간문맥 혈전증에 의한 소아 간전 간문맥압 항진증 1예

김정오,이기혁,강진한,이병철 최신의학사 1987 最新醫學 Vol.30 No.7

한국법철학회 50주년 기념사

김정오 한국법철학회 2008 법철학연구 Vol.11 No.2

사법판결은 정치적인가?

김정오 한국법철학회 2022 법철학연구 Vol.25 No.2

민주주의, 법의 지배, 개인의 권리 보장, 권력분리를 기본원리로 정착시켜 온 자유주의 사회에서 “법관은 중립적으로 판단해야 한다”, “정치적 중립성을 지켜야 한다”는 사법판결의 원칙이 정립되어왔으며, 법관은 민주주의 원리에 의해서 입법부에서 제정한 법률들과 판결을 통해서 형성되어 온 법원칙 및 선례에 따라서 판결해야 한다는 것이다. 그런데 법관의 판결이 그의 정치적 성향에 따라서 좌우되고 있다면, 그것을 어떻게 받아들여야 하는가? 그가 법관으로서 지켜야 할 기본적인 의무, 즉 법에 따라서 판결해야 한다는 충실의무를 위반했다고 평가하고 비난해야 하는가 아니면 그의 정의 관념에 따라 판결했다고 받아들여야 하는가? 이 논문에서는 사법판결과 이데올로기의 관계에 대해서 많은 연구와 논문을 발표해 온 던컨 케네디(Duncan Kennedy)의 분석을 중심으로 이 주제에 접근해 보고자 한다. 특히 케네디의 주된 관점은 법관이 자신의 정치적 이데올로기를 투입할 수 있는 길은 자유주의 법체계에서 발전되어 온 법학방법론을 통해서 이루어진다는 것이다. 케네디는 법관들이 법해석논증을 통해서 어떻게 정치적 신념을 투입하게 되는지 그리고 법에 대한 충실의무와 법담론에 침투되는 이데올로기 간의 충돌 속에서 법관들이 어떠한 심리적 상황에 놓이는지를 기술하고 있다. 케네디는 이데올로기를 긍정적인 개념에서 접근하고 있으며, 지식인들의 보편화 프로젝트로 규정한다. 이러한 개념을 토대로 그는 미국 법문화에서 형성되어 온 미국의 진보주의와 보수주의의 이데올로기적 차이점을 기술하고 있다. 19세기에 형성된 사법판결론은 입법과 사법의 분리를 전제로 확립된 자유주의 사법체계에 대해서 낙관적인 관점을 갖고 있었다. 하지만 20세기 초반부터 기존의 사법판결론을 적용하는 데 문제점이 나타나기 시작하였으며, 이를 해결하기 위해서 사회적·목적론적 법관념이 등장하였으며, 이에 근거해서 다양한 법해석론이 제시되었다. 이 논문에서는 20세기 후반에 나타난 사법판결이론들, 하트, 웅거, 라즈, 드워킨의 이론을 검토하였다. 법담론과 이데올로기담론이 상호침투하는 과정을 밝히기 위해서 케네디가 제안하고 있는 법담론의 모델을 기술하였으며, 법해석과정, 특히 정책논증을 통해서 이데올로기가 어떻게 개입되는지를 살펴보았다. 그리고 사법판결에 이데올로기가 개입되는 과정에 대해서 법관들이 어떻게 대응하는가를 살펴보았다. 이를 설명하기 위해서 케네디가 제시하고 있는 법관의 유형들을 기술하였다. 법관들이 법해석과정에서 이데올로기가 개입되는 상황에 직면하게 되는데, 케네디는 이를 법관의 역할 갈등으로 설명한다. 특히 그는 프로이트의 부인(denial)의 개념과 사르트르의 그릇된 신념(bad faith)의 개념을 갖고서 법관들의 역할 갈등을 설명하고 있는데 그것이 구체적으로 무엇을 의미하는지를 기술하였다. 사법판결과 이데올로기의 관계에 대한 케네디의 분석을 다루고서 그의 입장이 안고 있는 문제점에 대해서 지적하였다. 첫째, 이데올로기의 개념을 과도하게 평가함으로써 모든 법담론들을 이데올로기로 환원시키는 결과를 가져온다. 둘째, 케네디는 사법판결에서의 최종적인 종결점을 제시하지 못하고 있다. 셋째, 자유주의 법체계에 내재되어 있는 상충적이고 모순적인 개념들을 지나치게 강조함으로써 이로부터 벗어날 수 있는 대안... In the process of appointing Justices of Supreme Court or Constitutional Court, the media evaluates the political inclination of the judgments he has made in the past and responds sensitively to the future composition of the Supreme Court or Constitutional Court. Of course, the president, the National Assembly, or the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who recommends the candidate would have reviewed his political inclination in advance and makes the recommendation. But if a judge’s decision is made by his political inclination, how should we accept it? Should he be estimated and condemned for violating his basic duty as a judge, that is, his duty of fidelity to the legal rules and legal doctrines, or should we accept that he has made a decision according to his conception of justice? In this paper, I will approach this topic focusing on the analysis of Duncan Kennedy, who has published many studies and papers on the relationship between judicial adjudication and ideology. Particularly, Kennedy’s main point is that the way in which judges can put their political ideology is through the legal