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김철일 한국교원대학교 교육대학원 2011 국내석사
이 연구는 방과후 교육활동의 중요한 영역중 하나인 방과후 체육활동의 운영 실태와 현황을 정확히 살펴보고, 이에 대한 학생들의 학교생활 만족도를 조사하여 교사와 학생 모두가 만족할 수 있는 방과후 체육활동의 효율적인 운영 방향을 제시함으로써 교사들의 학생 지도에 필요한 기초적 자료를 제공하는데 그 목적을 두었다. 조사대상은 I광역시에 소재한 4개의 지역교육청에 재학중인 중학생 954명을 연구 대상으로 하였으며, 성별․학교형태․학년․거주지역 교육청․부모의 교육수준․부모의 연령대․부모의 직업․경제적 생활수준의 인구 통계학적 특성에 따라 방과후 체육활동 참여도와 학교생활 만족도를 알아보았으며, 방과후 체육활동 참여와 학교생활 만족도와의 관계를 비교 분석하였다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위하여 사용한 측정도구는 이철화(1995)․류윤석(1996)․류동훈(1999)․최병만(1999)․이용순(2002)․김진환(2003) 등의 연구에서 사용된 설문지를 예비조사를 실시하여 수정․보완한 후 이 연구에 사용하였다. 회수된 조사 자료는 SPSS 통계 프로그램을 이용하여 전산처리 하였으며, 자료의 분석 목적에 맞추어 교차분석, 일원배치 분산분석을 적용하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 중학생의 방과후 체육활동 참여는 경제적 생활수준, 모의 교육수준, 모의 직업 요인에서 유의한 차이가 나타났으며, 인구 통계학적 특성에 따른 방과후 체육활동 참여도를 구체적으로 살펴보면 성별에 따른 방과후 체육활동 참여도는 조사 대상의 수를 남학생과 여학생 모두 동일하게 실시하였고, 학교형태에 따른 방과후 체육활동 참여도에서도 조사 대상의 수를 남학생과 여학생은 모두 동일하게 실시하였으나 남․여 공학에서는 남학생과 여학생을 각각 조사대상에 포함시켰기 때문에 참여도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 학년별 방과후 체육활동 참여도는 1․2․3학년 모두 조사 대상의 수를 동일하게 하였고, 거주지별 교육청에 따른 방과후 체육활동 참여도 또한 각 교육청별 조사 대상의 수를 동일하게 실시하였으나 응답 내용이 부실한 설문지는 제외하였다. 경제적 생활수준에 따른 방과후 체육활동 참여도에서는 상류층․중류층․하류층의 순으로 방과후 체육활동에 참여하는 정도가 높았고, 부모의 연령대에 따른 방과후 체육활동 참여도에서 아버지의 경우에는 30대․50대․40대․기타․60대 이상의 순으로, 어머니의 경우에는 기타․50대․40대․30대․60대 이상의 순으로 참여도가 높게 나타났으며, 부모의 교육수준에 따른 방과후 체육활동 참여도에서 아버지의 경우 대학원졸․4년제 대졸․전문대졸․고졸․기타․중졸의 순으로, 어머니의 경우에는 기타․전문대졸․4년제 대졸․대학원졸․고졸․중졸의 순으로 방과후 체육활동 참여도가 높게 나타났다. 끝으로 부모의 직업에 따른 방과후 체육활동 참여도를 살펴보면, 아버지의 직업은 기타 직업․전문직․전문 기술직․관리직․생산직․사무직․기타 가정환경․판매직의 순으로, 어머니 직업의 경우에는 기타 가정환경․전문 기술직․기타 직업․판매직․사무직․관리직․무직․전문직․생산직의 순으로 방과후 체육활동 참여도가 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 인구 통계학적 특성에 따른 학교생활 만족도는 성별, 학교형태, 학년, 부모의 교육수준, 경제적 생활수준 요인에서 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 구체적으로 살펴보면 성별에 따른 학교생활 만족도와의 관계에서는 만족의 차이는 크지 않지만 남자가 여자보다 학교생활에 더 만족하고 있었으며, 남녀 모두 교우관계 요인에서의 만족도가 가장 높았고, 학교형태에 따른 학교생활 만족도와의 관계에서도 만족의 차이는 크지 않지만 남․녀 공학․남중․여중의 순으로 학교생활에 더 만족하고 있었고, 세 가지 학교형태 모두 교우관계 요인에서의 만족도가 가장 높았으며, 학년에 따른 학교생활 만족도와의 관계에서도 만족의 차이는 크지 않지만 3․1․2학년의 순으로 학교생활에 더 만족하고 있었으며, 1․2․3학년 모두 교우관계 요인에서의 만족도가 가장 높게 나타났다. 거주지별 교육청에 따른 학교생활 만족도와의 관계에서도 만족의 차이는 크지 않지만 서부교육청․북부교육청․남부교육청․동부교육청의 순으로 학교생활에 더 만족하고 있었으며, 4개 교육청 모두 교우관계 요인에서의 만족도가 가장 높았고, 경제적 생활수준에 따른 학교생활 만족도와의 관계에서는 만족의 차이가 다소 크게 나타났으며, 상류층․하류층․중류층의 순으로 학교생활에 더 만족하고 있었다. 상류층․중류층․하류층 모두 교우관계 요인에서의 만족도가 가장 높았고, 부모의 연령대에 따른 학교생활 만족도와의 관계에서는 부․모 모두 만족의 차이는 크지 않지만 아버지의 경우 30대․기타․40대․50대․60대 이상의 순으로 학교생활에 더 만족하고 있었으며, 60대 이상을 제외한 나머지 연령대에서는 교우관계 요인에서의 만족도가 가장 높았고, 어머니의 경우에는 50대․40대․기타․30대․60대 이상의 순으로 학교생활에 더 만족하고 있었으며, 교우관계 요인이 모든 연령대에서의 만족도가 가장 높았다. 또한, 부모의 교육수준에 따른 학교생활 만족도와의 관계에서는 부의 교육수준이 중졸인 경우를 제외하곤 만족도의 차이는 크지 않았다. 아버지의 경우 4년제 대졸․대학원졸․기타․전문대졸․고졸․중졸의 순으로 학교생활에 더 만족하고 있었으며, 중졸인 경우를 제외하곤 교우관계 요인에서의 만족도가 가장 높았고, 어머니의 경우에는 4년제 대졸․전문대졸․대학원졸․기타․고졸․중졸의 순으로 학교생활에 더 만족하고 있었으며, 모두 교우관계 요인에서의 만족도가 가장 높았다. 부모의 직업에 따른 학교생활 만족도와의 관계에서도 만족의 차이는 크지 않지만 아버지의 경우 기타 직업․전문직․기타 가정환경․전문 기술직․관리직․사무직․생산직․판매직의 순으로 학교생활에 더 만족하고 있었으며, 기타 직업을 제외하곤 나머지 직업에서는 모두 교우관계 요인에서의 만족도가 가장 높았고, 어머니의 경우에는 사무직․기타 직업․무직․관리직․전문 기술직․판매직․기타 가정환경․전문직․생산직의 순으로 학교생활에 더 만족하고 있었으며, 모두 교우관계 요인에서의 만족도가 가장 높게 나타났다. 셋째, 방과후 체육활동 참여와 학교생활 만족도와의 관계에서는 교우관계, 교사와의 관계, 학습활동, 학교행사, 규칙준수 5개요인 모두에서 유의한 차이가 나타났으며, 분석 결과를 구체적으로 살펴보면 참여한 집단이 참여하지 않은 비참여 집단보다 학교생활 만족도가 훨씬 높게 나타났다. 참여 집단에서는 교우관계․교사와의 관계․규칙준수․학습활동․학교행사 요인의 순으로 비참여 집단에서는 교우관계․규칙준수․교사와의 관계․학습활동․학교행사 요인의 순으로 만족도가 높게 나타났으며, 두 집단 모두 교우관계 요인에서의 학교생활 만족도가 가장 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결론을 정리해 보면 중학생의 방과후 체육활동 참여와 학교생활 만족도와의 관계는 인구 통계학적 특성에 따라 유의한 차이가 있으며, 요인 간에는 유의한 영향력을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. The objective of this study was to provide basic data that is necessary for teachers to guide students by presenting an efficient operational direction of after-school physical activities that could satisfy both teachers and students through an accurate investigation of the actual operational condition and the current state of after-school physical education activities, one of the major areas of after-school educational activities, and a survey of the degree of satisfaction in their school life. Target of the survey were 954 middle school students belonging to