수생태계 보호를 위한 토사관리 방안

김익재,이병국,최지용,한대호 한국환경연구원 2007 기본연구보고서 Vol.2007 No.-

Sediment significantly deteriorates the functions of aquatic ecosystems in streams. The main purpose of this study is to provide a detailed review of the impacts of sediment and sediment-oriented pollutants on the aquatic environment and to recommend a better sediment management strategy based on scientific proof and references. In Korea, large amounts of sediment detached from the soil structure are regarded as a natural or local problem during only the monsoon season. Nationwide research related to the impact of sediment primarily concentrated on the impact of turbid water because turbidity degrades the aesthetic quality of water and can disturb drinking water sources, such as large dams. Nevertheless, the Ministry of Environment (MOE) and other government groups recently agreed that to maintain their value, the health of streams and aquatic ecosystems should be restored. For example, MOE evaluates not only the characteristics in water quality in terms of physical and chemical measurement, but introduces biological assessments to observe aquatic and riparian ecosystems. Although environmental stressors for sediment come from point and/or nonpoint source pollution and intensive human activities, decision-makers have not employed sufficient sediment management strategies for conserving aquatic ecosystems. Numerous studies emphasize the importance of soil erosion and sediment control to manage the aquatic ecosystem. They also indicate that suspended and bedded sediments prohibit the growth of aquatic organisms and decrease ecological numbers and diversity, regardless of the streams size. Chemical-bounded sediment, in particular, may be harmful to benthic communities (e.g., macro-invertebrates and submerged plants) and fish. In this study, we focused on human activities that caused massive sediment yields generated by water erosion, how accelerated sediment processes alter overall aquatic ecosystems, and how to manage planning with regard to sediment before it enters the stream. As a result, sediment and aquatic ecosystems were defined based on previous references so that a regulatory definition may be used in the ``water quality and aquatic ecosystem protection`` law. Soil erosion potential was estimated using a soil loss prediction tool and the simulation was compared using the area-weighted ratio of mountain crops in each meso-scale watershed. In order to provide better management of sediment, several case studies identifying ecological disturbance in aquatic life were reviewed, and advanced control measures in other countries were examined. In conclusion, the following items were suggested: 1. It is important to recognize that soil is a valuable resource and that it ensures sustainability, but massive suspended and bedded sediments are classified as pollutants, especially with regard to the aquatic ecosystem. While soil is one of three essential assets (water and air being the other two), sediment and sediment-bound pollutants increase a degree of ecological risk when they enter streams. Therefore, a paradigm shift for ones should be made that massive sediments are regarded as serious pollutants because they decrease the river health. 2. The current standards (25 mg/L, moderate level) for suspended solids in streams should be further regulated. Some streams below the standards are required to maintain current concentrations and to reduce sediment yields based on indigenous charactieristics in aquatic ecosystem. In addition, developing the protocol of total maximum sediment loads may be demanded to protect aquatic species and other purposes in water resources management. 3. It is critical to survey the impact of bedded sediments on aquatic ecosystem. There were some reports for that of suspended sediments in Soyang and Imha dam watershed. However, it is very limited to evaluate how bedded sediments influence water quality and aquatic ecosystems in practice. After analyzing the relationship between pollutants in bedded sediments and changes in aquatic ecosystem, a new criteria for bedded sediments can be indroduced. 4. In the study, the group of human-induced sediments are classified to as agricultural, forest, surface soil disturbance, mining, urban and stream construction, etc. Best management practices help to reduce the risk posed by sediments. These practices should be parallel with non-structural measurements such as education, regulatory revisions, and stewardship. Above all, the most effective sediment management plan for protecting aquatic ecosystem is to keep soil particles in the soil structure using physical and regulatory efforts. 5. In order to connect the aquatic ecological heath up to downstream, sediment and pollution management at headwater or small streams is very significant. Management. Protecting small and/or shallow streams is obvious, as they are areas where abundant plant and animal life move downstream. Some aquatic habitats in small streams severely suffer from bedded sediment from crops, and these streams are usually located around watersheds upstream. Therefore, spatial extension for current water quality criteria should also cover small streams in order to maintain an integrated ecosystem. Also, the current small stream management regulations should adopt more ecological management guidelines. 6. In order to make sediment management decisions, the development of an advanced stream and soil database is recommended. Because sediments are transported by upland surface runoff to deposits downstream, an efficient Decision Support System (DSS) is crucial in order to estimate the risk of sediment to watersheds. Through DSS, the collection of related information, such as hydrology, geomorphology, and soil properties, is central to accurately predicting reactions and making reliable decisions. While there are a number of datasets for this information in various formats in Korea (Water Management Information System (WAMIS), and other government-supported institutions), they are limited in that they do not provide sufficient data on the management of sediments or soil erosion. Good examples of the frameworks necessary are the National Hydrography Dataset (NHD, http://nhd.usgs.gov) and the Soil Survey Geographic Dataset (SSURGO, http:// www.ncgc.nrcs.usda.gov/products/datasets/ssurgo/) This study was limited to analysis of the impact of rainfall intensity and soil moisture on sediment management. Sediment delivery ratios are inherently based on watershed conditions, and thus, the soil erosion rate was not precisely quantified using the prediction modeling. It is required to determine the relationship between both suspended and bedded sediment and other major factors, including dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, and toxic pollutants with regard to the degradation of the aquatic ecosystem. Finally, we need to study the impact of disturbance to aquatic ecosystems on economic loss including general industries and culture & travel industries and to prepare changes from global weather changes whether our natural ecosystems respond to generate more or less sediment volume.

