기업의 목표관리 실시에 관한 연구

김제완 국민대학교 경영대학원 경영학과 경영학분야 1984 국내석사

NON-FORMAL EDUCATION FOR THE YOUTH OF LOW-INCOME FAMILIES IN SELECTED ZONES IN METRO MANILA : IMPLICATIONS FOR GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING

김제완 University of Santo Tomas 1993 해외박사

This study attempted to find out the perceptions of youth of low-income families in selected zones in Metro Manila on their ife problems, role of NFE and teachers and the guidance and counseling services as basis for the development of an NFE program for the youth of low-income families. Specifically, it attempted to find out the life problems of the youth of low-income families grouped according to sex, age, fundamental skills possessed, parent's education and parents' occupation and if the preceding factors cited relate significantly with the life problems of the respondents. Likewise it wanted to find out the perceived role of the NFE teacher and guidance counselors. Based on the results of the survey about the life problems and role of the NFE teacher and guidance counselor, an NFE Program in Functional Literacy integrated with Livelihood Training and Home and Family Life was prepared. It tested the null hypothesis that factors such as sex, age, fundamental skills possessed, parents education and parents occupations do not relate significantly with the life problems of youths of low-income families in Metro Manila. This study made use of the descriptive survey research design with the questionnaire and occasional observations and interviews as data gathering tools. It utilized percentages and ranking as descriptive measures and the chi-square as test of relationship between the life problems of students and factors such as sex, age, fundamental skills possessed, parents' education and parents' occupation. The participants of the study were 200 adolescents aged twelve to twenty years old who came from low-income families in selected zones of four cities of Metro Manila. The results of the study were: 1. Five of the topmost problems of the youth of low-income families grouped according to sex are financial worries, home conditions, parent-child relationships, employment needs and leisure time activities. 2. Grouped according to age group, the five topmost problems are a) age 12-14 are financial problems, parent-child relationships, c) home conditions, d) leisure time activities and e) school related factors; b) age 15-17 are financial problems, home conditions, parent-child relationships, employment needs and leisure time activities; c) age 18-20 are financial problems, home conditions, employment needs, parent-child relationships and leisure time activities. 3. Grouped according to fundamental skills possessed the problems of the respondents are: financial worries, home conditions, parent-child relationships, employment needs and leisure time activities. 4. Five of the topmost problems of the youth of low-income families, grouped according to parents education: a) with elementary education are: financial problems, home conditions, parent-child relationships, employment needs and leisure time activities; b) with high school education: financial worries, home conditions, parent-child relationships, leisure time activities and employment needs; c) with technical/vocational education leisure time activities, employment needs, home conditions, parent-child relationships and emotional factors d) with college units: parent-child relationships, home conditions, financial worries, emotional factors and leisure time activities e) college graduate: leisure time activities, financial worries, emotional problems and employments, parent-child relationship. 5. Five of the topmost problems of the youth grouped according to parents occupations are home conditions, financial worries, parent-child relationships, leisure time activities and employment needs. 6. The life problems of the youth of low-income families significantly relate with age and parents' education but does not relate significantly with sex, fundamental skills possessed and parents' occupations. 7. The respondents perceived that the role of NFE teachers are livelihood skills training, literacy for out-of-school youth, campaign against drugs, assist in looking for part time job and conduct/organize cooperatives. The role of guidance counselors are literacy for out-of-school youths and adults, livelihood skills' training, values development, leadership training for youths and educational management information service. Based on the above results, a proposed NFE program for the youths of low-income families was prepared with focus on functional literacy integrated with livelihood skill training and home and family life with values development. The recommendations consist of the following: 1. The proposed action program be endorsed favorably by school and government officials who should provide the necessary financial support in making the program workable. 2. Demonstration lessons, seminars and workshop should be conducted to ensure proper utilization of the proposed lessons in the program. 3. The guidance counselors and non-formal education teachers should work as a team in the implementation of the program with the support of school authorities and government or non-government agencies. 4. The proposed nonformal education program should undergo regular evaluation and enrichment to suit the changing needs of the clienteles. 5. Counseling sessions can also be held to develop better understanding between parent and children and among members of the family. 6. Other researches may be undertaken such as: a. Experiment on the effectiveness of the proposed NFE programs managed by the team efforts of guidance counselor and the NFE teacher with government support. b. The researcher undertake the same study in his home country to find out if the same results will take place. c. Survey other problems of the in-school and out-of-school youths to prepare a program which will involve their parents.