four Local Offices of Education in one Metropolitan City. Investigations were carried out concerning the degree of students' participation in after-school physical education activities and the degree of satisfaction in their school life in terms of population statistical characteristics of the students with regard to such factors as gender, school type, grade, Office of Education by residential area, education level of parents, age group of parents, occupation of parents, and economic standard of life. And the relationship between the degree of participation in after-school physical education activities and the degree of satisfaction in their school life was compared and analyzed. As for measuring tools used for the purpose, we have employed the questionnaires that have been used in the studies carried out by Lee Cheol Hwa (1995), Ryu Yoon Suk (1996), Ryu Dong Hoon (1999), Choi Byung Man (1999), Lee Yong Soon (2002), and Kim Jin Hwan (2003), after modification and supplementation during the course of a preliminary survey. The survey data that have been collected were computer-processed using a SPSS statistical program. After a series of analyses that are required for the data such as cross tabulation analysis and one-way analysis of variance, we have obtained the following conclusions: First, participation of middle school students in after-school physical education activity revealed a signifiant difference based on such factors as economic standard of life, education level of parents, and occupation of parents. When participation in after-school physical education activity was considered more concretely in terms of population statistical characteristics, the following discoveries were made. For participation in after-school physical education activity based on gender, the number of target students selected was equal between male students and female students. For participation in after-school physical education activity based on school type, the number of target students selected was equal between male students and female students, but in coeducational schools the degree of participation turned out to be high since both male and female students were included in the target students. Likewise, for participation in after-school physical education activity based on grade, the number of target students selected was equal for freshmen, juniors, and seniors. For participation in after-school physical education activity based on the Office of Education by residential area as well, the number of target students selected was equal for each Office of Education. However, the questionnaires that contained unreliable or untrustworthy answers were excluded. In participation in after-school physical education activity based on economic standard of life, the degree of participation was high in the order of the upper class, the middle class, and the lower class. In participation in after-school physical education activity based on age group of parents, the degree of participation was high in the order of the thirties, the fifties, the forties, and the sixties in the case of father, and in the order of the fifties, the forties, the thirties, and the sixties in the case of mother. In participation in after-school physical education activity based on education level of parents, the degree of participation was high in the order of graduate school graduates, college graduates, junior college graduates, high school graduates, others, and middle school graduates in the case of father, and in the order of others, junior college graduates, college graduates, graduate school graduates, high school graduates, and middle school graduates in the case of mother. Lastly, in participation in after-school physical education activity based on occupation of parents, the degree of participation was high in the order of others, professional job, professional technical job, office job, production job, other home environment, and sales job in the case of father, and in the order of other home environment, professional technical job, others, sales job, office job, management job, none, professional job, and production job in the case of mother. Second, when degree of satisfaction in their school life was considered in terms of