도시 내 육상 생물종 모니터링을 위한 환경DNA 리뷰 및 적용

김휘문 ( Kim Whee-moon ),김성열 ( Kim Seoung-yeal ),박일수 ( Park Il-su ),이현정 ( Lee Hyun-jung ),김경태 ( Kim Kyeong-tae ),김영 ( Kim Young ),김혜정 ( Kim Hye-joung ),곽민호 ( Kwak Min-ho ),임태양 ( Lim Tae-yang ),박찬 ( Park 한국환경복원기술학회(구 한국환경복원녹화기술학회) 2020 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.23 No.2

Scientific trust and quantification of traditional species investigation and results that have been used in ecology for decades has always been a problem and concern for ecologists. Global ecologists have proposed DNA-based species investigation studies to find answers to problems. In this study, we reviewed the global trend of research on environmental DNA(eDNA), which is a method for monitoring species by detecting DNA of organisms naturally mixed in environmental samples such as water, soil, and feces. The first eDNA research confirmed the possibility of species investigation at the molecular level, and commercialization of NGS(Next Generation Sequencing) and DNA metabarcoding elicits efficient and quantitative species investigation results, and eDNA research is increasing in the filed of ecology. In this study, mammals and birds were detected using MiMammal universal primers from 23 samples(3 natural reserves; 20 water bowls) out of 4 patches to verify eDNA for urban ecosystems in Suwon, and eDNA was verified by performing camera trapping and field survey. Most terrestrial species were detected through eDNA, and particularly, mice(Mus musculus), and Vinous-throated Parrotbill (Sinosuthora webbiana) were identified only with eDNA, It has been confirmed to be highly effective by investigating techniques for small and internal species. However, due to the lack of resolution of the primer, weasels(Mustela sibirica) and squirrels(Melanochromis auratus) were not detected, and it was confirmed that the traditional investigation method was effective only for a few species, such as Mogera robusta(Mogera robusta). Therefore, it is judged that the effects of species investigation can be maximized only when eDNA is combined with traditional field survey and Camera trapping to complement each other.

종분포모형을 이용한 도시 내 양봉꿀벌 서식환경 분석 연구 - 천안시를 중심으로 -

김휘문 ( Kim Whee-moon ),송원경 ( Song Won-kyong ),김성열 ( Kim Seoung-yeal ),형은정 ( Hyung Eun-jeong ),이승현 ( Lee Seung-hyun ) 한국환경복원기술학회(구 한국환경복원녹화기술학회) 2017 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.20 No.3

The problem of the population number of honeybees that is decreasing not only domestically but also globally, has a great influence on human beings and the entire ecosystem. The habitat of honeybees is recognized to be superior in urban environment rather than rural environment, and predicting for habitat assessment and conservation is necessary. Based on this, we targeted Cheonan City and neighboring administrative areas where the distribution of agricultural areas, urban areas, and forest areas is displayed equally. In order to predict the habitat preferred by honeybees, we apply the Maxent model what based on the presence information of the species. We also selected 10 environmental variables expected to influence honeybees habitat environment through literature survey. As a result of constructing the species distribution model using the Maxent model, 71.7% of the training data were shown on the AUC(Area Under Cover) basis, and it was be confirmed with an area of 20.73% in the whole target area, based on the 50% probability of presence of honeybees. It was confirmed that the contribution of the variable has influence on land covering, distance from the forest, altitude, aspect. Based on this, the possibility of honeybee`s habitat characteristics were confirmed to be higher in wetland environment, in agricultural land, close to forest and lower elevation, southeast and west. The prediction of these habitat environments has significance as a lead research that presents the habitat of honeybees with high conservation value of ecosystems in terms of urban space, and it will be useful for future urban park planning and conservation area selection.