methods that have been developed in the liberal legal system. Kennedy describes how judges put their political ideology in their argument for legal interpretation, and what kind of psychological state judges are faced with in the situations of conflicting between the duty of fidelity to the legal rules and the ideology that permeates the legal discourse. Kennedy views ideology as a positive concept and defines it as a universalization project of intelligentsia. Based on this concept, he describes the ideological differences between liberalism and conservatism that have been formed in American legal culture. The jurisprudence of adjudication formed in the 19th century had an optimistic view of the liberal judicial system based on the premise of the separation of legislation and the judiciary. However, from the beginning of the 20th century, problems began to appear in applying the legal rules to the cases, and to solve this problems, the social and teleological legal reasoning appeared, and various legal interpretation theories have been proposed. Judicial adjudication theories that appeared in the second half of the 20th century, Hart, Unger, Raz, and Dworkin were reviewed. To reveal the process of interpenetration of legal discourse and ideological discourse, Kennedy provided model of legal discourse, and showed how ideology intervenes through the process of legal interpretation, especially policy argument. And to explain how judges respond to the intervention of ideological elements in adjudication Kennedy suggested three types of judges. Judges are faced with a situation where ideology is intervened in the process of legal interpretation, which Kennedy describes as a role conflict of judge. In particular, he describes the role conflicts of judge with Freud’s concept of denial and Sartre’s concept of bad faith. By dealing with Kennedy’s critical analysis of the relationship between judicial decisions and ideology, I pointed out the several problems in his viewpoint. First, by overestimating the concept of ideology, all of discourses are reduced to ideology. Second, he overemphasizes the conflicting and contradictory concepts inherent in the liberal legal system, failing to suggest an alternative to escape from it. Third, Kennedy emphasizes the problem of justifying arguments involving ideology in judicial decisions, while neglecting the normative power of the legal rules. Fourth, although Sartre’s concept of bad faith contains an opportunity for individuals to overcome it, Kennedy does not provide any opportunity for individual judges to escape from the contradictory structure of liberal legal system. Fifth, Kennedy showed that the liberal legal system is filled with a lot of contradictory and opposing concepts and principles, and that new ideologies are constantly being produced and reproduced and affecting all part...

특집 - 법학방법론 - 토론요지 : 법철학 , 무엇을 어떻게 가르칠 것인가 ?