population statistical characteristics, a significant difference was revealed in such factors as gender, school type, grade, education level of parents, and economic standard of life. More concretely, in the degree of satisfaction in their school life based on gender, although there was not much difference, female students were generally more satisfied than the male students. Both male and female students revealed the highest degree of satisfaction in the relationship with their friends. in the degree of satisfaction in their school life based on school type, although there was not much difference, the students revealed their satisfaction in the order of coeducational school, boys' middle school, and girls' middle school. Students in all three types of schools revealed the highest degree of satisfaction in the relationship with their friends. In the degree of satisfaction in their school life based on grade, although there was not much difference, the students were more satisfied with their school life in the order of seniors, freshmen, and juniors. The students in all grades revealed the highest degree of satisfaction in the relationship with their friends. In the degree of satisfaction in their school life based on the Office of Education by residential area, although there was not much difference, the students were more satisfied with their school life in the order of the Western Office of Education, the Northern Office of Education, the Southern Office of Education, and the Eastern Office of Education. Students in all four Offices of Education revealed the highest degree of satisfaction in the relationship with their friends. In the degree of satisfaction in their school life based on economic standard of life, there was a somewhat big difference in satisfaction as the students were more satisfied with their school life in the order of the upper class, the middle class, and the lower class. Students in all three classes revealed the highest degree of satisfaction in the relationship with their friends. In the degree of satisfaction in their school life based on age group of parents, although there was not much difference between father and mother, the students were more satisfied with their school life in the order of their father in the thirties, others, in the forties, in the fifties, and in the sixties. Excluding their father in the sixties, the students revealed the highest degree of satisfaction in the relationship with their friends. In the case of mother, the students were more satisfied in their school life in the order of their mother in the fifties, in the forties, others, in the thirties, and in the sixties. Students in all age groups of their parents revealed the highest degree of satisfaction in the relationship with their friends. As for the degree of satisfaction in their school life based on education level of parents, there was not much difference except in the case of middle school graduates for a father. The students were more satisfied with their school life in the order of the college graduates, the graduate school graduates, others, the junior college graduates, the high school graduates, and the middle school graduates for a father. Except for a case of the middle school graduates for a father, the students revealed the highest degree of satisfaction in the relationship with their friends. In the case of mother, the students were more satisfied with their school life in the order of the college graduates, the junior college graduates, the graduate school graduates, others, the high school graduates, and the middle school graduates for a mother. All the students revealed the highest degree of satisfaction in the relationship with their friends. In the degree of satisfaction in their school life based on occupation of parents, although there was not much difference, the students were more satisfied with their school life in the order of others, professional job, other home environment, professional technical job, management job, office job, production job, and sales job in the case of father. In all jobs other than others, the students revealed the highest degree of satisfaction in the relationship with their friends. In the case of mother, the students were more satisfied