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평활화 알고리즘에 따른 자궁경부 분류 모델의 성능 비교 연구
김윤지,박예랑,김영재,주웅,남계현,김광기,Kim, Youn Ji,Park, Ye Rang,Kim, Young Jae,Ju, Woong,Nam, Kyehyun,Kim, Kwang Gi 대한의용생체공학회 2021 의공학회지 Vol.42 No.3
We developed a model to classify the absence of cervical cancer using deep learning from the cervical image to which the histogram equalization algorithm was applied, and to compare the performance of each model. A total of 4259 images were used for this study, of which 1852 images were normal and 2407 were abnormal. And this paper applied Image Sharpening(IS), Histogram Equalization(HE), and Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization(CLAHE) to the original image. Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio(PSNR) and Structural Similarity index for Measuring image quality(SSIM) were used to assess the quality of images objectively. As a result of assessment, IS showed 81.75dB of PSNR and 0.96 of SSIM, showing the best image quality. CLAHE and HE showed the PSNR of 62.67dB and 62.60dB respectively, while SSIM of CLAHE was shown as 0.86, which is closer to 1 than HE of 0.75. Using ResNet-50 model with transfer learning, digital image-processed images are classified into normal and abnormal each. In conclusion, the classification accuracy of each model is as follows. 90.77% for IS, which shows the highest, 90.26% for CLAHE and 87.60% for HE. As this study shows, applying proper digital image processing which is for cervical images to Computer Aided Diagnosis(CAD) can help both screening and diagnosing.
CFD에 의한 선박용 DPF/DOC내 배기가스의 유동 균일도 및 특성 연구
김윤지,한단비,백영순,Kim, YunJi,Han, Danbee,Baek, Youngsoon 한국청정기술학회 2019 청정기술 Vol.25 No.2
디젤 선박 운행 횟수의 증가로 인한 대기오염이 심각해짐에 따라 선박의 유해배출가스에 대한 규제가 강화되고 있다. 따라서 선박용 디젤 배기 후처리 장치의 개발이 요구되고 배기 처리 장치는 유동 균일도가 높을수록 처리효율이 증가된다. 본 연구에서는 ANSYS Fluent를 이용하여 기존 저감장치, 저감장치 내부의 Baffle 설치시, 배기가스 유량에 따른 배압과 유동 균일도를 시뮬레이션 하였다. 기존 장치조건에서는 시스템 배압이 38 ~ 40 mbar로 나타났으며, 유동 균일도는 DOC 입구와 출구에서 약 84 ~ 92%로 나타났다. 시스템 내부에 Baffle을 설치한 경우 압력이 상승되고 유속 증가로 인해 유동 균일도가 낮아진다. 배기가스 유량을 $7,548kg\;h^{-1}$에서 $3,772kg\;h^{-1}$로 50% 감소했을 때, 낮은 유속에 의해 DOC 입구와 출구의 유동 균일도는 약 1 ~ 3% 증가했다. DPF의 경우 불균일한 유동이 DOC를 균일하게 거쳐 흐른 후 유입되기 때문에 유동 균일도가 98 ~ 99%로 높게 나타났다. As air pollution becomes more serious due to the increased number of diesel vessel operations, ship regulations on harmful emissions strengthen. Therefore, the development of a diesel exhaust after-treatment system for ships is required, and the higher the flow uniformity of the exhaust treatment system, the higher the treatment efficiency. With the computer software ANSYS Fluent, pressure drop and flow uniformity were used in this study to simulate flow rate with and without a baffle in both a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) and Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) system. The system pressure drop was found to be 38 to 40 mbar in the existing system condition, and the flow uniformity was approximately 84 to 92% at the inlet and outlet of the DOC. When the baffle was installed inside the system, the pressure increased and the flow uniformity was lowered due to an increase in flow rate. When the exhaust gas flow was reduced by 50% from $7,548kg\;h^{-1}$ to $3,772kg\;h^{-1}$, the flow uniformity at the inlet and outlet of the DOC increased by approximately 1 to 3% due to the low flow rate. In the case of DPF, the flow uniformity of exhaust gas was 98 to 99% because the uneven flow proceeded after uniformly flowing from the DOC.