항공영상을 활용한 도로개발 전·후 산림 훼손지 개체목 분석

최재용 ( Choi Jae-yong ),김성열 ( Kim Seoung-yeal ),김휘문 ( Kim Whee-moon ),송원경 ( Song Won-kyong ),이지영 ( Choi Won-tae ),최원태 ( Lee Ji-young ),문건수 ( Moon Guen-soo ) 한국환경복원기술학회(구 한국환경복원녹화기술학회) 2018 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.21 No.4

Although the road construction in forest is increasing and there is a need for development ecological restoration on deforest area, no consideration has been given to individual trees in there. This study analyzed aerial photographs of deforest area before and after road construction for determining the degree of forest destruction by extracting individual trees. Study area was selected in the sites where are damaged by road construction in GongJu-si, YuSung-gu, and YeongDong-gun. The aerial photograph taken 1979 before construction is panchromatic image of 80㎝ in GSD (Ground Sample Distance) and other photograph taken 2016 after construction is multi-spectral image of 10㎝ in GSD. In order to minimize the difference of GSD, we conducted image re-sampling process for setting to same GSD for the two photographs. After that we carried out visual interpretation method for de termining to change of individual tree. The result found that for GongJu-si of the number of individual tree was 1,014 in 1979 and 886 in 2016, which decreased by 128 (12.6%) and the average width of those decreased from 5.77m to 5.75m by 0.47%. In case of YoungDong-gun, the number of it was 761 in 1979 and 746 in 2016, which decreased by 2.0% and the average width of it decreased from 8.99mm to 8.90m by 1.1%. Lastly in case of YuSung-gu, the number of it was 1,578 in 1979 and 988 in 2016, which decreased by 37.4% and the average width of it decreased from 7.09m to 6.65m by 6.21%. these result imply that road construction causes destruction of forests. Since there are limitations such as errors due to researcher, it is necessary to construct a quantitative analysis method for the change of the deforest area. It is need to study the method of extracting individual tree in deforest area more accurately using high-resolution image of GSD 10cm or more as well. This study can be used as a basic data for the ecological restoration of the deforest area considering characteristics of individual tree such as height, diameter at breast height, and biomass.

도시녹지 유형별 박새과 둥지 재료 특성 연구

김경태 ( Kyeong-tae Kim ),이현정 ( Hyun-jung Lee ),김휘문 ( Whee-moon Kim ),김성열 ( Seoung-yeal Kim ),송원경 ( Wonkyong Song ) 한국환경생태학회 2021 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.35 No.3

전 세계적으로 진행된 급속한 도시화는 조류를 비롯한 야생동물 서식환경에 부정적인 영향을 야기하였다. 도시에 정착한 야생조류는 변화한 주변 환경에 적응하고 있으며, 대표적으로 박새과 조류는 도시주변에서 구하기 쉬운 재료를 이용하여 둥지를 만드는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 도시에 설치된 인공새집을 이용하는 박새과 조류의 둥지 재료를 분석할 목적으로 수행되었다. 연구를 위해 연구진은 충남 천안시에 있는 도시공원(22개)과 산림(11개) 내 총 33개의 인공새집을 설치하였다. 도시공원에서 4개(18.19%), 도시산림에서 5개(45.46%)의 인공새집이 이용되었으며, 둥지를 수거해 둥지 재료를 둥지별, 종별, 도시녹지 유형별로 비교했다. 이소 전 둥지를 포기한 박새 한쌍을 제외한 8개의 둥지가 재료 분석에 활용되었고 수거한 둥지는 건조과정을 거친 후 자연재료(식물성재료, 동물성재료, 이끼, 흙)와 인공재료(솜, 종잇조각, 플라스틱, 비닐 및 합성 섬유)로 분류한 뒤 각각의 무게를 측정하였다. 분류 결과, 모든 둥지에서 이끼(50.65%)의 구성 비율이 높았고 흙(21.43%), 인공재료(13.95%), 식물성재료(5.78%), 동물성재료(4.57%), 기타(3.59%) 순서로 파악되었다. 도시녹지 내 모든 둥지에서 인공재료가 사용된 특징이 있었다. 또한, 박새는 곤줄박이보다 식물성 재료를 약 5.16% 더 사용했으나 유의한 수준이 아니었다(t=2.17, p=0.07). 도시산림에서는 식물성 재료와 흙을 가장 선호하였으며, 도시공원은 이끼, 동물성, 인공 재료 순으로 이용되었다. 이 중 식물성 재료 사용은 도시공원과 도시산림 간에 유의한 차이를 보였다(t=3.07, p<0.05). 도시지역과 같이 인공재료에 대한 접근성이 높은 서식환경에서는 일부 자연재료의 역할을 인공재료가 대체하였다. 본 연구는 도시생태계 인공새집 내 둥지 재료 유형을 분석한 기초연구로 박새과 종 보전 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. Rapid urbanization around the world has negatively affected wildlife habitats, including birds. Wild birds settled in the city are adapting to the changed surroundings, and are typically known to make nests using materials that are easy to find around the city. This study was conducted for the purpose of analyzing the nesting materials on the Paridae using artificial bird nests installed in cities. In this study, the researchers established a total of 33 artificial bird nests in urban parks (22) and forests (11) in Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do. Then we collected 4 artificial bird nests in urban parks (18.19%) and 5 in urban forests (45.46%) to compare the characteristics of bird nest materials by the nest, species, and urban green area types. Eight nests, excluding a nest abandoned by a pair of Paridae, were used for the material analysis. The collected nests were dried, and classified into natural materials (vegetable materials, animal materials, moss, and soil) and artificial materials (cotton, paper pieces, plastics, vinyl, and synthetic fibers), and then each nest was weighed. The classification result shows that the portion of moss (50.65%) was the highest in all nests, followed by soil (21.43%), artificial material (13.95%), vegetable material (5.78%), animal material (4.57%), and others (3.59%) in that order. Artificial materials were used in all nests in urban green areas. Moreover, although the Paridae used about 5.16% more vegetable material than the Parus varius, it was not significant (t=2.17, p=0.07). Plant materials and soil were most preferred in urban forests, and moss, animal, and artificial materials were widely used in that order in urban parks. There was a significant difference in the use of vegetable materials between urban parks and urban forests (t=3.07, p<0.05*). In the habitats like urbanized and dry areas, where artificial materials are highly accessible, artificial materials replaced some roles of natural materials. This study is a basic study for the analysis of the types of materials used in artificial bird nests to understand the habitat system of urban ecosystems. It can be used as the basic data for ecological studies and conservation of the Paridae species.

