위험물안전관리 개선방안에 관한 연구

김동우 인천대학교 2018 국내석사

2015년 한 해 동안 위험물 화재사고는 총 85건이 발생하였다. 이 중 관리·감시 부주의, 조치 소홀 등 인적요인이 52.9%(45건)이며, 고장·파손·부식·노후 등 물적요인이 21.2%(19건)를 차지하였다. 특히, 물적요인은 자기 책임성을 가지고 상시 점검하고 철저한 예방업무를 했다면 발생되지 않을 수 있는 인적요인 중의 하나라고 본다. 최근 발생되는 대형 화재사고를 통하여 ‘안전’에 관한 키워드가 지속적으로 부각되고 있는 만큼, 화재 발생 우려가 높거나, 화재로 인하여 피해가 클 것으로 예상되는 위험물 시설에서도 안전관리에 대해 자기 책임성을 강화해야 한다는 목소리가 커지고 있다. 이처럼 ‘안전’에 대한 중요성을 계속 대두되고 사회적 분위기임에도 불구하고, 진정 위험물안전관리 제도는 치밀하지 않아, 현실에 맞지 않아 효율적이고 합리적인 개정이 사실상 이뤄지고 있지 않은 실정이다. 이렇게 현실적인 제도의 부재로 인해, 업무종사자 조차도 안전에 대한 의식이 부족할 수 밖에 없으며, 화재 발생 시 안전성은 어느 누구도 보장할 수 없게 되는 것이다. 이는 위험에 노출되어 있는 업무종사자의 안전복지를 위해서 과거에 머물지 않는 현실에 맞는 위험물안전관리제도가 합리적 뒷받침이 되어야 한다고 생각한다. 따라서, 위험물 시설의 안전관리 실태와 위험물안전관리자의 의식에 관한 설문조사 결과를 분석한 결과, 위험물안전관리자의 전문성 확보는 위험물 시설의 안전 여건과 직결되어, 충분한 안전을 확보할 수 있을 것으로 기대해 보고, 개선방안을 제시하고자 한다 A total of 85 firefighting accidents occurred during the year 2015. Of these, 52.9% (45 cases) were human factors such as carelessness, lack of care and Physical factors such as breakdown, breakage, corrosion and aging accounted for 21.2% (19 cases). Particularly, physical factors are one of the human factors that may not be generated if they are self - responsible and have regular checkups and thorough preventive work. As the keywords related to 'safety' continue to be highlighted through recent large-scale fire accidents, it is necessary to strengthen self-responsibility for safety management even in dangerous facilities where danger of fire is high or damage is expected to be great due to fire. The voice of having to do it is getting bigger. Despite the importance of 'safety' and the social atmosphere, the safety management system for dangerous goods is not very detailed, and it is not realistic and effective and reasonable. Because of this lack of realistic system, even the worker is in a state of insufficient awareness of safety, and no one can guarantee safety in case of fire. We believe that the Hazardous Material safety management system should be reasonably supported for the safety and welfare of the workers who are exposed to the danger. As a result of analyzing the results of surveys on the safety management status of Hazardous Material facilities and the consciousness of Hazardous Material safety managers, it is anticipated that securing the expertise of the Hazardous Material safety managers is directly related to the safety conditions of the Hazardous Material facilities, And suggest ways to improve it as follows.

