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김차균 충남대학교 어학연구소 1994 언어 Vol.15 No.-
The purpose of this paper is to describe the differences of tone system between Daigu dialect of the informant in her twenties and the informants in their sixties one from the historical point of view. The informant in her twenties is Miss Eun-Yung Gim who is a woman student in Korean Language and Literature Department, Youngnam University. And the informants in their sixties are Mr. Gisu Chu and his wife Mrs. Jongsuk Hong Chu who are carrying on an individual enterprise. The older generation's dialect has three tones, named Phyoˇngsoˇng(the plain unmarked tone, the high level tone), Sangsoˇng(a marked tone, long low level tone), and Goˇsoˇng(the other marked tone, the short low level tone). The younger generation's dialect has two tones, named Phyoˇngsoˇng(the unmarked tone, the high level tone) and Chuˇksoˇng(the marked tone, the low level tone). In the younger dialect the two marked, Sangsoˇng and Goˇsoˇng were merged into one marked tone, Chuˇsoˇng. in this paper I am describing various interesting tonal phenomena I can find out in such a process.
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Transformational Cycle과 English Stress
金次均 慶尙大學校 1972 論文集 Vol.11 No.-
Utilhzing the principle of the transformational cycle, the speaker of English can determine the phonetic shape of an atterance on the basis of such rules as the Compound and Nuclear Stress Rules, even though the particular utterrance may be quite new to him. However the rules suggested by Chomsky and Halle give accurate results only for very simple constructions, but not for various complex ones. I have investigated the problem of determining the stress contours of complex phrases of varying syntactic types in this thesis. The rules determining the stress contours of utterances: (1) Any word is given at least one primary stress when it is pronounced in isolation. (2) Within a phrase or sentence (a) the words which can receive main stress are nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbes, adverbes, demonstratives, interjections, and interrogatives, (b) the words which receive weak stress are articles, prepositions, conjunctions, personal pronouns, relatives, be, and have (3) {Aux, be, have} →[lstress]-(zero stress)# (4) Preposition→[Istress]/-personal pronoun (5) Any word can receive emphatic or contrastive stress. (6) Emphatic or contrastive stress is given after all the stress rules have been applied. (7) When one sentence has two primary stresses as a result of emphatic stress rule, the Nuclear Stress Rule can he applied one time only. (8) ????????????????????? (a) Compound Rule (b) Nuclear Stress Rule (9) ????????????????????? Convention : When primary stress is placed in a certain position, then all other stresses in the string under consideration at that point are automtically weakened by one.
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김차균 서울대학교 어학연구소 1975 語學硏究 Vol.11 No.2
In this study I found three tone patterns and a few phonological rules through which almost all of the pitch phenomena in Gyeongsang dialects can be derived. The materials I used here are from four dialects:Changwon, Jinju,Gyeongju and Muphung. The traditional studies in tone of the Korean language and its dialects, especially Gyeongsang dialects, have been absorbed in the superficial pitch phenomena, where K.L.Pike's Tone Languages was used as the theoretical framework. Thus our linguists failed to notice the fact that Gyeongsang dialects have no less complex tone combinations than Chinese, but only three simple tone patterns are found superficially. Therefore in the underlying level we need not distinguish betweena true tone language and a word pitch system as K.L.Pike does. Any language whose lexical meanings are differentiated by pitch, is a true tone language. Although linguists have recognized that the units for describing pitch patterns in Gyeongsang dialects must be words or phonological phrases, they could not be free from syllables in the actual description of a tone system. And they were sure of the existence of a simple Gyeongsang dialect, but they could not consider small individual dialects as a unit language. I think it is because they didn't have appropriate methodology. Lately a few linguists introduced the same method for the description of the tone system of Gyeongsang dialects as has been used in the analysis of the Japanese accent system. By the accent analysis, however, we are able to consider some imperfect and superficial characteristics predictable from underlying tone combinations and phonological rules. The three tone patterns which rule over all the Gryeongsang dialects and make it possible to set up underlying representations are: L_1,M_1 and H_1M_0, where L,M and H mean Low, Mid and High pitches respectively, and L_1 means one or more Low pitch syllables, M_1 means one or more Mid pitches and so on. Phonological rules which can derive surface manifestations are as follows: -C,J.G and M refer to Changwon, Jinju,Gyeongju and Muphung dialects, respectively.
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