첨단 기술이 결합해 융·복합 콘텐츠로 재탄생하다 : AR/VR 기술이 지자체에 미치는 영향

김익재 한국지역정보개발원(구 자치정보화조합) 2019 지역정보화 Vol. No.

AR/VR 기반한 콘텐츠로 탄생하다 : 지자체의 AR/VR의 다양한 활용 사례 소개

김익재 한국지역정보개발원(구 자치정보화조합) 2019 지역정보화 Vol. No.

가치를 넘어 다양한 콘텐츠로 진화하다 : AR/VR을 기반으로 한 지자체의 향후 미래 전망

김익재 한국지역정보개발원(구 자치정보화조합) 2019 지역정보화 Vol. No.

지속가능한 물이용의 지표기반 평가 및 지역경제와의 상관관계 분석

김익재,공인혜,김연주 한국수자원공사(K-water) 2016 저널 물 정책·경제 Vol.27 No.-

물이용 지속성은 국가 성장과 사회·환경의 지속성과 보전에 매우 주요한 정책 의제임과 동시에, 현재 이를 평가하는 법률적 제도적 기반의 부재는 매우 우려스러운 사안이다. 본 원고는 물이용 지속성의 포괄적 평가를 수행하기 위하여 수자원 양적 관리의 제한된 틀을 넘어서 물이용 특성, 수질관리, 관리역량 등 4개 부문의 23개 지표로 구성하였으며 각 부문은 압력과 반응 지수로 구별하여 지속가능성 개념을 도입하였다. 부문별 압력 또는 반응 지수는, 이를 통합한 단일 지수, 즉 지속가능한 물이용 지수(Sustainable Water Index, SWI)로 산정하였다. 이후 지역별 압력 및 반응 지수가 각 지역의 경제와 어떠한 상관관계가 있을지를 분석해보고자 지역경제력(GRDP) 자료를 활용하여 분석하였다. 이를 통하여 향후 지속가능한 물이용 달성을 위한 전략으로서 전국의 압력 및 반응을 진단하고 지역경제와의 상관성에 따른 의의를 도출하였다. 마지막으로 물이용의 지속 가능성 확보를 위한 일관적이고 체계적인 평가체계의 필요성 및 신뢰성 있는 자료의 꾸준한 확보의 필요성을 시사함으로써 정책수립과 의사결정에 기여할 수 있는 논리적이고 과학적인 정보제공에 대해 강조하고자 한다.