도시빈민의 빈곤대책에 관한 연구

김제완 대구대학교 사회개발대학원 1987 국내석사

소형냉동장치에서 단열모세관의 유동특성과 압력강하에 관한 연구

김제완 동명대학교 대학원 2021 국내석사

본 논문은 균질유동모델을 적용하여 단열모세관내 대체냉매의 유동특 성을 이론적으로 조사하였다. 이 모델은 시뮬레이션 해석에 필요한 기본 적인 질량, 에너지, 운동량 방정식에 근거하고 있다. 또한 마찰인자와 점 성계수 모델을 이용하여 유동특성을 파악하였고, 대체냉매의 열역학 및 열전달 물성치는 시뮬레이션 프로그램을 이용하여 계산하였다. 대체냉매 용 단열모세관내 질량유량, 압력강하, 응축온도, 증발온도, 과냉각도, 관내 경 등은 소형냉동장치에서의 모세관 전체길이에 영향을 준다. 단열모세관 의 길이 예측을 위해 규제대상 R-134a를 사용하는 소형냉동장치에서 대체 냉매를 적용하여 비교・분석하고, 응축온도, 증발온도, 과냉각도, 관내경, 압 력강하, 냉매유량 등의 변화에 따른 단열모세관 길이 예측을 위한 소형냉동 시스템의 유동특성과 압력강하를 비교한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 1. 마찰계수상관식은 Churchill의 상관식이 우수한 성능을 보였다. Lin 등 의 이상마찰승수 모델과 Cicchitti 등의 점성계수 모델이 Churchill의 마찰 계수 모델과 함께 사용되어 실험값을 예측하였다. 각각의 상관식을 조합하 여 계산한 값과 실험값을 비교해 보면 모세관의 길이를 잘 예측한 상관식 조합이 모세관의 유량예측에도 좋은 결과를 보여 주었다. 2. 소형냉동장치에서 응축온도가 증가할수록 모세관 입구압력과 모세관 출구압력 사이의 압력차가 증가하기 때문에 모세관 길이가 증가한다는 것을 알 수 있었고 응축온도가 일정한 경우, 모세관 입구압력과 모세관 출구압력 사이의 압력차가 일정하여 냉매유량이 감소할수록 모세관 길이는 증가한다는 것을 알 수 있다. 3. 소형냉동장치에서 증발온도가 증가할수록 압력차는 감소하게 되지만, 이에 반해 모세관 출구의 건도 감소로 인해 밀도차가 증가하게 되어, 압력차 감소와 밀도차 증가의 상쇄현상으로 인해 이상류영역의 모세관 길이도 일정하나, 과냉 각도가 증가할수록 모세관 입구온도가 감소하여 모세관 입구압력과 모세관 출 구압력 사이의 압력차가 증가하고 모세관 길이는 증가한다는 것을 알 수 있다. 4. 관내경이 클수록 모세관 길이는 증가하고 모세관내의 압력강하가 감소하 며, R-290은 평균 20∼22% 감소하고, R-1234yf는 40%이하로 감소하나 R-1270은 R-134a보다 평균 17∼19% 증가한다는 것을 각각 알 수 있었다. 5. 대체냉매용 단열모세관내 유동특성에 영향을 미치는 응축온도, 증발온 도, 과냉각도, 관내경 등의 인자들에 대해 확인할 수 있었고, 이들 각각의 변수들과 모세관 전체길이에 대한 상관관계를 아래와 같은 비례식으로 정 리할 수 있다. In this study, the flow characteristics of natural refrigerants in an adiabatic capillary tube were theoretically investigated by applying the homogeneous flow model. The model is based on fundamental equations of mass, energy and momentum that are necessary for simulation analysis. In addition, the flow characteristics were identified using the model of friction factor and viscosity coefficient, and the thermodynamic and heat transport properties of the natural refrigerant were calculated using the EES(Engineering Equation Solver) code. Condensation temperature, evaporation temperature, subcooling degree, pipe diameter, superheat degree, mass flow, and pressure drop in adiabatic capillary for alternative refrigerant affect the total length of capillary in the Vapor Compression Refrigeration System. In order to predict the length of adiabatic capillary which is the alternative refrigerant expansion device, the alternative refrigerant, which is an alternative refrigerant in a refrigeration device using a regulated R-134a, was used for comparison and analysis. and condensing temperature and evaporating temperature. As a result of experimentally comparing the performance characteristics of the system by estimating the length of adiabatic capillary due to the change of condensing temperature, evaporating temperature, subcooling degree, inner diameter tube, superheating degree, mass flow and pressure drop, the following conclusions were obtained. 1. Friction factor correlation showed that Churchill's correlation was excellent. Lin's two-phase frictional multiplier model and Cicchitti's. Viscosity model were used in conjunction with Churchill's coefficient of friction model to predict the experimental values. Comparing the experimental results with the values calculated by combining the correlations, the combination of well predicted capillary lengths also showed the good results for the flow rate prediction of the capillaries. 2. It was found that the capillary length increases because the pressure difference between the capillary inlet pressure and the capillary outlet pressure increases as the condensation temperature increases. It can be seen that the pressure difference between the pressure and the capillary outlet pressure is constant, so that the capillary length increases as the refrigerant flow rate decreases. 3. In a small refrigeration system, the pressure difference decreases as the evaporation temperature increases, but the difference in density increases due to the decrease in dryness of the capillary outlet, which offsets the decrease in pressure difference and increase in density difference. As a result, it can be seen that the capillary length of the outflow region is also constant. However, it can be seen that as the subcooling degree increases, the pressure difference between the capillary inlet pressure and the capillary outlet pressure increases, and the capillary length increases. 4. The larger the inner diameter, the longer the capillary length and the lower the pressure drop in the capillary, R290 decreased by 20-22% on average, R1234yf decreased by less than 40%, but R1270 increased by 17-19% on average compared to R-134a, respectively. 5. Factors such as condensation temperature, evaporation temperature, subcooling, degree and inner diameter tube which affect the flow characteristics in the insulating capillaries for natural refrigerants were identified. The correlations between these variables and the total capillary length can be summed up in the following proportional formula.