카메라트래핑을 활용한 광교신도시 내 도시형 생태통로 모니터링

박일수 ( Park Il-su ),김휘문 ( Kim Whee-moon ),김성열 ( Kim Seoung-yeal ),박찬 ( Park Chan ),송원경 ( Song Won-kyong ) 한국환경복원기술학회(구 한국환경복원녹화기술학회) 2021 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.24 No.1

The new town in Korea, developed as a large-scale housing plan, has created urban ecological corridors to provide habitat and movement routes to wildlife and to promote natural ecological flow. This study aimed to investigate the use of wildlife in 10 ecological corridors in Gwanggyo New Town through camera trap technology and confirm effectiveness by identifying environmental factors affecting the use of wildlife's urban ecological corridors. Our researchers installed 20 unmanned sensor cameras at each the entrance and exit of the ecological corridors, and monitored urban wildlife for 10 weeks. According to the monioring results, the main species in Gwanggyo New Town were identified not only raccons, cats, water deer, korean hare and avain but also magpies, dove, eurasian tree sparrow, ring-necked pheasant, and eurasian jay. The number of uses ecological corridors of urban residents was 801(13.49%), as high as that of urban wildlife (1,140, 19.20%), which was judged to have disturbed the use of ecological corridors by wildlife. However, most dominant species of urban wildlife are nocturnal so that, it was judged that they share home range with urban residents at a time interval. In addition, according to the correlation analysis results between the mammal using rate of the urban ecological corridors and environmental factors(ecological corridor-specific length, ecological corridor- specific width, cover degree, shielding degree, connected green area, separation of movement routes, and presence of streetlights), environmental factors were not statistically significant. However, the more the area of green space connected to ecological corridors, the more increasing the mammal using rate of ecological corridor(r=0.71, p<0.05). Therefore, the area of green space connected to the ecological corridors that is associated with rate of wildlife using corridors should be considered as a priority when developing an urban ecological corridors. In the future, this study will extend the observation period of the ecological corridors and continuously accumulate data by adding the number of observation cameras. Furthermore, it is expected that the results of this study can be used as basic data for the standards for urban ecological corridors installation.