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현준석(Jun Seog Hyun),김원중(Won Joong Kim) 한국무역연구원 2015 무역연구 Vol.11 No.4
Under the Balassa-Samuelson model, the long-run equilibrium exchange rate condition is derived by assuming that the wage in the tradable goods equals that in the non-tradable goods. This paper relaxes this assumption and empirically examines the importance of wage differential between tradable and non-tradable goods in the long-run exchange rate. The cointegration analyses show that, in both nominal won/dollar exchange rate and in nominal effective exchange rate of won, the long-run equilibrium patterns in exchange rates are not found with the classical Balassa-Samuelson model. However, with the wage differential in the model, we find a strong long-run equilibrium in exchange rate. Based on the results, it is suggested that wage differential which also accounts for the differences in the labor market between tradable and non-tradable goods, should be included to analyze the long-run movement in the nominal exchange rate.
金源中(Kim Won-Joong) 역사학회 2005 역사학보 Vol.0 No.185
The Spanish transition to a democratic regime after Franco's death was unique in several ways. First of all, the leaders of the authoritarian regime initiated a rapid transition to democracy. This new type of democratic transition has been called transition through transaction, underscoring the importance of negotiations and compromises among political elites. And there is a growing consensus that the Spanish transition was largely successful and became a paradigmatic case for the research on consented democratic transition and rapid democratic consolidation. However, when it comes to the reconciliation and how to deal with the tragic past, the Spanish case does not present a successful and desirable model. In spite of the numerous unjust deaths, illegal detentions, tortures, expulsions, and disappearances occurred during the Spanish Civil War and the subsequent Franco's rule, there were no official disputes on those issues so far, let alone truth commissions and human-right trials to judge those responsible for such a infringement. It is probable that the absence of political efforts to deal with the tragic past was, to a certain degree, inevitable. The balance of powers among the political forces in the mid-1970s mattered. Those in power thought that they could not able to stay in the position without, given the Western European context, excessive repressions, while those challenging the regime were not marshal, at least immediately, enough forces to overthrow its opponents. In addition, the majority of the population, who still remembered traumatic experiences of the Civil War, did not want to accept radical changes that might damage the country's much appreciated stability. It should be also taken into account social and political perceptions strongly affected by the traumatic memories of fratricidal conflicts and an obsessive desire to avoid its repetition. However, the issue in question here is that the effect of forgetting, which would be better only temporarily, has long been prolonged. A quarter century has already passed since Spain was democratized, and its far-right wing including the military did not pose political threats any longer. In my view, overcoming the tragic past will not be achieved by Simply forgetting and covering the past events. It is impossible for them to forget all that happened forever. It is imperative to acknowledge any wrongdoing and apologize to the victims in order to grope for veritable reconciliation. Without these reconciliatory efforts that cure and recuperate the traumatic memories, the Spanish democratization would be quite something incomplete.
司馬遷의 경제관에 관한 몇 가지 검토 : 경제지리와 도시경제에 따른 致富 양상을 중심으로
김원중(Kim, Won-Joong)(金元中) 대한중국학회 2019 중국학 Vol.69 No.-
사마천은 국가의 富보다는 개인의 富 창출 욕구를 긍정적 시선으로 보고 있으며, 致富 과정에서 지리적 환경과 개인 역량의 중요성을 피력하였다. 사마천은 시장의 자발성을 강조하면서 유통의 중요성을 역설하고 누구든 富를 통해 신분이 격상될 수 있다고 구체적으로 적시하여 설명하고 있다. 사마천은 유통 경제의 발전이 환경조건과 결합 되어 있으며, 이런 점을 이용하지 않으면 부의 축적은 힘들 수 있음을 인식하였다. 즉, 교통의 요건 등을 감안한 입지선택이야말로 투자 전략의 기본 전제조건임을 설파하였으며, 이것이 致富를 위한 관건임을 도시별, 직업군별 사례로 들어 설명했다. 사마천의 이러한 지리적 환경 분석과 해당 지역의 物産양상 및 도시경제 위주의 경제지도 완성은 탁월한 식견을 보여주고 있어 영향력이 상당한데, 이는 답사를 통해 치밀하게 지리와 경제의 상관관계를 고찰한 데서 나왔다. 또 사마천의 자율경쟁정책은 漢 武帝 당시 鹽鐵의 專賣 등 국가의 경제독점권 및 과도한 조세 징수로 인한 문제점에 대한 비판과 대안의 성격도 아울러 지니고 있음을 고찰하였다. Sima Qian has more positive perspective on individual’s desire to create wealth than on national wealth, and stresses the importance of geographical environment and individual’s competence in the process of accumulating wealth. Sima Qian emphasizes the spontaneity of the market, stresses the importance of the distribution, and explains specifically and explicitly that whoever can upgrade one’s own status with wealth. Sima Qian recognizes that the development of logistic economy is related with environmental conditions and that it is hard to accumulate wealth unless using this aspect. In other words, he argues that the selection of location considering traffic conditions is the fundamental prerequisite for investment strategy, and that, with examples, explains this point as the key to accumulating wealth. Sima Qian also relates economic conditions with political situation, noting on the changes of political situation caused by financial fluctuation. Sima Qian’s outstanding insight, which is greatly influential, can be seen through his analysis on geographical environment and his completion of economic map focusing on the pattern of local goods production and urban economy. His insight was derived from his detailed investigation on the correlation between geography and economy. The noticeable point is that Sima Qian thought that a group of merchants were basically formed by the activation of goods exchange and distribution industry through the development of commerce and industry, the revolution of production tools triggered by such things as the invention of iron, and the activation of urban economy.