빌라도 總督의 裁判管轄權에 대한 法史學的 硏究

김제완 高麗大學校 1998 국내박사

Possessio와 Gewere의 比較硏究

김제완 고려대학교 1993 국내석사

債權者取消權에 관한 硏究 : 更生의目的 資金借用과 經營判斷 原則을 중심으로

김대현 고려대학교 법무대학원 2007 국내석사

In case where a debtor reduces the liable properties, knowing the damages to the creditor, the creditor may maintain and protect the mutual securities of its obligatory right by collecting the omitted properties due to the debtor's such act, from the debtor's general properties, according to the Civil Law Code 406. Although the creditors' annulment lawsuits were rare so far, they have been greatly increased since the financial crisis in 1997. Their reference scope is being extended to the extent in which although there seem no changes in the debtor's property status, in case it gets not to meet the obligatory rights, the supreme court consistently decides as fraudulent act as long as there is no special reason in the debtor's property disposal act for its only properties that is provided for the sales, payment in substitution and real security in the excessive obligation status. To prevent the company financial crisis, associated worries for the fragility of financial institutions and social collapse, the creditor's annulment system was greatly recognized in the context to the public fund input, as the essential security device to protect the financial institutions and systems based on the credit society beyond the protection issue for a certain creditor individual. It is very natural to deprive properties from such fraudulent acting acquirer without any cost, but in case the beneficiary paid the price to acquire or contributed after the acquisition, to give the beneficiary the unconditional redemption and blocking the collection will substantially requiring the excessive sacrifice to the beneficiary for the favor of creditor. Moreover, in case the creditor annulment system weighs the protection of the creditor, it can not only overly limit the debtor's execution of the property rights but also impede the safety of the transactions by unresting the beneficiary and the third party acquirer's status. Therefore, it is important to find out how to harmonize with the freedom of property management act and safe transactions of the beneficiary and the third party acquirer. In this regard, the supreme court's decision falls on the 'special reason' discussed in the precedent that in case any debtor already in the excessive obligations provides its real estate to anyone of the creditors as the security, such act is considered as the fraudulent act in the relationship with other creditors as long as there is no special reason. In this case, the debtor in the difficult situation to proceed its business due to the financial problem provided the real estate to the specific creditor for the purpose of the regeneration and received the new finance, it is clearly accepted that the debtor's security right setting act does not fall on the fraudulent act, reflecting the position of the creditor protection, safe transaction and beneficiary protection. In the court decision on whether the new fund loan for the purpose of the generation is to be cancel as the fraudulent act, there is the need to examine the part whether the management determination principle of the Anglo-American Law may be applied to the requirements of the creditor's annulment rights with respect to the responsibility of the directors in terms of not to interfering with the debtor's property management under the respect for the debtor or beneficiary's specific decision. The commercial law theory, the management determination principle indicates that even in case the wrong management determination by the director causes the damages to the company in result, when such management determination was performed under a certain requirements ensuring the rationality, it is not possible to ask for the director's responsibility for the violation of the care duty by