김윤지,Kim, Yunji 대한지구과학교육학회 2021 대한지구과학교육학회지 Vol.14 No.2
사범대학에 개설된 교양 강의를 통해 지속가능발전목표(SDGs)와 연계하여 지속가능발전교육(ESD)을 실시한 사례를 소개하고자 한다. SDGs 13번 목표인 '기후변화 대응'과 연계하여 설계된 수업에서 42명의 예비교사들이 표출한 탄소 발자국(carbon footprint)에 대한 인식을 분석하였다. 예비교사들은 일상생활에서 탄소를 배출하는 실천 정도에 대한 체크리스트인 탄소 다이어트 다이어리를 작성하고, 탄소 발자국 그리기 활동을 통해 자신이 배출하는 탄소의 출처와 비율을 자유롭게 표현하였다. 전기 사용, 대중교통 이용, 쓰레기 처리 항목에서는 긍정적인 실천 정도를 나타내었으나, 수도 사용에 대해서는 부정적인 방향으로 분석되었다. 탄소 발자국을 2-3가지 항목으로 표현한 예비교사들이 과반수에 달하여 자신의 일상생활에서 탄소 배출 상황을 인식하는데 한계를 나타내었다. 예비교사들은 학교현장에서 지구의 환경문제를 교육하는 주체가 될 것이며, 예비교사들의 탄소 소양(carbon literacy)은 학생들에게 직간접적 영향을 미치게 될 것이다. 17가지 SDGs와 연계되는 다양한 지속가능발전교육 프로그램이 개발되고 교육현장에 적용되어 지속가능한 지구환경교육에 기여하기를 바란다. We are to introduce an example of ESD in connection with SDGs through liberal arts courses opened at the College of Education. We analyzed the awareness of the carbon footprint expressed by 42 preservice teachers in a class designed in connection with SDGs 13 goal, 'climate action'. The pre-service teachers wrote a carbon diet diary, a checklist for the level of practice that emits carbon in daily life, and freely expressed the source and proportion of their carbon emissions through the carbon footprint drawing activity. In items of electricity use, public transportation use, and garbage disposal, the level of practice was positive, but water use was analyzed in a negative way. The pre-service teachers who expressed the carbon footprint in 2-3 items reached a majority, showing limitations in recognizing the carbon emission situation in their daily life. Pre-service teachers will be the main actors of education on the environmental issues of the earth at the school site, and the carbon literacy of pre-service teachers will directly or indirectly affect students. We hope that various ESD programs linked to the 17 SDGs will be developed and applied to the educational field to contribute to sustainable global environmental education.
MBR에서 F/M비가 EPS 생성 및 fouling에 미치는 영향
김윤지,최윤정,황선진,Kim, Yun-Ji,Choi, Yun-Jeong,Hwang, Sun-Jin 대한상하수도학회 2021 상하수도학회지 Vol.35 No.3
In MBR, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) is known as an important factor of fouling; soluble EPS (sEPS) affects internal contamination of membrane, and bound EPS (bEPS) affects the formation of the cake layer. The production of EPS changes according to the composition of influent, which affects fouling characteristics. Therefore, in this study, the effects of the F/M ratio on the sEPS concentration, bEPS content, and fouling were evaluated. The effects of F/M ratio on the amount and composition of EPS were confirmed by setting conditions that were very low or higher than the general F/M ratio of MBR, and the fouling occurrence characteristics were evaluated by filtration resistance distribution. As a result, it was found that the sEPS increased significantly with the increase of the F/M ratio. When the substrate was depleted, bEPS content decreased because bEPS was hydrolyzed into BAP and seemed to be used as a substrate. In contrast, when the substrate is sufficient, UAP (utilization-associated products) was rapidly generated in proportion with the consumption of the substrate. UAP has a relatively higher Protein/Carbohydrate ratio (P/C ratio) than BAP, and this means, it has a higher adhesive force to the membrane surface. As a result, UAP seems like causing fouling rather than BAP (biomass-associated products). Therefore, R<sub>f</sub> (Resistance of internal contamination) increased rapidly with the increase of UAP, and R<sub>c</sub> (Resistance of cake layer) increased with the accumulation of bEPS in proportion, and as a result, the fouling interval was shortened. According to this study, a high F/M ratio leads to an increment in UAP generation and accumulation of bEPS, and by these UAP and bEPS, membrane fouling is promoted.
