4F Kentucky reference (3R4F) cigarette produced the most severe mutagenic and genotoxic potencies, followed by the CSC from the TL cigarette, whereas the CSC from the TW cigarette produced the least severe mutagenic and genotoxic potencies. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that the mutagenic and genotoxic potencies of the TL and TW cigarettes were weaker than those of the 3R4F cigarette. Further study on standardized concepts of toxic equivalents for cigarettes needs to be conducted for more extensive use of in vitro tests.

사연댐 운영수위 하강에 따른 반구대 암각화지점의 수리학적 특성 분석

김하룡,김용태,박무종,정상만 한국방재학회 2013 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.13 No.4

Assesment of hydraulic Characteristics has been carried out of Daegokcheon because Sa-yeon dam water level decline operation for proper due to world cultural heritage edged Bangudae petroglyphs. Analyses on the Dae-gok stream were conducted by changing the water level of the Sa-yeon Dam by using the 1D HEC-RAS numerical model for the inundation of height variations and 2D RMA-2 model for the flow characteristics. As a result of the modeling, if the water elevation on the Sa-yeon Dam is higher than EL.52.5 m, the Bangudae Petroglyphs starts to be flooded. The Bangudae Petroglyphs starts submerging from EL.60.0 m to EL.56.5 m on Sa-yeon Dam. The Bangudae Petroglyphs water level increased by 2.7 m for 20year and 3.47 m for 200year flood frequencies, 73% and 93.8% of the inundation occurs, respectively. As a result of the change on the water level of the Sa-yeon Dam, from EL.52.5 m to EL.60.0 m, the flood flow characterization on the Bangudae Petroglyphs showed that the velocity multiplied by 2.5 times the normal flow. The maximum velocity directly approches the Bangudae Petroglyphs thus, causing damaged. 본 연구는 세계적 문화유산인 반구대암각화의 침수방지를 위해 사연댐의 운영수위를 하강시키는 것이 반구대암각화 보존에 적정한지를 대곡천의 수리학적 특성을 분석하여 평가하였다. 이를 위해 1차원 하천해석 모형인 HEC-RAS를 이용하여 사연댐 수위 변화에 따른 반구대암각화의 침수높이를 분석 하였고, 반구대암각화 지점의 유속 및 흐름을 2차원 하천해석 모형인 RMA-2를 이용하여 대곡천의 영향을 분석하였다. 수치모의 결과 평수기 유량조건에서 사연댐의 수위변화에 따른 반구대암각화의 침수높이는 사연댐의 수위가 EL.60.0 m에서 EL.56.5 m까지는 반구대암각화 전체가 침수되었으며, EL.52.5 m일 때는 반구대암각화는 침수되지 않는 것으로 분석되었다. 사연댐의 수위가 EL.52.5 m일 때 20년 빈도에서 반구대암각화는 2.7 m(73%)의 침수가 발생하였고, 200년 빈도시에는 3.47 m(93.8%)의 침수가 발생하는 것으로 분석되었다. 홍수기 유량조건일 때 반구대암각화 지점의 흐름특성 분석결과 사연댐의 수위를 EL.60.0 m에서 EL.52.5 m로 낮출 경우 유속이 약 2.5배 증가하였으며, 최대유속선이 반구대암각화를 지남으로써 유수에 의한 훼손을 증가시키는 것으로 분석되었다.

In vitro-based risk assessment framework in the <SUP>21</SUP>st century

김하룡 환경독성보건학회 2019 한국독성학회 심포지움 및 학술발표회 Vol.2019 No.10

RM 등기하 판요소를 이용한 적층판의 자유진동 및 선형좌굴 해석

김하룡,이상진,Kim, Ha-Ryong,Lee, Sang-Jin 한국공간구조학회 2014 한국공간구조학회지 Vol.14 No.2

A study on the vibration and buckling analyses of laminated composite plates is described in this paper. In order to carry out the analyses of laminated composite plates, a NURBS-based isogeometric general plate element based on Reissner-Mindlin (RM) theory is developed. The non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) is used to represent the geometry of plate and the unknown displacement field and therefore, all terms required in this element formulation are consistently derived by using NURBS basis function. Numerical examples are conducted to investigate the accuracy and reliability of the present plate element. From numerical results, the present plate element can produce the isogeometric solutions with sufficient accuracy. Finally, the present isogeometric solutions are provided as future reference solutions.

모택동사상변질의 내적 조건에 관하여

김하룡 고려대학교 아세아문제연구소 1984 亞細亞硏究 Vol.27 No.1

부록 Ⅱ : 한국에서의 (韓國) 평화연구를 (平和硏究) 위한 연구안 : 국제평화에 (國際平和) 대한 중국의 기본입장표명의 변화과정에 관한 고찰

김하룡 고려대학교 평화연구소 1989 한국인의 평화의식과 통일관 Vol.- No.-

전환기의 한국정치와 1987년의 회고

김하룡 한국정치학회 2003 한국정치학회오십년사 Vol.- No.-