afterwards interfering with such determination. This principle performs the function for the active management contributing to the company development rather than the passive management by the directors. This intent may be applied as a standard to evaluate the debtor's act because we cannot decide it as the fraudulent act retroactively by considering afterwards that such act could not bring the increase in the obligation payment ability by the situation and result occurred after such act in case of the debtor's legal acts such as the property disposal act increasing the debtor's liable property rather than decreasing. The supreme court's decision indicates, at the time of the new fund loan for the purpose of the regeneration, the debtor's providence of the real security does not fall on the fraudulent act, which came from the position in trying to harmoniously interpret the intent of the creditor's annulment rights as the protection of the general creditors, safe transactions and freedom of the debtor's legal act. Such application should be extensively applied even to the sales of the property and payment in substitution in which the same logic consequences are made, as well as in the real security providence, the precedent case issue. As the creditor annulment system sacrifices the third party who did not directly trade with the creditor for favor of the creditor, when accepting its execution, it is required to make efforts in order to draw the specific validity by carefully weighing between the strengthened power of the obligatory rights, the freedom of the property management act and social interests of the safe transaction property. 채무자가 채권자를 해함을 알면서 재산권을 목적으로 한 법률행위를 하여 책임재산의 감소행위를 한 경우 채권자로서는 민법 제406조의 채권자취소제도를 통하여 채무자의 재산 감소행위로 인하여 일반재산으로부터 일탈된 재산을 회수함으로서 채권의 공동담보를 유지·보전할 수 있다. 그 동안 채권자취소소송은 활성화되어 있지는 않았지만 1997년 외환위기를 극복하는 과정에서 폭발적으로 증가하였고, 대법원에서도 형식적으로는 채무자의 재산상태에 변동을 가져오지 않더라도 실질적으로 채권자의 채권 만족을 어렵게 하는 경우에 해당하는 채무초과 상태에서의 채무자의 유일한 재산에 대한 매각이나 대물변제, 물적 담보로 제공 등 재산처분행위에 대하여 특별한 사정이 없는 한 사해행위에 해당한다고 판단하는 등 그 인용 범위를 확대하는 추세에 있다고 할 것이다. 또한 외환위기에 따른 기업의 자금위기와 이와 연관된 금융기관의 동반부실에 대한 우려, 금융기관 파산과 사회적 파국을 막기 위하여 공적자금의 투입으로 연결되는 과정에서 채권자취소제도는 채권자 개인을 보호하기 위한 문제를 뛰어넘어서 신용사회를 기반으로 하는 금융기관 내지 금융제도를 보호하기 위한 필수적인 안전장치라는 입장이 크게 부각되었다. 그러므로 채권자취소제도의 운용에 있어서 채권자 보호에 치중할 경우 채무자의 재산권 행사에 지나친 제한을 가할 뿐만 아니라 채무자와 거래한 수익자 내지 전득자의 지위를 불안하게 하여 거래의 안전을 저해할 소지를 안고 있다 할 것이므로 채권자보호를 위한 채권의 실효성확보와 아울러 채무자의 재산관리행위의 자유, 수익자 내지 전득자의 거래의 안전 등을 어떻게 조화시킬 것이냐가 중요한 과제라 할 것이다. 이러한 논란이 계속되는 과정에서 대법원은 채무초과의 상태에 빠져있는 채무자가 부동산을 채권자 중 한 사람에게 담보로 제공하는 행위는 특별한 사정이 없는 한 다른 채권자들의 관계에서 사해행위가 된다는 판례에서 거론되고 있는 ‘특별한 사정’에 해당하는 사례로 자금난으로 사업을 계속 추진하기 어려운 상황에 처한 채무자에 대하여 갱생목적으로 부동산을 특정 채권자에게 담보로 제공하고 그로부터 신규자금을 융통받은 경우 채무자의 담보 설정행위가 사해행위에 해당하지 않는다고 인정하여 채권자보호와 함께 거래안전과 수익자 보호의 입장도 반영하고 있다고 보여 진다. 이러한 법원의 갱생목적을 위한 신규자금 대출이 사해행위의 대상이 되는가의 판단에 있어서 구체적인 채무자나 수익자의 판단을 존중하여 채무자의 재산관리에 대하여 간섭을 하지 않는다는 측면에서는 이사의 책임과 관련하여 영미법에서의 원칙인 경영판단의 법칙이 채권자취소권의 요건에 있어서도 적용할 수 있는지 하는 부분을 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 상법상의 이론인 이사가 행한 경영상의 판단이 결과적으로 잘못되어 회사에 손해를 발생시킨 경우에도 당해 경영판단이 그 성실성과 합리성을 어느 정도 확보하는 일정한 요건 하에 행해진 경우 그 판단의 적부에 관해 사후적으로 개입하여 주의의무 위반으로 이사의 책임을 곧바로 물을 수는 없다는 경영판단의 원칙은 이사의 소극적인 경영에서 탈피하여 기업발전에 이바지하는 적극적인 경영을 도모하는 기능을 수행하고 있다. 이러한 관점에서 이사의 책임 제한의 요건으로서의 경영판단의 원칙은 사해행위 인정에 있어서의 회사의 경영상 필요성을 판단하는 것과 취지가 유사하며, 기업회생의 원리에서 공통된 이념을 가지고 있다. 또한 경영판단의 원칙이 가지고 있는 이러한 취지는 채권자취소권의 객관적 요건인 사해행위나 특히 주관적 요건인 사해의사의 판단에 있어서 채무자의 책임재산을 감소시키는 것이 아니라 오히려 증가시키는 채무자의 재산처분행위의 경우 그 행위 이후에 발생한 사정이나 결과적으로는 채무 변제력에 증가를 가져오지 못하였다는 것을 사후적으로 고려하여 소급적으로 채무자의 재산처분행위가 사해행위에 해당한다고 판단할 수 없다는 측면에서 채무자의 행위를 평가하는 하나의 기준으로 적용할 수 있을 것이다. 갱생목적의 신규자금 대출시의 채무자의 물적 담보제공이 사해행위에 해당하지 않는다는 대법원의 판결은 그 적용에 있어서 판례 사안인 물적 담보의 제공뿐만 아니라 같은 논리적 귀결이 이루어질 수 있는 재산 매각 등에도 확대 적용하여야 할 것이며, 또한 채권자취소제도는 채권자를 위하여 그와 직접 거래하지 않은 제3자를 희생시키는 제도이므로 그 행사를 허용할 때에는 채권자의 책임재산 보전의 필요성과 채무자의 재산관리행위의 자유, 거래안전 보호라는 사회적 이익을 놓고 신중한 이익형량을 하여 구체적인 타당성을 도출할 수 있도록 노력하여야 할 것이다.