with their school life in the order of office job, others, no job, management job, professional technical job, sales job, other home environment, professional job, and production job. All the students revealed the highest degree of satisfaction in the relationship with their friends. Third, in the relationship between participation of middle school students in after-school physical education activity and the degree of satisfaction in their school life, significant difference was discovered in all five factors, namely, the relationship with their friends, the relationship with their teachers, learning activity, school events, and observation of regulations. When the results of analysis are considered more concretely, the groups that participated revealed much more satisfaction in comparison to the groups that did not participate in the degree of satisfaction in their school life. Among the groups that participated, the degree of satisfaction by factor was high in the order of the relationship with their friends, the relationship with their teachers, observation of regulation, learning activities, and school events. In contrast, among the groups that did not participate, the degree of satisfaction by factor was high in the order of the relationship with their friends, observation of regulation, the relationship with their teachers, learning activities, and school events. In both groups, the degree of satisfaction in their school life was high with regard to the relationship with their friends. To summarize the above conclusion, it can be said that, in the relationship between participation of middle school students in after-school physical education activity and the degree of satisfaction in their school life, there are significant differences in terms of population statistical characteristics, and among factors, there are factors that have more significant influence than others.
위 십이지장 질환으로 1977년 1월부터 1983년 12월까지 7년간 전남대학교 의과대학 부속병원 외과에서 수술을 받은 환자 1,009명중 주로 소화성 궤양 위암 환자 987명에 대해 성별, 연령별, 월별 발생 빈도와 수술적응의 질환별 분포, 수술방식, 수술후 합병증, 수술사망율 술후추적 등을 관찰한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 질환별 발생분포는 위궤양 313명, 십이지장궤양 174명, 위암 486명, 기타 36명으로 나타났다. 2. 성별 및 연령별 분포는 궤양에 있어서는 남녀비가 12:1, 위암에서는 2:1로 나타났으며, 연령별로는 궤양은 40대와 50대에서, 위암은 50대에서 가장 많이 발생되는 것으로 나타났다. 3. 소화성궤양의 수술적응은 천공, 출혈, 난치, 폐쇄의 순이었다. 4. 수술방법은 위궤양은 위아전절제술 십이지장궤양은 미주신경절단술이 가장 많았으며 위암수술은 근치술이 53.1% 종양절제가 가능한 경우가 85.4%였다. 5. 수술후 합병증은 11.3% 발생하였는데 누출(leakage)이 가장 많았으며 창상감염은 상당히 감소하였다. 6. 수술후 사망율을 보면 위궤양에서는 1.8%이었으며, 대부분 응급수술의 경우였다. 위암에서는 2.2%를 나타냈다 7. 추적 관찰결과 궤양수술후 양호한 경우는 70%였고, 위암의 경우에는 30%에서 전이나 재발이 발견되었다. This report represents a clinical study on the experience with 1009 cases of gastroduodenal diseases which had been treated with surgical intervention at Chonnam National University Hospital from January 1977 to December 1983. The results are as follows : 1. In the distribution of diseases, the gastric ulcers with duodenal ulcers 8 cases and the marginal ulcers 6 cases. The cases of the gastric cancers were measured to be 486, and the other miscellaneous diseases such as acute hemorrhagic gastritis, leiomyoma of stomach,bezoar,injury of the stomach 22 cases. 2. The sex ratio between male and female was 12:1 in peptic ulcer and 2:1 in gastric cancer. 3. In age distribution, the peak incidence was in 5th and 6th decade in gastric cancer. 4. In operative procedure, the most frequent procedure was the subtotal gastrectomy in gastric ulcer and vagotomy in duodenal ulcer. 5. In gastric cancer, radical operative procedures were performed in 257 cases (53.0%). Tumor mass resection was possible in 415 cases (85.4%). 6. Postoperative complication revealed in 57 cases (11.3 %) of peptic ulcer operation and wound infection was rare (1.4%). 7. Of the 501 patients of peptic ulcer which had been treated with operative precedures, 9 patients died, and overall morality rate measured to be 1.8 percent. Eight patients who died underwent emergency operation. 8. Of the 101 patient of peptic ulcer in which poptoperative followup evalutaion based on modified Visick classification was performed, 70 percent of them revealed to be with successful results, and in the 213 cases of gastric cancer, 43.2 percent of the patients showed th successful results.