지속가능한 하천관리 정책 수립을 위한 시민인식 조사 결과와 시사점

김익재,최희선,곽효은 한국수자원공사(K-water) 2019 저널 물 정책·경제 Vol.32 No.-

시민인식은 하천관리를 포함한 공공정책 수립에 결정적 요소들 중 하나로 점차 강조되고 있다. 따라서 하천관리체계의 변화에 따른 사회적 부문의 하천관리에 미치는 영향을 파악하고, 특히 우리나라 물관리일원화 이후 하천의 이용과 관리 및 정책에 대한 시민의 수요를 조사하는 것은 향후 하천 정책 수립에 매우 중요하다. 본 연구는 하천의 이용, 관리(주체), 정책, 기후변화 등에 대한 시민의 관심도와 만족도를 분석하였다. 시민인식 조사의 대상은 전국 남녀 4,500명(10대~60대)이었으며 패널 참여 방식으로 조사하였다. 설문 문항의 구성은 크게 3대 주제(하천 이용, 하천 관리, 그리고 하천 정책)으로 구분하고 각 주제별로 세부 문항을 구성하였다. 하천 관리와 정책에 대한 시민인식의 우선 순위는 수질, 물공급 관리, 그리고 생태계 복원의 순서로 조사되었으며 현재와 미래 하천에 대한 시민들의 수요는 깨끗한 수질과 생태서식 공간이 가장 높게 나타났다. 비록 높은 전문성을 요구하는 물관리 정책의 특성을 감안하더라도 본 연구의 주요 결과는 시민인식 기반의 하천 정책 수립에 있어서 중요한 기초가 될 것이다.

하천관리에 관한 시민과 전문가 인식조사 결과 분석과 고찰

김익재,이승수,김지원 한국수자원공사(K-water) 2020 저널 물 정책·경제 Vol.34 No.-

국민 소득 증가 및 삶의 질이 향상됨에 따라 하천 이용에 대한 국민의 수요가 다양해지고 있으며, 이로 인해 하천관리를 포함한 정책 수립에 있어서 시민의 의견을 적극적으로 반영하고자 하는 노력이 이어지고 있다. 뿐만 아니라 하천관리에 대한 다면적인 변화를 파악하기 위해서는 일반 시민과 더불어 다양한 이해관계자의 인식을 조사하는 것은 향후 하천관리 정책 수립에 있어서 매우 중요하다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 물 관련 전문가를 대상으로 하천이용, 하천관리, 하천정책에 관한 설문조사를 실시하고, 일반시민을 대상으로 수행된 하천관리에 대한 인식 조사 결과와 비교분석하였다. 일반 시민과 전문가들은 공통적으로 깨끗한 수질과 더불어 생태서식 및 여가공간으로서의 하천을 기대하는 것으로 조사되었으며, 건강하고 깨끗한 수질 관리를 위한 하천관리기관의 노력이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 하천관리기관의 역할에 대한 방향 제시 및 하천 관리의 전문성을 높이고 일반 국민들이 체감할 수 있는 정책 수립 등을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

무기체계 피해평가를 고려한 임무 기반의 사이버보안 시험평가 방안

김익재,신동규,김성중,김한성 국방보안연구소 2021 국방과 보안 Vol.3 No.2

This paper examines the research conducted so far on ways to improve cybersecurity throughout the entire life cycle of a weapon system, and proposes a cybersecurity test and evaluation method suitable for acquiring domestic weapon systems in consideration of weapon system damage assessment. In consideration of the damage assessment of the weapon system, the class is divided into assets, functions, operational tasks, and missions, and by performing a mission-based risk assessment, cyber risk information is provided to key decision-making organizations in a timely manner to facilitate the overall process of weapon system acquisition. The effectiveness of the proposed mission-based cybersecurity test and evaluation method was verified by conducting a simulation on the CAS mission support system, a virtual weapon system.