계약해석의 방법에 관한 연구

김서기 고려대학교 대학원 2009 국내박사

Upon defining justice as “giving to each person that which belongs to each person,” if giving to each person precisely that which belongs to each person is considered commutative justice, then contract interpretation is first of all an issue of commutative justice. This is so because the goal of contract interpretation is primarily to determine the parties' actual intentions. In other words, this is so since contract interpretation can be seen as a method through which interests of parties set in a contract are precisely ascertained and strictly enforced. But why must the parties become bound by such an agreement? It is because our positive law in principle bestows normative power to the party’s self-determined act of forming a legal relation. As long as we follow the free market system, commutative justice must be realized above all else. The reason for this is that without commutative justice, contract freedom and, furthermore, economic freedom cannot be established. This is so also because, since economic freedom must be established in order for the market to function properly, commutative justice is a necessary condition prerequisite to achieving economic efficiency. When it comes to the case a competitive market system is functioning, if commutative justice is achieved, since this means Pareto efficiency too is achieved, then there is no need to separately consider economic efficiency when interpreting a contract. In addition, since there is no intervention of human intention in the outcome of competitive market system, distributive justice cannot be discussed in regard to the outcome of a contract concluded between parties under the competitive market system. On the other hand, when a competitive market system is not functioning, even if commutative justice is achieved, that is, even if the contents of a contract agreed between parties are accurately and strictly implemented, Pareto efficiency is not achieved. But even in this case, the court should be satisfied with achieving commutative justice since, given that commutative justice has been attained, consideration of distributive justice may put commutative justice at risk and damage economic freedom. Moreover, when distributive justice, based on the equality of exchange value, is implemented, production efficiency will drop. Of course even in this situation, contract contents that greatly infringe on distributive justice will be null and void under Civil Code Article 104 violation. What is left now is the order of priority between distributive justice and efficiency when commutative justice is not implemented. In other words, what remains is the problem of whether to follow the equality of exchange value, the basis of distributive justice, or to give priority to economic efficiency when fixing each party’s interest through contract interpretation. The court, however, can consider systematically both distributive justice and economic efficiency at the same time through interpretation methods employing interpretation standards. Contract document, course of performance, course of dealing, trade usage, legal supplementary rule, and the good faith principle can be listed in short as interpretation standards. With these standards, two types of interpretation method, that is, one to determine the parties' actual or at least presumed intentions and, if the actual or presumed intentions cannot be determined, the other to determine rational human understanding. In short, a case requiring interpretation can be broadly classified into either a case with contract clause or a case without contract clause. A case in which it was not known that there was no contract clause falls under determining presumed intention, while a case in which contract clause was intentionally left out falls under determining actual intention. A case with contract clause is further classified into either a case with clearly stated expression or a case with ambiguous or vague expression. Actual intention will be determined for a case with clearly stated expression. A case with ambiguous or vague expression will be classified into either a case with such expression present from the time of the contract signing or a case where the expression became ambiguous or vague due to an occurrence of particular contingency after the contract conclusion, that is, a case where there is a gap in meaning. A case with a gap in meaning falls under determining presumed intention, and a case where ambiguous or vague expression was unknowingly used at the time of contract conclusion or a case where such expression was intentionally used all fall under determining actual intention. Clearly stated expression should be initially interpreted literally, taking into consideration the context of the contract document. But even this case can be explained or supplemented through course of performance, course of dealing, trade usage, legal supplementary rule, and the good faith principle. In the case of clearly stated expression, course of performance, course of dealing, trade usage, legal supplementary rule, and the good faith principle, provided these do not contradict the clearly stated expression, are all used as interpretation standards without priority. In principle, there is duality of expectations of parties at the time of contract conclusion. As long as the parties trust each other and value the continuation of the relationship between each other, most parties are not concerned about clearly stated expression, but intend to act according to the good faith principle, legal supplementary rule, and trade usage. They also expect the counterparties to act likewise. Hence these interpretation standards often reflect the parties’ actual intentions better than clearly stated expression. However, once the relationship is broken and especially later in litigation, the parties prefer their rights to be determined in accordance with the clearly stated expression. The clear reason for people not wanting to deviate from legal supplementary rule and trade usage is that legal supplementary rule and trade usage usually reflect what is widely accepted as desirable in terms of distributive justice and economic efficiency. If an agreement is not desirable in terms of distributive justice, it would not have become a trade usage, which is formed when people continue to act in a given way out of habit or custom, and furthermore it would not have become a legal supplementary rule. Therefore, it is clear that legal supplementary rule and trade usage reflect a widely accepted view regarding desirable agreement in terms of distributive justice. Contracts are usually the product of people’s conscious choices. These conscious choices are largely motivated by the parties’ self-interest, and compared with other areas of human behavior, are not influenced much by external factors. Therefore, the market environment is particularly susceptible to an evolutionary process by which efficient contract parties appear and inefficient ones disappear. If an agreement is widely practiced, then it becomes a trade usage, and gradually becomes accepted by court as implied terms if there is no clearly stated expression, and finally is made