김철 漢城大學校 行政大學院 1992 국내석사
The local educational autonomy in our country can be said to have been enforced to now since the 1945 liberation. Although it has a relatively long history, our educational autonomy is to be said to have been enforced formally in a condition of not enforcing local autonomy before it was revised. According to the request of the times and people's desire, educational autonomy with local autonomy was also amended in 1991 and the new system of educational autonomy has been enforced from then to now. So, this study intends to investigate the right direction and the plan of improvement for the system of educational autonomy by examining how teachers recognize educational autonomy as the local educational autonomy' is enforced. This study applied to the male and female teachers serving in elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools in Kwangju city. The questionnaires were distributed to them and then gathered. And using the SPSS(statistical package for the social sciences) program, the study examined the meaningful level between each group by X² test(Chi-square test) of the difference between groups. The results of the study are summarized as following. First, in the enforcement of the system of educational autonomy, the election of members of a local school board is necessary. The election of them is desired to be elected directly by the teachers in that city or province than by the assembly of a wide area and it is recognized they are to be elected by the ratio of population. And it is perceived that the present system of educational autonomy is not a independent legislative organ but a mandatory one. The reason of this is believed as following: the basic principle is violated by enforcing the educational autonomy of a wide area but not that of a small one: and the law about the present educational autonomy has many constraints. Second, the election of the superintendent of education is also required not by the electional way by a local school board but by the direct election by the teachers in that city or province. And that of the vice superintendent of education is more desired to be elected by the educational superintendent's recommendation in a local school board than to be appointed by President. This shows most of teachers recognize that the past electional way checks the independence and autonomy of the educational administration and that these have an intention to control education and matters in terms of personnel and administrative hierarchy with the superintendent and the vice superintendent of education. Third, teachers have generally recognized that a lot of autonomy must be guaranteed in a local school board with considering the peculiarity of a country unless the power of a local school board violates public interests and the law. Then many constraints about the power of a local school board is specified as the laws in the local autonomous body or the education department in that city or province. Fourthly, they have recognized that the finances of the body of local educational autonomy must be supported within the scope of national budget but the autonomy which will make up, operate and execute a budget with the local educational character must be assigned. Fifthly, they have believed that the autonomy and independence must be guaranteed in order to deal with the local educational administration according to the population's thought by revising resolutely the article of the centralized control in the education department and also that the real educational autonomy will be accomplished only when the political neutrality in education is ensured.
Honeycomb 메쉬는 육각형판을 기반으로 하는 메쉬부류의 상호연결망이다. 낮은 차원의 메쉬는 설계하기 쉽고 확장성이 좋다는 장점을 가지며, 또한 알고리즘 관점에서도 매우 유용하므로 많은 병렬 처리 컴퓨터의 연결망으로 사용된다. Honeycomb 메쉬는 이러한 메쉬 부류 중에서 망비용면에서 다른 메쉬들보다 뛰어난 성능을 보인다. 임의의 두 노드 사이에 병렬경로가 여러 개 있으면, 두 노드 사이에 많은 양의 데이터를 전달할 때 속도를 증가시킬 수 있을 뿐 아니라, 고장 발생시 다른 경로를 선택할 수 있어 좋다. 본 논문에서는 Honeycomb 메쉬에 wrapaound 에지를 추가하여 분지수 3인 정규연결망의 형태를 갖는 honeycomb 토러스에서의 최적 병렬경로를 설정하고, 이를 기반으로하여 이 상호연결망의 고장지름이 diametr + 8임을 보인다. The honeycomb network, based on hexagonal plane tessellation, is considered as a multiprocessor interconnection network. The network cost defined as the product of degree and diameter is better for honeycomb networks than for other types of meshes like mesh-connected computer and tori. Parallel paths offer us bypasses when the networks have faulty nodes or edges and make it possible for a big message which sliced into small packets to be sent on different paths. In this paper, we present a method to construct an optimal parallel path in honeycomb network which is regular graph with degree 3 and show that the fault diameter for the honeycomb network is d+8, where d is the diameter of honeycomb network.