김정오 연세대학교 법학연구원 2002 法學硏究 Vol.12 No.2

N/A

색체 자극에 대한 사람의 정동반응 구조의 측정

김정오 대한전자공학회 1997 전자공학회지 Vol.24 No.11

Effects of Laser Parameters on the Characteristics of a Sn-3.5 wt.%Ag Solder Joint

김정오,정재필,이재훈,서정,강희신 대한금속·재료학회 2009 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.15 No.1

Microstructure and shear strength were assessed for a Sn-3.5 wt.%Ag solder joint formed using a laser heat source. A continuous wave Nd:YAG laser was used to make the Sn-3.5 wt.%Ag solder joint. Solder balls of 400 μm diameter were used and the laser beam spot diameter at focus was approximately 120 μm. The UBM (Under Bump Metallurgy) on a FR4-PCB consisted of Cu/Ni/Au from bottom to top with a thickness of 15 μm/5 μm/0.05 μm, respectively. In order to position solder balls on the UBM, RMA (rosin mildly activated) type flux for a BGA (Ball Grid Array) was used. Selected optimal conditions were as follows: a laser power of 2W and heating time of 0.3 s, 0.5 s, and 0.7 s; a laser power of 3 W and heating time of 0.1 s and 0.3 s; and a laser power of 4 W and a heating time of 0.1 s. Under all conditions, the shear strengths of the solder joint of (CuNi)3Sn4 at the interface between the pad and solder were larger than 554.37 gf (i.e. the shear strength obtained from hot plate reflow). When the laser power was set at 2 W, the microstructure of IMC (intermetallic compound) was recrystallized regularly due to active convection, which was caused by increased heating time. Under a laser power of 4 W and heating time of 0.7 s, the microstructure was recrystallized irregularly due to violent convection caused by excessive energy input (=laser power (W) ×heating time (s)). The IMC layer increased in thickness as a result of increasing the energy input, and was affected by laser power more than by heating time. Microstructure and shear strength were assessed for a Sn-3.5 wt.%Ag solder joint formed using a laser heat source. A continuous wave Nd:YAG laser was used to make the Sn-3.5 wt.%Ag solder joint. Solder balls of 400 μm diameter were used and the laser beam spot diameter at focus was approximately 120 μm. The UBM (Under Bump Metallurgy) on a FR4-PCB consisted of Cu/Ni/Au from bottom to top with a thickness of 15 μm/5 μm/0.05 μm, respectively. In order to position solder balls on the UBM, RMA (rosin mildly activated) type flux for a BGA (Ball Grid Array) was used. Selected optimal conditions were as follows: a laser power of 2W and heating time of 0.3 s, 0.5 s, and 0.7 s; a laser power of 3 W and heating time of 0.1 s and 0.3 s; and a laser power of 4 W and a heating time of 0.1 s. Under all conditions, the shear strengths of the solder joint of (CuNi)3Sn4 at the interface between the pad and solder were larger than 554.37 gf (i.e. the shear strength obtained from hot plate reflow). When the laser power was set at 2 W, the microstructure of IMC (intermetallic compound) was recrystallized regularly due to active convection, which was caused by increased heating time. Under a laser power of 4 W and heating time of 0.7 s, the microstructure was recrystallized irregularly due to violent convection caused by excessive energy input (=laser power (W) ×heating time (s)). The IMC layer increased in thickness as a result of increasing the energy input, and was affected by laser power more than by heating time.

사법판결비판은 사회이론에서 어떠한 위상을 차지하고 있는가?

