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산지 계류 지형변화와 토석류 입도분포 연구 : 우리나라 중남부 6개의 산림유역을 대상으로
김원호 상지대학교 일반대학원 2024 국내석사
초록 산지 계류 지형변화와 토석류 입도분포 연구: 우리나라 중남부 6개의 산림유역을 대상으로 상지대학교 대학원 산림과학과 김원호 최근 국내에서는 산사태 피해가 증가하고 있으며 산사태 예방을 위한 산지 계류 지형 및 토석(土石)류의 기초적인 자료가 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구는 대한민국 중남부 6개의 산림 유역을 대상으로 산지 계류 지 형변화와 토석류 입도분포를 조사하여 산지 계류 지형변화와 토석류 입 도분포의 연관성을 도출하고자 하였다. GNSS 측량기를 사용하여 산지 계류의 직선 횡단면을 대상지마다 15~21곳씩 지정하여 측량하였으며 Wolman Peble Count 방법을 사용해 동일 지점 횡단면당 100개씩 토 석류 입도분포를 조사하였다. 횡단면 변화량(m²)은 환경인자(변수)인 종단경사(기울기)와 토석류 입도분포에 영향을 받는다는 가설을 세우고 상관 분석을 진행하였다. 횡단면 지점 중 경산 대상지 15번(선본사 옆 수로2)은 침식량이 가장 많았으며(-1.844m²) 이는 관광객에 의한 교란으로 예상된다. 포항 대상지 3번(골막이 1 위)은 퇴적량이 가장 많 았으며(1.374m²) 이는 퇴적암 지대 하류부의 골막이 위에 위치하기 때문이라 예상된다. 횡단면 변화량과 동일 지점 종단경사(기울기)의 상 관 분석 결과 유의미한 결과를 도출하지 못하였다. 각 횡단면 지점 토 석류 입도분포를 측정하였고 토석류 입도분포 평균(Average Pebble Size)으로 계수화 하였으며 횡단면 변화량과의 상관 분석을 진행한 결 과 유의미한 결과를 도출하지 못하였다. 측정된 토석류 입도분포의 D50 을 계산하고 횡단면 변화량과의 상관 분석을 진행한 결과 유의미한 결 과를 도출하지 못하였다. 따라서 본 연구 결과 추후 산지 계류의 지형 변화를 유발하는 환경인자(변수)에 대한 추가적인 측정 및 연구(산지 계류 평면선형, 산지 계류 식생)가 필요하다고 판단된다. 주요어: 산지 계류, 지형변화, 횡단면 변화량, 종단면도, 종단경사, 토석류 입도분포, GNSS 측량 ABSTRACT Changes in mountain stream geomorphology and sediment grain size: Case studies of six forest watersheds in central and southern Korea by Kim. Won HoDepartment of Forest Science, Graduate School,Sangji University, Wonju, Korea In recent years, there has been an increase in landslide damage in South Korea, and basic data on mountain stream geomorphology and sediment grain size distribution are needed for landslide prevention. This study aimed to investigate the geomorphological changes of mountain streams and the grain size distribution of soil and rocks in six forested watersheds in central and southern South Korea, and to understand the relationship between them. At each watershed site 15 to 21 cross-sections were surveyed using Global Navigation Satellite System. The grain size distribution of the soil and rocks was investigated using the Wolman Pebble Count method with 100 measurements taken at each cross-sectional point. A correlation analysis was conducted based on the hypothesis that the cross-sectional change (m²) was influenced by environmental factors (variables), such as the longitudinal slope (gradient) and the grain size distribution of soil and rocks. Among the cross-sectional points surveyed, the Gyeongsan No. 15 (Seonbonsa by waterway 2) showed the highest erosion (-1.844 m²), which was probably caused by disturbances from tourists. The Pohang No. 3 (top of small check dam 1) showed the highest deposition (1.374 m²), which was probably due to sedimentary rock geology and the small check dam. The correlation analysis between the cross- sectional change and the longitudinal slope showed no significance. The grain size distribution of the soil and rocks was measured at each cross-sectional point and quantified by the average pebble size. The correlation analysis between the cross-sectional changes and the average pebble size showed no significance. The D50 of the measured soil and rocks grain size distribution was calculated, and the correlation analysis with the cross-sectional changes showed no significance. This study warrants further research on environmental factors (variables) related to geomorphological changes in mountain streams such as the mountain stream horizontal alignment and vegetation. Keywords: Mountain Stream, Geomorphological Change, Cross-sectional Change, Longitudinal Profile, Longitudinal Slope, Soil and Rocks, Grain Size Distribution, GNSS