유연전자소자에 온·습도 환경 설정과 기계적 반복 변형 인가가 가능한 신뢰성 평가 장비 개발
Repetitive mechanical deformation such as bending and twisting can affect to electrical performance of flexible electronic device, even if very small deformation occurs. Also humidity and temperature conditions deteriorate electrical performance of electronic device. For commercialization of the flexible electronic device, it is important to maintain electrical performance under various mechanical loads and environmental conditions. Recently, many studies are performed related to evaluation of reliability of flexible electronic device under mechanical loads or environmental conditions respectively. Bending is one of the representative mechanical deformation that has been studied in previous researches. However, test equipment was limited to one side bending deformation that can apply one type load as compression or tension. In this study, test equipment capable of applying various loads including both sides bending deformation and implementing environmental conditions was developed. The test equipment can apply various deformations to flexible electronic device. Two single deformations and six complex deformations are different from test methods of previous researches. The test equipment is categorized three types depending on the type of deformation: one is multiple mode capable of applying various loads, another is sliding mode, the other is shearing mode. Motors of test equipment are controlled by TwinCAT3 software based on C/C++, and software is operated in GUI(Graphical User Interface) environment. Before test of applying mechanical deformation, velocity synchronization method was developed for complex deformation using two or more motors. In order to apply uniform bending moment to printed pattern in both sides bending deformation, bending shape was assumed to be an arc. To deform printed pattern as arc shape, mathematical model using geometric properties was proposed, and control parameters of each motor were achieved from this model. Simulation using MATLAB and ANSYS Workbench was performed to verify the effectiveness of proposed model. Also, in oder to predict distribution of stress under mechanical loads, FEM(Finite Element Analysis) was carried out by ANSYS Workbench software. For the evaluation of reliability of flexible printed pattern, various tests were performed under repetitive bending, twisting, and shearing in controlled environmental conditions, and the resistance of pattern was measured at real time. The resistance of printed pattern under both sides bending deformation was measured to be higher than that under one side bending deformation. In both sides bending test of applying same load, as temperature increased the resistance of printed pattern was measured higher, and more crack occurred in surface of pattern. Therefore, both sides deformation and high temperature condition have adverse effect on fatigue strength of the printed pattern related to electric performance. In twisting test of applying same load to printed line pattern at room temperature, as line width of printed pattern decreased and the distance between pattern and rotation axis increased, the resistance of printed pattern was measured higher. Therefore, twisting load has adverse effect on fatigue strength of the printed pattern of fine line. In shearing test of applying different load to printed line pattern at room temperature, as shearing load increased, the resistance of printed pattern was measured higher, and cause of experimental result was verified by FEM simulation. In conclusion, in order to commercialize of flexible electronic device, an appropriate test for evaluation of electrical reliability should be performed in complex conditions combined mechanical load and environmental conditions.