하구둑이 낙동강 하구 표층 퇴적물 생규소(BSi) 분포에 미치는 영향
김윤지,안순모,KIM, YUNJI,AN, SOONMO 한국해양학회 2017 바다 Vol.22 No.4
본 연구는 하구둑으로 인한 육상으로 부터의 규소(Si) 플럭스의 변화가 하구 및 연안생태계에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위한 사전연구로, 하구둑이 존재하지 않는 섬진강 하구와 하구둑이 존재하는 낙동강 하구 표층퇴적물 및 퇴적물 코어 분석을 통해 하구둑이 입도와 유기물, 그리고 BSi 분포에 어떠한 영향을 미쳤는지 알아보았다. 2014년 11월과 2015년 3월 낙동강과 섬진강 표층 퇴적물의 입도, 유기물, BSi 분포를 조사하였고, 퇴적물 코어를 이용하여 낙동강 하구둑 건설 전 후의 퇴적상의 변화를 알아보았다. 전반적으로 BSi 농도 변화는 퇴적환경에 따른 입도 변화와 좋은 상관관계를 보였다. 자연하구인 섬진강 하구 표층 퇴적물은 상류에서 하류로 갈수록 니질(실트질과 점토질), 유기물, BSi 함량이 점진적으로 증가하였으며, 특히 조석의 영향이 미치는 중부하구 정점부터 그 변화가 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 낙동강 하구 표층 퇴적물은 하구둑을 기준으로 내측과 외측의 입도와 유기물 분포가 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. 하구둑 내측은 정점 간 차이가 크지 않았으나, 우안배수문 내측은 높은 니질, 유기물, BSi 함량을 보여 하구둑에 의한 물질 정체 현상이 두드러지게 나타났다. 하구둑 외측은 전체적으로 사주 쪽으로 갈수록 표층 퇴적물 내 니질과 유기물, BSi 함량이 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 낙동강 퇴적물 코어 분석 결과, 하구둑 건설 이후 입도와 유기물, BSi 함량이 급격히 감소하였으며, 대규모 공사에 의한 퇴적물 교란 및 하구둑에 의한 물질 유입량 감소가 원인으로 보인다. 우안배수문 인근 정점(ND2) 코어는 을숙도 대교 건설과 우안배수문 증설의 영향으로 약 38 cm 부근에서 퇴적상이 한 번 더 급격히 변하였다. 하구둑으로 인한 물리적 환경의 변화가 BSi 분포에 미치는 영향을 제거하고 정체효과를 보기 위하여 $BSi_{exc}$를 구한 결과, 자연하구인 섬진강 하구는 연구지역의 상류에서 하류로 갈수록 $BSi_{exc}$가 점차 감소하였으며, 중부하구 정점부터 음의 값을 보였다. 낙동강 하구는 하구둑을 기준으로 내측은 양의 값을, 외측은 음의 값을 보였다. 이는 하구둑에 의한 외측의 규소 플럭스 감소와 내측과 외측의 규조 종조성의 급격한 변화 등을 원인으로 볼 수 있다. 우안배수문 외측 정점(ND2) 코어의 $BSi_{exc}$는 하구둑 건설 이후 일정한 음의 값을 보였으며, 이는 낮은 유속으로 인한 니질 퇴적의 증가가 원인으로 판단된다. 그러나 하구둑 건설 이후 $BSi_{exc}$가 크게 변동하였으며, 이는 을숙도 대교 및 우안배수문 건설로 인한 것으로 추정된다. Current study is a part of the efforts to assess the estuarine barrage effects on the coastal ecosystem induced by the Si flux changes. Surface sediments from Seomjin and Nakdong estuary and sediment cores from Nakdong estuary was analysed to investigate the effect of estuarine barrage on the distribution of grain size, organic matter (loss on ignition: LOI) and biogenic silica (BSi). The samples of Seomjin estuary were collected in March, 2015 and those of Nakdong estuary were collected in November, 2014. Generally, the longitudinal distribution of grain size, LOI and BSi in Seomjin estuary, natural estuary, was gradually changed. However mud (silt and clay), LOI and BSi increased from station mid-estuary where tide reaches year-round. The distribution of grain size, LOI and BSi in Nakdong estuary, however, were entirely different between inside and outside of estuarine barrage. The mud percentage and LOI were low and consistent in inside of the barrage except R05, inside of right gate, yet those of outside of the barrage were higher and varied by adjacent sluices. Mud, LOI and BSi of ND1 and ND2 decreased immediately after the construction of Nakdong estuarine barrage due to disturbance of sediment and decrease of sediment supply. To exclude the physical effects by the barrage, BSi excess ($BSi_{exc}$) was calculated using regression equation of BSi-LOI and