소설에 나타난 집단상담 분석: 조경란 작가의 ‘사소한 날들의 기록’을 대상으로
김원중(Won-joong Kim) 한국교육상담학회 2022 교육상담연구 Vol.3 No.1
이 논문에서는 집단상담을 소재로 한 소설을 분석하였다. 소설 속의 집단상담 리더는 상담심리학 교수인데 집단원들에게 말로는 자발적이라 하지만 실제로는 강제로 자기공개를 하게 한다. 집단원들은 부담스러워하고, 집단원들의 관계는 친밀해지기는커녕 어색하고 불편해진다. 자기공개를 한 사람과 하지 않은 사람 간에는 갈등이 일어난다. 집단상담 집단원 중 한 명인 소설 속 화자는 이 집단상담을 낯설고 비현실적이며 작위적인 게임이라고 생각하면서, 그 효과가 실제 생활에서도 지속될까 의심한다. 연구자는 분석의 준거로 자기공개의 정의와 순기능 및 역기능을 이론과 선행연구를 통해 살펴본 후, 이를 토대로 소설 속 집단상담 리더와 집단원의 관계, 집단원들의 자기공개 과정과 내용을 분석하였다. 그 결과 소설 속 집단상담에는 여러 가지 문제가 있음을 확인하였고, 그 원인을 한국 집단상담 대가들의 면담 내용을 통해 추론하였다. 끝으로 집단상담의 효과를 높일 수 있는 방안과 자기공개의 후속연구를 제언하였으며, 상담가가 되려는 상담학도들에게 위험을 피할 수 있는 방법을 조언하였다. In this paper, group counseling in a novel was analyzed. The leader who is a professor of counseling psychology forces group members to open themselves up. Self-disclosure is voluntary in words but compulsory in practice. Group members feel burdened, and the relationship between group members becomes awkward and uncomfortable rather than intimate. There is a conflict between those who disclose their past and those who do not. The narrator in the novel, one of the participants in the group, considers the group counseling a strange, unrealistic and contrived game, and doubts that the effect will continue in real life. As the criteria of analysis, the researcher examined the definition, function and dysfunction of self-disclosure through theory and prior research, and based on this, the relationship between group leader and group members in the novel, the process and content of group members’ self-disclosure were analyzed. As a result, it was confirmed that there were various problems, and the cause was inferred through the interview contents of Korean group counseling masters. In conclusion, a method to increase the effectiveness of group counseling and structural equation model researches of self-disclosure were suggested, and persons who wanted to become counselors were advised how to avoid risks.