수생태계 보호를 위한 소하천 관리 방안

김익재,한대호 한국환경연구원 2008 기본연구보고서 Vol.2008 No.-

Small streams interconnect through the land between mountains, streams, and reservoirs. In general, small streams have diverse ecological and social characteristics because they are extensively formed across watersheds over time. According to statistical data, the total length of national and local streams, in Korea, is 26,841km and small streams run a total of 38,815km (1.2 times longer). The aquatic and terrestrial habitat structures around small streams are distinctly maintained based upon surrounding environments, such as landscape, soil, and land cover. Previous literature indicates that indigenous and endangered species in many countries are observed in conserved forested small streams. However, small streams in Korea have been significantly degraded primarily because of human disturbances including stream maintenance activities. Hydrologic alteration (e.g., channelization, dam construction) and landuse changes have deteriorated the functions of the aquatic ecosystems of small streams. Small streams are where runoff accumulates and flows downstream. In the context of the ``stream continuum concept``, small streams include areas of headwater where rivers originate. Therefore, the proper management of small streams to control the impact of flooding and pollutants is critical to protect the health of the upstream and downstream aquatic ecosystem. The main purpose of this study is to provide a management plan to protect the aquatic ecosystem of small streams. This paper reviewed the ecological roles of small streams documented in journals, field·survey reports, and interviews with ecologists. In addition, the limitations and shortcomings of current small stream management plans were analyzed from regulatory and field·conservation perspectives. In chapter 2, research regarding the ecological management of small streams and the theoretical background of the ecological role of small streams were reviewed. Chapter 3 summarized the laws, regulations, actual condition, management, and budget of small stream management and the problems caused by small stream maintenance that focuses largely on water control. In this regard, the ecological condition of nine small streams (seven streams applied with nature·friendly small stream maintenance methods) was quantified using the Stream Visual Assessment Protocol (SVAP). Chapter 4 included results of ecosystem health analysis in 28 small streams in the Han River Basin and analysis of land cover changes in the small stream riparian. In addition, the chapter examined the importance of riparian management in small streams through time·series analysis. The results were compared with both watershed· and stream reach·scales. In chapter 5 regulatory and research suggestions were included to improve the management and policies regarding the protection of the aquatic ecosystem in small streams. In addition, future studies regarding small stream management to respond to climate change were reviewed. The Appendix introduced cases of small stream recovery in other countries and provided a detailed explanation of the nature·friendly small stream maintenance method applied in Korea. The following includes brief suggestions and conclusions to protect small stream ecosystems through the review of theory, research report analysis, space analysis, laws, and regulations. 1. Standardization of (small) stream classification based on the characteristics of small streams to protect the ecosystem should be developed for efficient management. The current classification system was set up in an administrative manner, and although it considered the size of the stream (length and width), physical parameters such as stream order, water quality, and habitat characteristics, should be considered. This study reported that a majority of the small streams (88.8%) in Korea were included as first to third small streams at a scale of 1:25,000. 2. Better riparian management of small streams is required to protect ecological functions. Riparian conservation influences the health of an ecosystem by mitigating changes in ecosystem environments (i.e., water quality, temperature, habitat corridor, base flow). These factors are all related to upstream and downstream riparian conservancy and disturbance. Thus, riparian management for small streams is important to sustainably protect the ecosystem over a long·term period. 3. It is of the utmost importance to improve the strategies employed during maintenance work conducted by the federal and local governments on small streams. Concepts in the management plans should be revised to protect the ecosystem rather than focusing entirely on flood control and water use. 4. Research regarding a small stream management model will be needed in order to efficiently manage small stream ecosystems. The following research topics were summarized: 1) basic resources of small stream flux and water quality environment, 2) waste treatment system and water circulation studies to improve water quality, 3) research programs to develop small stream watershed adaptations, 4) expanding of eco·monitoring surveys to include small streams, and finally, 5) policy inducement of small stream management through local participation.