into a legal supplementary rule. In the case where the parties unknowingly used an ambiguous or a vague expression, as well as in the case where a contract clause became ambiguous or vague due to an occurrence of particular contingency after the contract conclusion, that is, in case where there is a gap in meaning, even course of performance, course of dealing, trade usage, legal supplementary rule, and the good faith principle that contradict the contract document can be used as interpretation standards. In case of mutual contradiction, the use of these standards must follow the order of course of performance, course of dealing, trade usage, legal supplementary rule, and the good faith principle, which is in the order of being physically close to intention. There are instances where ambiguous or vague expression existing from the time of contract conclusion may have been used unknowingly by parties, but there also cases where it has been used intentionally. In fact, intentionally ambiguous or vague expression may be a necessary condition of contract drafting. To economize on negotiation costs by delegating contact interpretation to court, the parties may rationally decide to provide such ambiguous or vague terms. Accordingly, for such cases, the court’s preference or proclivity becomes important. The court’s preference or proclivity, however, should be based on the commercial logic of the relevant transaction world because commercial agreements are drawn up to conform to commercial logic. Accordingly, the court must resolve the vagueness of the agreement based on the commercial logic of the relevant transaction world. That is, contract interpretation should be done according to commercial logic. And such commercial logic is reflected in legal supplementary rule and trade usage of the concerned transaction world. The trade usage and legal supplementary rule, in turn, reflect the general preference of the people participating in the concerned transaction world. Therefore, legal supplementary rule and trade usage should have priority in serving as the interpretation standards. This also applies likewise to cases where the parties intentionally left a gap in the contract form. In the case where the existence of a gap in the contract form was unknown at the time of the contract signing, if the main issue is one of determining the presumed intention, that is, deciding what resolution the parties, had they known about the gap, would have agreed to, it is seen as a case in which maintaining the relationship between the parties is important. In such a case, consideration for distributive justice and profit maximization or efficiency is seen to be included in the intentions of the parties; and therefore, the interpretation standards are generally resorted to in the order of trade usage, legal supplementary rule, and the good faith principle. When a general principle such as the good faith principle is resorted to first, there is the risk of disregarding the aim of separately having individual legal rules and therefore it is rightly placed after legal supplementary rule. Furthermore, since in this case the gap in the contract form occurred due to a contingency unexpected by the parties at the time of the contract signing, contract document, course of performance and course of dealing generally are not brought into question. In the case of entering the stage of determining rational human understanding, the intention to be bound by the contract itself must be confirmed. If there is course of performance, then the intention to be bound by the contract itself is seen to be present. By the way, in many instances the general form of course of performance is in harmony with trade usage and legal supplementary rule. Of the legal doctrines for materializing distributive justice, legal mandatory rules should rightly be applied ahead of determining actual or presumed intentions. However, interpretation rules are applied at the stage of constructing rational understanding. Various legal doctrines for materializing distributive justice can be viewed as making it difficult for parties to enter a contract deviating from legal supplementary rule and trade usage. Extreme deviation from legal supplementary rule or trade usage makes it difficult for the court to acquire real confidence in the actual or presumed intentions of the parties and thus easily leads to entering the rational human understanding determination stage. Such extreme deviation also shows that the extent of bounded rationality is severe and therefore requires a calculation of efficiency by the court; and the typically efficient distribution of cost and risk displayed within trade usage and legal supplementary rule will mitigate the pains for the court to separately calculate efficiency. When commutative justice is not realized, which of distributive justice or economic efficiency is given priority to becomes an issue in the stage of constructing rational human understanding. In other words, it is an issue of whether to go with equality of exchange value, the basis of distributive justice, or give priority to efficiency of resource distribution when determining the interest of each party through contract interpretation. But in this case, it is more efficient to determine rational human understanding through legal supplementary rule and trade usage than separately constructing the content of rational human understanding through direct judgment based on distributive justice and economic efficiency. This is so because it is presumed that legal supplementary rule and trade usage are all composed of desirable contents regarding distributive justice and economic efficiency. By applying these standards, a balance between distributive justice and economic efficiency will be achieved. If there is a prepared legal supplementary rule, following it is more efficient, in terms of administrative cost, than separately researching trade usage. Since this rational human understanding determination stage is severed from the intention regarding the contract clause concerned, consideration of order based on physical nearness to intention does not become an issue. At this rational human understanding determination stage, contract document, course of performance, and course of dealing are no longer sources of reference. This is so because after consideration of contract document, course of performance, and course of dealing have been fully given in the stage of determining actual or presumed intentions, in situations where the parties’ actual or presumed intentions can no longer be determined through such consideration, this rational human understanding is normatively constructed as an interpretation strategy. 계약해석은 전통적 계약이론에 따르면 계약체결시의 당사자의 의사의 확정이라고 할 수 있는데 법경제학에 따르면 당사자들이 계약체결시에 모든 내용을 상세히 규정하기 보다는 모호하거나 공백으로 남겨두고 분쟁발생시 법원에 그 해석을 맡기는 것이 보다 거래비용을 줄이는 가장 효율적인 방법이라고 한다. 즉 당사자들은 계약체결시에 해당 내용에 대해 실제하는 의사를 가지고 있지 않다는 것이다. 결국 법원의 의사가 당사자의 의사가 되는 것이다. 또한 기대의 이중성 이론에 따르면 실제로 당사자들이 의사를 가지고 있다고 하더라도 이 의사는 적어도 당사자들이 서로를 신뢰하고 그들간의 관계의 지속을 중요시 하는 경우에는 계약서 보다는 이행과정속에 더 잘 나타난다고 할 수 있다. 계약서에 나타난 의사는 더 이상 상대방과 관계를 가지기를 원치않는 최종적인 경우에만 적용되기를 의도하고 있는 것일 뿐이다. 따라서 우리 민법상 당사자들의 의사, 보다 좁게는 계약서에 나타난 당사자들의 의사에만 해석을 집중하는 태도는 지양되어야 할 것이다.