김정오 한국법철학회 2023 법철학연구 Vol.26 No.1

Legal realists who emerged in the American legal academia in the early 20th century discovered that legal norms were not logically and deductively applied to a particular case, and through this exploration, they began to present the issue of indeterminacy in law. They began to use social scientific approaches to clarify the gap between the law in books and the law in action, going beyond Oliver W. Holmes’ claim that law is not logic but experience. If in a particular case, judges cannot make a decision based on pre-existing rights through deductive reasoning from the legal rules, what determines the case? With respect to this question, legal realists analyzed the reasons on which judicial adjudications were derived and through their detailed examination, the indeterminate character of legal rules began to be unveiled. As an alternative, they have paid attention to the factors outside the law that led to the vitalization of sociological research of law. Critical legal studies that emerged in the late of the 20th century focused on the analysis of judicial adjudication and began to radicalize the indeterminacy of law. Unlike legal realists, critical legal scholars slanted to the leftist theories that have been formed in American society at the time, and had negative attitude toward capitalist society in general. Critical legal scholars have heatedly debated about what significance the critique of judicial judgments, which the US appellate courts have been constantly producing, has in the social system that supports American society. In the mid-1980s, Susan Silbey, a legal sociologist, suggested the direction for the sociological research in her essay, and at the same time pointed out the problematics of the critical legal studies. In this paper, I will examine the critical legal studies’ dilemma raised by Silbey from her perspective of sociological study of law, and then Duncan Kennedy’s counterargument against Silbey’s critique. In particular, through the position of Duncan Kennedy, who was the founder and pioneer of critical legal studies, this paper aims to clarify what position the analysis and critiques of judicial adjudication occupy in the tradition of social theory, in other words, how they relate to the themes raised in social theory. In Chapter 2, I deal with the dilemma of sociology of law and critical legal studies that Susan Silbey raised in her essay. She argues that while legal sociology and critical legal studies, which claim to be descendants of legal realism, have the purpose of analyzing legal phenomena from a critical point of view and overcoming inequality and injustice prevalent in society, they are still stuck in the dilemma of idealism. This chapter deals with Silbey’s argument pointing out the problematics of critical legal studies while suggesting the direction that the approach of sociology of law follow in its research. Chapter 3 deals with Duncan Kennedy’s response to Silbey’s critique to critical legal studies. Kennedy is trying to figure out how critical legal studies, which has been devoted to the critique of adjudication, has a relationship with the grand tradition of social theory. He examines the difference between the perspective of American sociology of law and that of critical legal studies, even if they claim to be the descendants