하천‧호소 퇴적물 관리 및 준설 물질 활용 방안

김익재,황상일,김호정 한국환경연구원 2010 수시연구보고서 Vol.2010 No.-

Freshwater sediments of rivers and lakes are important components of water quality and the aquatic ecosystem. As such, the materials produced by dredging activities should be regarded as valuable resources. However, the institutional systems on both sediment and dredged material are not well-organized in Korea. To this end, this study conducted a comprehensive management system of freshwater sediment and the ensuing dredged material. The Korean Ministry of Environment (ME) carried out as a model study a nation-wide investigation on freshwater sediment quality. Other research programs also conducted examinations on the sediment quality including its endocrine-disrupting compounds and persistent organic pollutants. However, the number of samples and sampling frequency were limited in such programs. In response, various criteria and guidelines have been proposed for the sediment management, classified as follows: sediment quality guidelines or criteria for the protection of water quality and aquatic organisms; cleanup screening level for the severely contaminated underwater sediment; disposal and discharge criteria for the dumping of dredged materials; and criteria for beneficial use of dredged materials. Among these guidelines or criteria, sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) are most frequently referred to. SQGs can be derived by different approaches such as those background-based, effects-based, or consensus-based, and so on. The consensus-based SQGs (cSQGs) indicate the statistical means of the published SQGs. These SQGs are used as the primary screening tools rather than the legal standards. And the application of SQGs often accompany the consideration of background or reference sediment qualities. For a more precise analysis, particle size distribution and organic content of sediment should be taken into consideration. If we develop new SQG in Korea, significant time and labor will be required to investigate sediment chemistry, biological effects, reference conditions, etc. Therefore, adapting the published cSGSs as an interim national standard or guideline would provide a practical option. At the same time, the suitability of cSQGs in Korea needs to be studied. Furthermore, the legal basis for sediment management needs to be arranged in environmental laws such as “Framework Act on Environmental Policy,” “Water Quality and Ecosystem Conservation Act,” etc. In Korea, dredging projects at freshwater bodies have been carried out for the purpose of removing contaminated sediment, collecting aggregate (sands), managing river channels, etc. Except for aggregate (sand) collection, most dredged materials were land-filled or disposed to ocean in Korea. In the U.S., however, the eco-friendly utilization and disposal of dredged materials is regarded as the important aim of the environmental policy. The dredged materials are considered for beneficial use (BU) for the following 4 aspects: necessity and opportunity; physical suitability; logistics and management requirements; and environmental suitability. The quality standards of dredged materials are different for each type of BU. In Korea, BU of dredged material does not have a solid legal basis. According to an authoritative interpretation by ME, the objective of a dredging project determines whether the dredged material is soil or solid waste. In case of the Four Major Rivers Restoration Project, BU of dredged materials is mainly focused on the aggregate (sands). At the project sites, a huge amount of dredge materials are produced daily by the dredging activities. Thus, the primary concern is finishing the generated dredged materials rather than utilizing the materials effectively. This indicates that an adequate BU plan of dredged materials needs to be prepared at the project planning stage. In addition, physical, engineering, and biological acceptability as well as chemical suitability need to be considered in the decision-making of BU. In conclusion, this study recommends the following recommendations. First, a comprehensive management plan should be established for freshwater sediment. More specifically, the inventory of freshwater sediment quality needs to be prepared periodically, and a management practice of the contaminated sediment should be established. In this context, the consensus-based SQGs can be used as an interim national guideline. This study proposes a decision-making process for sediment management, and the process is based on the cSQGs and reference value. In the long run, sediment quality standards for freshwater sediment and requirements for BU of dredged materials should be developed from the studies on the assessment of human and ecological risks.