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임돈희(Yim Dawn-hee),김이회(토론자) 비교민속학회 2001 비교민속학 Vol.20 No.-
Yim Suk-jay claimed that “Korean culture can be seen through Korean musok [shamanism],” meaning that Korean musok mirrors many aspects of Korean culture and behavior. In demonstrating this point, Yim coined the term parallelotheism for the musok pantheon in order to characterize its deities’ autonomy, absence of hierarchy, and even lack of mutual communication. like parallel lines, the gods each occupy a unique space that does not intersect with that of any other. Also, Korean musok is polytheistic and none of its deities is omnipotent. Each spirit has a specific function and limited power, no spirit is higher than another, and no god gives orders to or obeys another. This independence of the gods contrasts sharply with the pantheon of Chinese popular religion, in which many deities are thought to be organized into a vast supernatural bureaucracy. Yim further suggested that Korean parallelotheism offered insights into Korean individuals' high self-esteem and sense of independence. Though many scholars have claimed that Korea had a highly authoritarian and hierarchical social system, Yim’s analysis of the musok pantheon showed that Korean society could also be viewed as egalitarian and non-authoritarian. In the real world, people acquiesce to those with authority, but this apparent submission to hierarchy is a surface phenomenon necessitated by circumstances rather than a manifestation of a deep internal commitment. The gods, ghosts, and ancestors of musok represent living bureaucrats, beggars, and kin, respectively. The deities have limited power and are not thought to be inherently good or evil : whether they are helpful or harmful depends on how they are treated. If they are given regular offerings, they bring good fortune. Otherwise they inflict punishment. This appears to be very similar to the cultural understanding that many people have of Korean officials. Also, ancestors in musok rituals are imagined differently than ancestors at Confucian rites. In ritual contexts where musok prevails, ancestors are less authoritarian, less hierarchical, and more inclusive, encompassing also dead relatives who are not strictly agnatic forebears. Ghosts, like beseeching beggars, are given small offerings rather than ignored entirely. Yim’s analysis of musok showed that previous interpretations of Korean society overemphasized its hierarchial and authoritarian qualities. The deities of this Korean popular religion provide a vision of its more egalitarian and non-authoritarian characteristics.
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