BSi-mud of Seomjin estuary. $BSi_{exc}$ of Seomjin estuary decreased gradually from upper estuary to lower estuary. $BSi_{exc}$ of Nakdong estuary were positive in inside of the barrage and negative in outside of the barrage. BSi retention and shift of species composition of diatom by the barrage would affect $BSi_{exc}$ distribution. Before the construction of Nakdong estuarine barrage, $BSi_{exc}$ of ND2 was negative and consistent owing to high mud sedimentation. After the construction, $BSi_{exc}$ of ND2, however, fluctuated due to continuous disturbance of sediment due to construction of Eulsuk bridge and East gate.
겨울철 서울시 일부 실내스포츠시설에서 금연정책 실시 전후 PM<sub>2.5</sub> 농도 비교
김윤지,이기영,김승원,Kim, Yoonjee,Lee, Kiyoung,Kim, Seung Won 한국환경보건학회 2018 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.44 No.3
Objectives: This study examined the impact of a smoke-free policy on indoor air quality at indoor recreation facilities by assessing $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations before and after the implementation of the new policy. Methods: Using real-time monitors, $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were measured in 50 billiard rooms and 50 golf simulator rooms in Seoul, Korea. The characteristics of the indoor recreation facilities, smoking status, and atmospheric conditions were recorded at the same time.After the enforcement of a smoke-free policy, $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations, installation of smoking room, and smoking status were examined when the facilities were revisited. Results: Almost a half of the billiard rooms and over 80% of golf simulator rooms were located underground. Seventy percent of the billiard rooms and one hundred percent of the golf simulator rooms were equipped with a local exhaust ventilation system. After the implementation of the smoke-free policy, 46% of the billiard rooms and 20% of the golf simulator rooms newly installed a smoking room. In the billiard rooms with a newly-installed smoking room, the $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations decreased from 97.9 to $45.6{\mu}g/m^3$ after the implementation of the smoke-free policy. The same change of 29.0 to $ 26.3{\mu}g/m^3$ was not statistically significant in golf simulator rooms. Indoor $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were correlated with outdoor $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations, number of smokers, and number of people in the room. Conclusions: The smoke-free policy for indoor recreation facilities was not effective at making the indoor spaces free from second hand smoke. Although a few billiard rooms installed a smoking room, indoor $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were still higher than those of outdoor $PM_{2.5}$ or atmospheric $PM_{2.5}$. Stricter enforcement of the smoke-free policy should be achieved to prevent secondhand smoke exposure.