본 논문은 지젝의 현대비평에 있어서 지젝이 제시한 사유들을 좀 더 체계적으로 통합시키고자 했으며, 구체적으로는 지젝의 사유에 주요한 영향을 미친 사상가들을 얘기하고 특히 라캉의 정신분석적 개념들을 사용하여 지젝이 제기한 여러 가지 논의들을 검토하고자 한다. 2장에서는 지젝이 중점을 두었던 실재계의 역설적 작동방식과 상징적 질서의 내적 구조와 관련하여 주체의 양상과 위치문제에 대해 논의할 것이다. 3장에서는 탈근대에서 대타자의 붕괴를 야기한 상황들과 이데올로기의 필요성을 논의하고 이를 극복하기 위한 주체의 판타지 가로지르기에 대한 시도 등을 중심으로 전개하고자 한다. 4장에서는 지젝 관련 논의에 있어서 가장 논쟁적이라 할 수 있는 성차공식과 그것이 지니는 함의와 의의에 관하여 대해 살펴 볼 것이다. 마지막으로 5장에서는 지젝인 남긴 질문들과 영향, 더 논의해야 할 것들에 대해 정리할 것이다.
유기 중간층이 고분자 필름의 수증기 차단성에 미치는 영향
김원호 충주대학교 산업대학원 2010 국내석사
Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) 기판 위에 sol-gel 코팅, acrylate 코팅, hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO)를 기화시켜 플라즈마 중합한 코팅 등의 water vapor transmission rate (WVTR)의 효과를 알아 보았다. Reactive ion etching (RIE) mode의 plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD)을 사용하여 HMDSO를 기화시켜 SiO_(x) inorganic 층을 증착시켜 FT-IR 분석결과 Si-O-Si stretching, Si-O-Si bending 피크가 관찰되었다. Acrylate coating을 365 nm파장으로 UV 경화시켜 C=C이중 결합이 깨지고 여기에 첨가 반응이 일어나, C-C 단일 결합으로 바뀌어서 C=C 결합의 진동 띠가 작아짐을 확인 하였다. 미처리 PEN의 WVTR은 6.95 g/㎡/day인데 비하여 PEN/sol-gel coating계 WVTR의 값은 6.81 g/㎡/day로 가지고, PEN/acrylate계는 6.49 g/㎡/day를 가져 효과가 미비 하였으나, PEN/SiO_(x)/HMDSO with O₂/SiO_(x) 구조 에서는 디스플레이 기판으로 적용 가능한 1 x 10^(-3) g/㎡/day를 얻었다. Inorganic and organic coatings, such as sol-gel, acrylate, SiO_(x), and SiO_(x) coatings from hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) monomer were deposited over polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) substrate and their effect on the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) were studied. Inorganic SiO_(x) layer was formed over PEN by plasma polymerization of HMDSO in a reactive ion etching mode with RF power of 300 W, and O₂ flow rate of 20 sccm. FT-IR spectra showed Si-O-Si stretching and bending peaks at 1060 ~ 1170 cm^(-1) and 800 ~ 820 cm^(-1), respectively. Acrylate coating was applied over SiO_(x) coated PEN substrate by UV-light irradiation at 365 nm for 40 min. FT-IR spectra showed significant decrease in the peak intensities of C=C at 1635 cm^(-1) and 810 cm^(-1), it indicates the crosslinking of acrylate monomers. The WVTRs of bare PEN substrate and PEN/SiO_(x)/HMDSO with O₂/SiO_(x) were 6.95 g/㎡/day and 1 x 10^(-3) g/㎡/day, respectively.
The purpose of this study was to review the clinical and radiographic results after plate fixation for displaced acetabular posterior wall fracture. A clinical analysis was performed on 48 cases of displaced unstable acetabular posterior wall fracture which had been fixed with plates and screws. Clinical result was analyzed according to Epstein criteria and radiographical result was analyzed according to Matta criteria. Satisfactory results were achieved in 42 cases(87.5%) on clinical grade and 41 cases(85.4%) on radiographic grade. The complications were post traumatic arthritis in 5 cases, and heterotrophic ossification in one case. Early surgical treatment including accurate anatomical reduction and stable internal fixation is emphasized for better clinical and radiographic results. The plate and screw fixation is well indicated for posterior wall fracture of acetabulum.