김원중(Kim, Won-Joong) 한국산학기술학회 2013 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.14 No.12
본 연구에서는 초음파 탐상시험의 펄스 반사법으로 각각 용접결함에 따른 초음파 펄스파형모형을 연구하였 다. 균열은 예리하고 선명한 신호들을 발생한다. 탐촉자를 결함주위로 이동하면 에코높이는 변한다. 긴 균열에서는 탐 촉자가 결함 주위를 원형으로 목돌림주사법을 사용하여 탐상하면 에코높이는 급격히 감소한다. 그 에코 봉우리는 바 늘과 같이 얇고 날카롭다. 기공은 단일 결함으로부터 발생하는 에코는 예리하고 선명하다 하지만 집단의 기공들은 다 수의 반사들이 중첩되고 트레이스가 들쭉날쭉한 에코가 발생한다. 슬래그 개재물은 크랙과 슬래그 결함위치에서 각각 목돌림 주사법을 사용하여 탐상하면 그 에코형상은 어느 정도 차이를 볼 수 있었다. crack은 그 에코높이가 급격히 변하는 반면에 슬래그 개재물은 증가→감소→증가→감소된다. 또한 다수 밀집된 기공의 위치에서 결함은 대표적 에코 형상과 같은 잡다한 에코형상은 슬래그에서는 볼 수 없었다. 용입불량은 결함의 에코형상은 크랙과 같이 날카롭고 예 리하게 나타났고, crack과 비슷한 에코형상은 갖고 있었다. This study examined the ultrasonic pulse reflection method(UPRM) for testing each ultrasonic pulse waveform model(UPWM) based on weld defects. The sharp crack of a clear signal was generated. The echo height of the defective probes changed according to the location. In a long crack in a circle around the defective probes, the Swivel scanning echo height when using the particle was reduced drastically. The peaks in the echowere thin because the needle was pointed. The porosity defects arising from a single echo was sharp and crisp, but anumber of pores of the collective reflection overlapped and ajagged echo was observed. Slag, slag inclusions, cracks, and defects at the Swivel scan of each particle using the echo shape showed difference in the degree. Cracks were revealed assudden changes in the echo height of the slag inclusions: increase → decrease → ncrease → decrease. In addition, the location of a number of defects in the dense pore geometry, such as a typical echo sundry, revealed the shape in the slag. Poor penetration of the defect echo, revealed the cracks to have a sharp-edged, crack-like shape with anecho.
김원중(Won Joong Kim) 한국경제연구학회 2010 한국경제연구 Vol.28 No.3
2000년 후반 한국을 포함한 전 세계는 미국발 서브프라임 모기지 충격으로 인하여 금융시장뿐만 아니라 실물경제에도 커다란 타격을 받았다. 하지만 이러한 서브프라임 모기지 충격은 외생적으로 발생했다기보다는 미국 내 다양한 거시변수들과의 내생적인 관계 속에서 발생했다고 볼 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 구조적 자기회귀모형을 이용하여 우선적으로 부동산관련 지표를 포함한 미국 주요 거시변수들 간의 내생적인 관계를 파악하고 각 미국 거시분야의 순수한 외생적인 충격들이 미국 변수들에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 살펴보았다. 이후 미국경제는 한국에 영향을 미치지만 한국경제는 미국경제에 별다른 영향을 미치지 않는다는 블록외생성(block exogeneity) 가정을 통해 부동산 충격 등 미국의 경제충격들이 한국경제에 미치는 영향과 한국의 거시충격들이 한국경제에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 미국경제의 충격이 한국경제에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위해서는 각 충격들에 대한 한국경제의 반응뿐만 아니라 각각의 충격들이 한국경제의 변동성에 어느 정도의 영향을 미쳤는지에 대한 중요도 분석도 중요하다. 따라서 본고에서는 분산분석을 통해 각 경제충격들의 동태적 상대적 중요도를 살펴보았다. 분석결과 한국은 미국의 생산, 금리, 실질통화, 주가 등에 있어서는 미국과의 동조화가 이루어지고 있는 반면, 명목통화에 있어서는 미국과의 동조화 정도는 약한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 한국 경제변수들은 미국발 경제충격들에 의해서 다양하게 영향을 받고 있으며, 영향의 정도도 상이한 것으로 나타났다. Throughout the media, it is often said that the Korean and the world economies in the late 2000 have experienced economic turmoil both in the financial and real sectors due to a collapse in the U.S. housing market. However, it is not clear how the U.S. macroeconomics are endogenously related and a pure U.S. exogenous shocks, after controlling for the endogeneity among them, affect not only other U.S. macroeconomic variables, but also Korean economy. This paper first analyzes how U.S. macro-economic shocks affect the Korean economy using structural VAR model with block exogeneity assumption. Specifically, by assuming that Korea, as a small country, have no economic impact on U.S. economy, and by theoretically imposing long-run identifying restrictions on the U.S. economic system, the U.S. economic shocks are uniquely identified. By allowing for the impacts of U.S. economic variables and by imposing the economic ordering within the Korean system, Korean economic shocks are also uniquely identified. When analyzing the economic impact of U.S. shocks on the Korean economy, not only the signs of responses of Korean economic variables to U.S. shocks are important but also the magnitude of impact of those shock on the Korean economy. So, I analyze the relative magnitude of importance of U.S. economic shocks on the Korean economy using the variance decomposition method. The results show that the Korean economy shows the co movements in the production, real interest rate, real money and the stock price with the U.S. However, the degree of comovement in the nominal money supply seems weak between Korea and the U.S. Finally, I found that the Korean economy is affected by different shocks from the U.S. and the channel and the degree of impacts on Korean economy by U.S. shocks vary.