Colorectal cancer is a widespread fatal malignancy in the United States and its incidence in Korea is ever increasing. The ability of cancer cells to metastasize to distal organs and establish secondary sites of tumor formation is a main reason of treatment failure in malignancy. The processes involved in metastatic spread include adhesion to and invasion of basement membrane, passage through extracellular matrix, migration through the circulation or lymphatics, extravasation, metastatic deposit and growth at secondary site. Thrombospondins (THBSs) are large, secreted, multimeric glycoprotein that modulate extracellular matrix structure and cell behavior. THBSs are involved in platelet aggregation, cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, angiogenesis, wound healing,and tumor growth. The objective in the current study was to investigate the function of THBS2 on invasion and migration of colon cancer, and to determine which domains of THBS2 were responsible for its ability to induce invasion and migration. The author isolated and transfected the fragment of murine THBS2 cDNA in antisense orientation into CT-26,mouse colon cancer cell line. Stable transfectants underexpressing murine THBS2 (CT-26/As-THBS2-pREP4) were established. The author found that reductionof THBS2 expression resulted in decrease of invasion and migration in vitro, and also reduction of pulmonary metastasis when inoculated into the tail vein of syngenic mice. The reduced invasionand migration of cancer cells was associated with down-regulation of plasminogen/plasmin system. And the author stably transfected panels of murine THBS2 cDNA subunits into CT-26/As-THBS2-pREP4. By in vitro invasion assay and in vitro migration assay, the author demonstrated that type 3 repeats domain of THBS2 was responsible for invasion and migration of cancer cells through regulation of plasminogen/plasmin system. 대장암은 서양에서 발생빈도가 높은 종양이며, 우리나라에서도 발병률이 증가하고 있다. 암을 치료하는데 있어 가장 큰 걸림돌은 암이 원격장기로 전이하여 종괴를 만드는 것이다. 암이 전이하는 과정은 기저막에 부착하여 침윤, 세포외 기질을 통과, 혈관이나 림프관으로 이주, 원격 장소에서 증식 등으로 이루어져 있다. 트롬보스폰딘은 크고, 자연계에서는 여러 개가 모여서 존재하며, 세포외로 분비되는 당단백이며 세포외기질의 구조와 세포의 행동을 조절한다. 트롬보스폰딘은 혈소판 응집, 세포 부착, 이동, 증식, 혈관형성, 상처 치유 및 종양의 증식을 조절한다. 이 연구의 목적은 대장암의 침윤과 이동에 관한 THBS2의 기능을 규명하는 것이며, 아울러 암세포의 침윤과 이동에 THBS2의 어느 부분이 작용하는가를 알아보는 것이다. 이 연구에서 저자는 생쥐의 대장암 세포주인 CT-26에 생쥐의 THBS2 cDNA를 역방향으로 전달감염 시켜서 THBS2의 발현이 감소된 CT-26 세포주를 만들었다. THBS2의 발현이 감소된 CT-26 세포주는 대조군에 비하여 시험관내에서 암세포의 침윤과 운동능이 감소되었으며, 동종 생쥐의 꼬리 정맥에 주입하면 폐에 전이하는 결절의 수 및 폐의 무게가 감소되었다. CT-26 세포의 침윤과 이동능의 감소는 플라스미노겐/플라스민계의 기능 및 발현 저하와 관련이 있었다. THBS2의 발현이 감소된 CT-26 세포주에 THBS2의 cDNA 조각을 순방향으로 전달감염시켜서 각각의 세포주를 만들었다. 이들 세포주에서 암세포주의 침윤과 이동능을 검사하여, THBS2의 제3형 반복영역이 암세포의 침윤과 이동능과 관련있음을 발견하였다.
□ The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of the individualited teaching & learning in a multiple grade class. Specifically, the objectives of this study could be summarized as follows: □ 1. To explore the method of operation system for individualited teaching & learning in a multiple grade class. □ 2. To explore the method of curriculum operation for the improving of individualited teaching & learning in a multiple grade class. □ 3. To explore the method of individualited learning sheet development for the improving of individualited teaching & learning in a multiple grade class. □ This study included 6 children, 20 teachers. These children and teachers belonging to 8 school (2 branch school include) in K city. □ The measurement instruments of this study were self-making Questionnaire by 「A Standard Test for School Management Evaluation」 □ The statistical analysis method of this study carried out frequency ranking analysis, t-Test by 「SPSS program for windows(9.0)」 □ The findings of this study were as follows: □ 1. There is need to do prescriptive guidance of individualited learning process in a instruction design for ITL. □ 2. There is need to do development of multiple instruction plan in teaching & learning of multiple grade class. □ 3. There is need to do operation of nongrade curriculum in teaching & learning in a multiple grade class. □ 4. There is need to do educate and training for the class teacher of multiple grade class. □ 5. There is need to do organize by neighboring grade in class organize of multiple grade class(1-2 grade, 3-4 grade, 5-6 grade). □ 6. There is need to do compound of a subject as follows: compound of same subject & same textbook, same subject & other textbook. □ 7. There is need to do individualited learning instruction in management of multiple grade class. □ 8. There is need to do performance evaluation and inquiry learning method in teaching & learning in a multiple grade class.