다중불포화지방산은 특히 망막과 중추신경계의 중요한 구성성분이다. 특히 prostaglandine, leukotrienes 등과 관련된 조절물질의 생합성에 반드시 필요한 전구체이며, 또한 생합성 기작의 전사단계에서 regulator 로 작용하게 된다. 다중불포화지방산은 linoleic acid (LA, C18:2 n6)으로부터 시작하는 ω6 family와 α-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3 n3)으로 시작되는 ω3 family로 구성되어 있으며, 이들은 탄소원자의 첨가(elongation)와 이중결합 첨가(desaturation) 등의 기작을 하는 각각의 다른 효소들의 연차적인 작용을 통하여 합성된다. 다중불포화지방산 생합성 균주이며 원생미생물인 Thraustochytrium aureum 은 22개 탄소를 가진 다중불포화지방산, 특히 ω6-docosapentaenoic acid (ω6-DPA, C22:5 n6)와 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n3) 등의 생산능이 우수한 균주로 평가 받고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 다중불포화지방산 생합성 연구에 관련된 유전자 탐색에 T. aureum 균주를 선택하였다. 본 연구에 사용된 해양원생생물로부터 유전체 추출방법을 최적화하였으며, 추출된 유전체로부터 직접 PCR 기법을 이용하여 1320 bp 핵산을 코딩하고 있는 439 아미노산의 Δ5-desaturase와 1548 bp 핵산을 코딩하고 있는 515 아미노산의 Δ4-desaturase을 확보하였으며, 이 두 유전자의 N-말단에 cytochrome b5 도메인과 3개의 histidine box 가 잘 보존되어 있음을 확인하였다. 동정된 유전자는 메탄자화 균주인 P. pastoris내로 형질전환하여 세포외 기질로 공급된 di-home-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA, C20:3 n6) 에서 arachidonic acid (ARA, C20:4 n6) 로 그리고 adrenic acid (ADA, C22:4 n6) 은 ω6-docosapentanoic acid (ω6-DPA, C22:5 n6)로의 전환을 확인하여 P. pastoris에서 Δ4- and Δ5- desaturase 유전자의 존재와 활성을 확인하였다. 또한, 본 연구에서는 T. aureum 으로부터 확보된 5-fatty acid elongase (TauELO) 가 C20 PUFAs을 기질로 사용하여 C22 PUFAs로 전환시키는 elongation 활성을 확인하였다. TauELO 유전자는 273 아미노산을 코팅하는 825 bp 의 nucleotide ORF로 구성되고, 다른 PUFA elongase와 높은 유사성을 공유하였다. TauELO 유전자를 P. pastoris 균주내 발현을 통해 세포외 기질로 ARA (C20:4 n6)와 EPA (C20:5 n3)을 20% ADA (C22:4 n6)와 28% ω3-DPA (C22:5 n3)로 각각 전환하였다. 추가적으로, TauELO는 γ-linolenic acid (GLA, C18:3 n6)을 기질로 DGLA (C20:3 n6)을 생합성하는 6-elongation 특성을 가지는 것을 확인하였다. PCR error 에 의해 165 amino acid가 methionine 에서 threonine 으로 대체된 TauELO-mut 는 ADA (C22:4 n6) 와 ω3-DPA (C22:5 n3)를 각각 31% 와 34%을 생산하였으며, native TauELO보다 elongase 활성이 증가하였다. 또한, TauELO는 linoleic acid (LA, C18:2 n6)을 α-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3 n3)로 eicosadienoic acid (EDA, C20:2 n6)을 eicosatrienoic acid (ETrA, C20:3 n3)와 같은 C18 PUFA 전환시키는 Δ9-elongation 활성을 가지는 것을 확인하였으며, oleic acid (OA, C18:1 n9)을 eicosenoic acid (C20:1 n9)로 전환시키는 monounsaturated elongation 활성이 낮지만 존재하고 있음을 확인하였다. 결론적으로 TauELO 효소는 5-, 6- 그리고 9-elongation 활성을 가진 다기능성 elongase 로써 C22와 C20 PUFAs의 생합성 특성을 증명하였다. TauELO elongase 는 unrooted phylogram 내에서는 one-step PUFA-elongase 그룹에 포함되지만, 기능적으로는 C22와 C20 PUFAs의 생합성하기 때문에 Multi-step PUFA-elongase 그룹에 포함되어야 한다. 본 연구에서 확보된 다중불포화지방산 생합성 유전자 TauELO, TauDES4 및 TauDES5를 메탄자화균주인 P. pastoris에 co-expression 하여 세포외 기질 GLA (C18:3 n6)와 SDA (C18:4 n3)로부터 탄소수 22개인 불포화지방산인 ω6-DPA (C22:5 n6)와 DHA (C22:6 n3)로 생합성이 가능함을 확인하였다. 3개의 유전자를 co-expression 하기 위해 TauELO, TauDES4 및 TauDES5 gene 을 각각 yeast expression vector인 pPIC3.5, pPIC6A 과 pPICZA에 클로닝하였다. 본 연구에서는 ω6-DPA (C22:5 n6), DHA (C22:6 n3)와 같은 C22 PUFAs가 multi-functional elongase와 5, 4-desaturase 효소들의 연속적인 기작을 통해 각각의 외부기질인 GLA (C18:3 n6)와 SDA (C18:4 n3)로부터 합성됨을 확인하였다. 종합적으로 볼때, 각각의 GLA (C18:3 n6)와 SDA (C18:4 n3)는 TauELO의 Δ6-elongation 활성에 의해 93.3% DGLA (C20:3 n6)와 98.3% ETA (C20:4 n3) 전환되었으며, 최종으로 TauDES4 에 의해 51.0% ω6-DPA (C22:5 n6)와 78.9% DHA (C22:6 n3)로 전환됨을 확인하였다. 이로써 T. aureum 의 elongase는 다기능 활성(Δ9-, Δ6- 과 Δ5-)을 가지고 있음을 재차 확인하였다. 이들 결과는 PUFAs을 실질적인 생산에 적합한 개량 균주의 개발에 기초자료로 제공될 수 있다. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are important constituents of membranes particularly found in the retina and central nervous system. PUFAs serve as precursors for a number of biologically active molecules including eicosanoids, pheromone, growth regulators and hormones, and also act as a regulator molecule of synthetic pathway at transcription level. PUFAs are synthesized through alternating series of chain elongation and desaturation by the each step of different enzyme mechanisms. The synthesis of the ω6 family begins with linoleic acid (LA, C18:2 n6) and the reaction of the ω3 family starts from α-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3 n3). In microorganism-based PUFAs biosynthesis, the protist Thraustochytrium aureum with high contents of C22 PUFAs, especially ω6-docosapentaenoic acid (ω6-DPA, C22:5 n6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n3), is well evaluated for their potential as a promising candidate in the practical production PUFAs-rich oil. Therefore, T. aureum were chosen and exploited for the PUFAs biosynthesis and related genes. In the first study, we attempted to optimize a method of total nucleic acid extraction for metabolic engineering of this marine protist as a preliminary experiment. Using the extracted nucleic acid and degenerated primers for direct PCR, we isolated Δ4- and Δ5-desaturase genes that contained each 1548 bp and 1320 bp and encoded 515 and 439 amino acids contained a predicted N-terminal cytochrome b5-like domain as well as three conserved histidine boxes. Their genes exhibited an expected function, when expressed in the methylotrophic P. pastoris in the presence of appropriate exogenous substrate, as an evidence for Δ5- and Δ4-desaturase activity with conversion of di-home-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA, C20:3 n6) to arachidonic acid (ARA, C20:4 n6) and adrenic acid (ADA, C22:4 n6) to ω6-docosapentanoic acid (ω6-DPA, C22:5 n6). In the second study, the isolation and characterization of 5-fatty acid elongase from T. aureum was demonstrated to be associated with the synthesis of not only the C22 PUFAs, but also the 20 carbon atoms. The TauELO gene contains 825 bp nucleotide ORF, which encodes protein of 274 amino acids, and it shares high similarity with other PUFA elongases. Expression of the TauELO gene in Pichia pastoris resulted in the production of ADA (C22:4 n6) and ω3-DPA (C22:5 n3) in cells that were provided with ARA (C20:4 n6) and EPA (C20:5 n3), respectively. Approximately, 20% ADA (C22:4 n6) and 28% ω3-DPA (C22:5 n3) of the converted products were obtained in the given substrate. The TauELO-mut (The 165 amino acid threonine was substituted instead of methionine by PCR error) was converted into approximately 31% and 34% of the products ADA (C22:4 n6) and ω3-DPA (C22:5 n3) and is serves to enhance the elongase activity, relative to the native TauELO. Further, the substrate specificity result suggests that the TauELO was also involved in the elongation of γ-linolenic acid (GLA, C18:3 n6) to DGLA (C20:3 n6). In addition, TauELO is able to convert the Δ9-elongation of the C18 PUFAs, such as LA (C18:2 n6) and ALA (C18:3 n3) to eicosadienoic acid (EDA, C20:2 n6) and eicosatrienoic acid (ETrA, C20:3 n3), respectively and also able to synthesis the low level of monounsaturated activity of oleic acid (OA, C18:1 n9) to eicosenoic acid (C20:1 n9). The TauELO protein was confirmed to be a novel multifunctional activity of 5-elongation with 6-, 9- and a low level of