辨濟者代位와 根抵當權의 移轉 : 특히 信用保證基金에 의한 辦濟者代位의 事例를 包含하여

임재형 고려대학교 법무대학원 2005 국내석사

ABSTRACT A Study on the Transfer of the Mortgage Right(Kun-j dangkwon) in Korean Law - on the effect of a substitute payment under the credit guarantee by a guarantee-specialized institution - Lim, Jae Hyung Masters in Law of Financial Transactions The Graduate School of Legal Studies Korea University Kun-j dangkwon, a kind of mortgage right in Korea, is most frequently used in the transactions between financial institutions and consumers in Korea nowadays. While Kun-j dangkwon holds a very important position under the security system of Korea, both of the Korean Civil Code and the Real Property Registration Act of Korea stipulate only a few provisions on it. According to the recent increasement of assignability of an obligatory right, financial transactions to assign, or to offer as security, cases of obligatory rights secured by Kun-j dangkwon are increasing in Korea. As for such cases, it is necessary to review in terms of legal theories whether Kun-j dangkwon is to be transferred together with a secured obligatory right in the case such obligatory right is transferred to the third party, and especially whether the registration of transfer of Kun-j dangkwon is possible when the part of secured obligatory right is transferred due to the substitute payment, so called Daewi-byunjae in Korean. This thesis briefly covers the theories of Kun-j dangkwon under the current civil law which is not sufficient to regulate the actual transactions thoroughly. And it also covers over a study on the issues regarding the transfer of Kun-j dangkwon before or after the definite determination of a secured obligatory right, mainly on the characteristic of a substitute payment under the credit guarantee by a guarantee-specialized institution such as the Korea Credit Guarantee Fund. As for the transfer of Kun-j dangkwon, in the case of the credit guarantee agreement between the parties such as the Korea Credit Guarantee Fund and a financial institution, which provides that the guarantor has a preferred right of the preferential payment pursuant to the stipulation of credit guarantee or the special contract for credit guarantee, it is reasonable not for an obligee but for a guarantor to take preferential payment pursuant to such an agreement, considering the fact that there is an agreement between the parties in relation to an order of the allotment for payment, which is admitted by judicial precedents. While the Supreme Court in Korea held that the transfer of Kun-j dangkwon is not allowed before the determination of a secured obligatory right, it has not denied the validity of an additional registration for the partial transfer of Kun-j dangkwon when such additional registration is completed pursuant to an prior agreement or an arrangement between a guarantee-specialized institution and a financial institution. It might be suggested that the intention of the Korean Supreme Court, which acknowledges an agreement of related parties as such, is to respect the parties' agreement under the principle of the freedom of contract than to consider the provisions of the particular statute such as the Credit Guarantee Fund Act and the peculiarity of credit guarantee and so on. Moreover, it might be summarized that a guarantor may excercise its right independently without inflicting any damage to creditor's rights with regard to the exercise of a substituted right such as the execution of a security right if only any partial excercise is feasible. In conclusion, the transfer of Kun-j dangkwon might be allowed not only in the case of unique guarantee such as the credit guarantee, but also in the case of there being an agreement regarding the transfer of Kun-j dangkwon between a creditor and a substitute payer. Further, it might be allowed even before the determination of a obligatory right, considering the fact that there is no risk of doing harm to the rights of creditors to the extent of accepting the theory of preferred creditor as a principle and the liquidity of Kun-j dangkwon. 초록 현재 根抵當權은 擔保物權 중에서 가장 많이 이용되고 있고, 우리의 담보제도에서 매우 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있음에도 불구하고 民法 및 不動産登記法은 근저당권에 관하여 단순히 몇 개의 조문만을 두고 있어 근저당권을 둘러싼 복잡한 法律關係를 규율하기에 어려운 실정이다. 최근에는 채권의 流通性이 확대되면서 근저당권에 의하여 담보된 채권을 讓渡하거나 擔保로 제공하는 금융거래가 활성화되고 있고, 이와 관련하여 근저당권이 설정되어 있는 被擔保債權을 양도한 경우 근저당권도 이전되는지 여부, 특히 代位辨濟로 인하여 피담보채권의 일부가 양도된 경우 被擔保債權의 確定 前·後에 따라 根抵當權移轉의 登記가 가능한가에 관한 법리적 검토가 필요하다. 이 論文에서는 실거래관계를 규율하기에 불충분한 현행 民法上의 근저당권의 이론적 측면을 간략히 살펴보고, 피담보채권의 확정 전·후 근저당권의 이전문제를 信用保證基金 등 보증전문기관의 信用保證에 의한 辨濟者代位의 特殊性을 중심으로 硏究하였다. 근저당권의 이전에 따른 채권자와 일부대위변제자의 관계에 있어서는 채권자가 일부대위변제자에 대하여 優先辨濟權을 가진다 할 것이나, 信用保證에 있어서와 같이 당사자 사이에 約款이나 特約에 의하여 보증인이 우선변제 받을 수 있다는 등의 辨濟充當의 順序에 관한 約定이 있는 경우에는 債權者優先說이 적용되는 것이 아니라 그 약정내용에 따라 변제충당의 순서를 정하는 것이 타당하다고 보여지고, 判例 또한 이를 인정하고 있다. 피담보채권의 확정 전의 근저당권의 이전에 관하여 대법원의 입장은 그 이전이 불가능함을 분명히 하고 있으나, 信用保證에 있어서는 보증기관과 금융기관 사이에 事前合意 또는 約定에 의하여 根抵當權 一部移轉의 附記登記가 경료되는 경우 대법원은 그 효력을 否認하고 있지 않다. 이러한 당사자 사이의 合意를 인정하는 취지는 基金法 등 特別法에 의한 規定과 신용보증의 特殊性 등이 고려되었다고 볼 여지도 있으나, 契約自由의 原則下에서 당사자 사이의 약정내용을 존중하는 전제에서 판단하고 있는 것으로 볼 수 있을 것이다. 그리고, 擔保權實行과 같은 代位한 권리의 행사에 있어서도 分割行使가 가능한 경우에는 채권자의 권리를 害하지 아니하는 범위 내에서 단독으로 행사가 가능한 것으로 보아야 할 것이다. 결론적으로 信用保證과 같은 특수한 보증의 경우뿐만 아니라 채권자와 대위변제자 사이에 근저당권 이전에 관한 合意가 있는 경우에는 물론이고 피담보채권의 확정 전이라 하여도 債權者優先說을 원칙으로 하는 한 채권자의 이익을 害할 염려가 없다는 점과 근저당권의 流動化 등을 감안하여 根抵當權의 移轉은 허용되어야 할 것으로 보인다.