of legal realism. Kennedy responses to the issues that Silbey raised about the critical legal studies. In this chapter, I examine how the sociology of law and critical legal studies have different perspectives and what results the difference in perspective brings. Chapter 4 deals with Kennedy’s argument, which focuses on analyzing the differences between Marxism and critical legal studies on the law in capitalist society. In particular, irrationalists within cls reject Marxist theoretical premises and perspectives regarding the base/superstructure distinction, economic determinism of the superstructure and the ideological notions. It is ve... 20세기 초 미국의 법학계에 등장한 법현실주의자들은 법규범이 구체적인 사안에서 논리적, 연역적으로 적용되지 않는다는 사실을 밝혀내었으며, 이러한탐구를 통해서 그들은 법에 있어서 비결정성의 문제를 중시하기 시작하였다. 법현실주의자들은 “법은 논리가 아니라 경험”이라는 홈즈의 주장을 넘어서 법전의 법(law in books)과 실제의 법(law in action) 간의 괴리에 주목하면서 이를 밝히기 위해서 사회과학적 접근법을 적극적으로 수용하였다. 만일 개별적인 사안에서 법관이 법규범으로부터의 연역적인 추론이나 기존의 권리에 근거해서 판결을 내릴 수 없다면, 그 판결을 결정하는 것은 과연 무엇인가? 이 물음에 대해서 법현실주의자들은 사법판결이 이끌어내어진 근거들을 분석하기 시작하였으며, 그들의 세밀한 탐구를 통해서 법규범의 비결정적 속성이 드러나기시작했다. 그 대안으로서 이들이 제시한 것은 법 외부에 있는 요소들에 주목하기 시작하였으며, 이것이 법사회학적 탐구의 활성화로 이어졌다. 20세기 후반에 나타난 비판법학은 사법판결의 분석에 집중하였으며, 법의비결정성 문제를 전면에 내세우기 시작하였다. 법현실주의자들과 달리 비판법학자들은 당시 미국 사회에서 형성되었던 좌파 이론이나 사상에 전도되어 있었으며, 자본주의 사회 전반에 대해서 부정적인 생각을 갖고 있었다. 비판법학자들은 미국의 법원이 끊임없이 생산해내고 있는 사법판결에 대한 비판이 미국사회를 지탱하고 있는 사회구조 속에서 어떠한 의의를 갖고 있는가에 대해서열띤 논쟁을 펼쳤다. 1980년대 중반 법사회학자인 수잔 실베이는 자신의 논문에서 법사회학 연구가 나아가야 할 방향을 제시하였고, 동시에 비판법학이 안고 있는 문제점을 지적하였다. 이 논문에서는 실베이가 법사회학 관점에서 제기한 비판법학의 딜레마를 살펴보고, 실베이의 지적에 대해서 반론을 펼치고 있는 던컨 케네디의주장을 살펴보고자 한다. 특히 비판법학의 창시자이자 선봉에 섰던 던컨 케네디의 입장을 통해서 사법판결의 분석 및 비판이 사회이론에서 어떠한 위상을점하고 있는지, 다시 말해서 사회이론에서 제기되었던 주제들과 어떠한 연관성을 갖고 있는지를 밝혀보고자 한다. 제2장에서는 수잔 실베이가 제기하고 있는 기존의 법사회학과 비판법학의딜레마에 대해서 다루고자 한다. 실베이는 법현실주의의 후예라고 자처하는법사회학과 비판법학이 비판적 관점에서 법현상을 분석하고 사회에 팽배한 불평등과 부정의를 타파한다는 목적을 갖고 있지만, 여전히 이상주의의 딜레마에빠져 있다고 지적한다. 이러한 지적을 통해서 실베이는 법사회학이 새롭게 추구해야 할 방향을 제시하고, 비판법학의 문제점을 지적하고 있다. 제3장에서는 사법판결비판에 전념해온 비판법학이 사회이론의 거대 전통과어떠한 관계를 맺는가를 밝혀보려는 던컨 케네디의 입장과 주장을 다룰 예정이다. 특히 케네디는 미국 사회에 대해서 비판적 입장을 취하고 있는 법사회학과비판법학이 법에 대해서 어떠한 관점을 갖고 있는지를 설명하고, 특히 실베이가 지적하고 있는 비판법학의 문제점에 대해서 반론을 펼치고 있다. 이 장에서는 법사회학과 비판법학이 어떻게 다른 관점을 갖고 있는지 그리고 그러한 관점의 차이가 어떠한 결과를 가져오는지를 살펴보고자 한다. 제4장에서는 사회이론의 거대 전통에 속하는 마르크 ...

영어의 상

김정오 조선대학교 인문학연구소 2003 인문학연구 Vol.30 No.-

Jeongoh Kim 2003 The Aspects in English. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the aspectual meanings of English verbs. I considered the correlation between the lexical and the grammatical aspects. Aspect is one of the grammatical categories and it is concerned with the internal structure of the situation and it is the grammatical type to find out difference of verb form and character. Both aspect and tense are concerned with temporal reference, but it is difficult to distinguish between them. Many linguistician classify English verb-groups. They try to analyze and testify the English verbs in aspect. They classify state / non-state or state-process- event. I testify on the basis of Vendler's(1967) classification. Aspect and verb classification are studied by them. The English Aspect is considered to be an important verbal category deserving further study. I expect correlation between aspect and tense.

법조인양성제도의 개혁:법학교육의 소프트웨어를 중심으로

김정오 법과사회이론학회 2003 법과 사회 Vol.24 No.-

면학의 장애와 극복

김정오,Kim, Jeong-O 한국대학교육협의회 1984 大學敎育 Vol.8 No.-