monounsaturated elongation activities. This newly found multifunction was attested in the process of production of the C22 and C20 PUFAs. Thus it is evidenced that the TauELO encodes an enzyme having 5-, 6- and 9-elongation activities. The elongase TauELO falls into one-step PUFA-elongase group of unrooted phylogram, but functionally should be fall into Multi-step PUFA-elongase group, because TauELO can synthesize C20 and C22 PUFAs in multi-steps. In the last study, we constructed and evaluated the co-expression of genes related to the PUFAs synthesis, such as TauELO, TauDES4 and TauDES5 derived from T. aureum. To accomplish co-expression, the TauELO, TauDES4 and TauDES5 gene were subcloned into a yeast expression vector, pPIC3.5, pPIC6A and pPICZA, respectively. We found that C22 PUFAs such as ω6-DPA (C22:5 n6) and DHA (C22:6 n3) were synthesized from GLA (C18:3 n6) and SDA (C18:4 n3), respectively, as exogenous substrates via a series of reactions catalyzed by a multi-functional elongase and 5, 4-desaturase enzymes. Taken together, these finding indicate that ω6-DPA (C22:5 n6) and DHA (C22:6 n3) were produced as follows; GLA (C18:3 n6) and SDA (C18:4 n3) were elongated to 93.3% DGLA (C20:3 n6) and 98.3% ETA (C20:4 n3) by TauELO. Finally, the Δ5-elongated products were converted to 51.0% ω6-DPA (C22:5 n6) and 78.9% DHA (C22:6 n3), repectively by TauDES4. In addition, we confirmed that the TauELO enzyme was involved in multiple reactions leading to the production of PUFAs and that the TauELO, TauDES5, and TauDES4 were capable of functioning together to produce ω6-DPA (C22:5 n6) and DHA (C22:6 n3) using GLA (C18:3 n6) and SDA (C18:4 n3). These results and information could provide a basis for the construction of engineered stained suitable for the practical production of PUFAs.
This study analyzed ideal tropical cyclone using Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) version 3.4.1 through angular momentum. Inflow and outflow of angular momentum were investigated in tropical cyclone system that includes secondary circulation, relation about development and Decay of tropical cyclone was analyzed. Also, influence of angular momentum was found out in comparison kinetic energy. Boundary condition of numerical model was open boundary condition to prevent occurrence of gravity wave during the simulation. Center of tropical cyclone was located at degrees northern latitude, f-plane was 15 °N in order to prevent movement of tropical cyclone. Also, sea surface temperature reduced 26.5 ℃ to 22 ℃ for the simulation of decaying ideal tropical cyclone. Following the tropical cyclone was developing, air parcel was raised because of emitted latent heat while the vapor that raised from lower layer to upper layer was condensed. And, raised air parcel was leaked from center of tropical cyclone because it don’t pass the stratosphere. At that time, angular momentum was lost. In order to replenish air parcel and angular momentum, lower layer was more entered them to center of tropical cyclone. In Decaying tropical cyclone case, latent heating was disappeared while it was reduced in near the center of tropical cyclone. Also, vertical wind was reduced because of interruption in the supply of energy, and rise of air parcel was finally reduced. As a result, loss of angular momentum was reduced because air parcel don’t more diverge, convergence was also reduced.