반려동물에 대한 불법행위와 손해배상

손영실 고려대학교 대학원 2016 국내석사

[Abstract] Damages in Companion Animal Tort Case SON, YOUNG SIL Department of Law The Graduate School of Korea University Supervised by KIM, JE WAN Under the Korean Civil Code pet animals are regarded as personal properties. Therefore damage claims arising from pet's injury or death shall follow basic principles of personal property tort. Under these principles,, describing in the Korean Civil code, when a defendant has broken a plaintiff's personal property, he shall compensate the repair cost. However the cost exceed too much the exchanging market value of the property, the compensation amount shall be reduced to the market value. Following the Korean tort principle, a plaintiff whose pet was injured by a defendant's negligence, he shall be compensated with a pet's veterinarian fees. However when the fee exceeds too much the pet's market value, the compensation amount shall be reduced to the market value. But it is unreasonable when a the owner have a pet without any transactions for example, one of his or he friend sent a pet as a gift. In this case he or she can not prove the market value. Korean personal property tort law shall not acknowledge the compensation of pain and sufferings or emotional distress of the owner of the property. Therefore a pet's owner shall not be compensated on his or her pain and sufferings or emotional distress resulting from his or her pet's injury or death caused by tortfeasor's intentional or negligence action. According to a 2015 research, the 21.8% of Korean homes have raised pet animals. Koreans nowadays have recognized pet animals as a one of his or her family members. Pet animals are far different from ordinary personal property because they can communicate with and exchange emotions with their owners. In recent pet tort cases several Korean districts courts have decided that the defendant shall compensate veterinarian fees exceeding market value of the pet. Even some court have decided that the defendant be compensate the pain and sufferings of plaintiff whose pet was dead by defendants intentional or negligence action. To correct discrepancy between tort law principles and real practice, the Special Act focusing on damage issues related with pet shall be enacted. Under the Special Act a pet shall be treated as quasi-person which shall be different from personal property and be governed by more legal protection. To provide more precise protection for pet animals, the definition provision of pet animal and owner of the pet animal shall be included in the Special Act. the Special Act shall describe actual value compensation which exceeding market value in pet tort case. Pain and sufferings or emotional distress of the owner of pet animal shall be included as compensated damages, however it is appropriate that the Special Act shall describe about 10,000 USD as a cap of the compensation following other countries' legislations.