오염물질 유출특성을 고려한 유역 통합관리 기법에 관한 연구 : 팔당호를 중심으로

김동우 서울시립대학교 일반대학원 2014 국내박사

The optimal water quality management for Paldang lake, which is the most important water source for 25 million of metropolitan people, has been researched by many studies. But most of those studies were focused on only generation and changes of organic materials in Paldang lake, intensive considering about integrated pollutant source management related watershed area and water quality improvement effect by water flow control is insufficient. Recently, total maximum daily load(TMDL) management was introduced. Most measurements did not consider the effect of water quality in the overall basin, but remained in the pollutant management of administrative district. Even though water quantity and quality are interrelated hydrologically, the dam management has been carried out focusing on the electric power generation and disaster prevention by flooding and supply of domestic, industrial and agricultural water without consideration of water quality. Therefore, for efficient water quality management of Paldang lake, it is necessary to figure out the pollutant distribution in the watershed and effect of those pollutants on Paldang lake to design proper management plan, and it is also required to analyze the effect and necessity of pollutant management on the overall water system in terms of water resources use for water quantity management. Accordingly, this study attempted to assess the discharge characteristics of pollutants in the watershed of Paldang lake and the contribution of pollution on unit watershed in order to design proper pollutant management plan. And this study also aimed to suggest the integrated watershed management strategy for pollutants and water quantity by analyzing the water quality improvement effect using the spare water quantity of dam. The results are as followed. □ Analysis of pollutant discharge characteristics and selection of focused control term The pollutant discharge characteristics were analyzed using the water inflow rate and pollution load of Paldang lake between 1985 and 2012. As for the flow coefficient in the interaction function between water inflow rate and pollution load, BOD was 0.90 and T-P was 1.41. Thus, when water inflow rate increased, BOD concentration decreased. To the contrary, when water inflow rate increased, T-P concentration increased. The management target exceeding frequency to achieve Ia level of Paldang lake using pollution load duration curve(LDC) was analyzed in order to determine focused control term. Analysis result of excessive frequency about inflow rate to Paldang lake, rainfall events, seasonal and periodical term, BOD had the highest excessive frequency in the Mid-range conditions as ordinary water flow rate, 20~30mm of rainfall during march to june. Thus, it was selected as focused control term. For T-P, when both of inflow rate and rainfall increased, the excessive frequency increased. And more than 90% of excessive frequency appeared in the Mid-range conditions as for inflow rate, more than 10mm of rainfall after March. □ Characteristics of pollutant generation and discharge, and pollutant delivery load of small streams Results from characteristics of pollutant generation and discharge analysis, the generation load and discharge load was made from livestock > domestic > industrial > land > others from the highest order for both BOD and T-P. By basin, it was made in the order of Namhan river > Gyeongan stream > Paldang lake > Bukhan river. In particular, the livestock pollutants from unit watershed of Cheongmi A, Yanghwa A and Bokha A in Namhan river basin accounted for 29.8% of BOD discharged load and 40.1% of T-P discharged load. Thus, the livestock farmhouses of these unit watersheds discharged pollutants intensively. As for the percentage of discharged load which reached to the end of small streams, BOD was 40% and T-P was 27.1%. Among them, pollutants from livestock and land accounted for 74% of BOD and 66% of T-P respectively. Therefore, it is determined that the non-point pollutant source management is required to water quality management of small stream in watershed including the livestock and land. □ Development of pollutant delivery load formula and assessment of pollution contribution by basin In order to calculate pollutant delivery load by discharge channel, the pollutant delivery load formula was developed. The calculated value based on the pollutant delivery load formula and the coefficient of determination of actual measurement value was 0.82 for BOD and 0.77 for T-P, which showed the reproducibility. About the effects of pollutant on Paldang lake from unit watershed considering pollutant distribution status, Bokha A and Cheongmi A were main BOD contribution unit watershed to paldang lake, and Gyeongan A and Hangang F contributed T-P to Paldang lake mainly. In other words, BOD had higher effect on basin with more pollutant discharged load. To the contrary, T-P had the higher effect on the basin with shorter flow distance and time. As the result from assesment of pollutants effect on Paldang lake considering the river self-purification capacity, although same amount of pollutants were discharged, Gyeongan A, followed by Hangang F, Bokha A and Gyeongan A had the highest effect on Paldang lake with BOD and Gyeongan A, followed by Hangang F, Gyeongan B and Bokha A had the highest effect with T-P. Shortly, pollutants increase in these unit watershed seems to make worse the water quality of Paldang lake than pollutants from other unit watershed. Thus, it is proved to be necessary to focused management on these unit watershed for the water quality improvement of Paldang lake. □ Selection of focused control pollutant and reduction plan considering pollution contribution For the focused control pollutant considering the pollution contribution of unit watershed, livestock of Cheongmi A, Bokha A, domestic of Gyeongan A, land of Bokha A and Gyeongan A were selected for BOD management. Total pollutants from those unit watershed accounted for 42.2 % of the pollutant delivery load of overall Paldang lake. Meanwhile, domestic of Gyeongan A, Hangang F and livestock of Bokha A, Cheongmi A and Yanghwa A were selected as focused control pollutants for T-P. Those pollutants accounted for 50.1 % of the pollutant delivery load of overall Paldang lake. Priority determination coefficient for reduction plan was figured out by pollution contribution of unit watershed to Paldang lake, possible reduction load and cost for reduction plan. The reduction plan were assessed using producted determination coefficient. As a result, it is required to establish or extend waste water treatment plant, and maintenance of sewage pipes for BOD control. To decrease T-P effect, advanced waste water treatment plant and livestock recycling system are needed. □ Water quality improvement effect by the pollutant source and flow rate control The pollutant reduction effects were analyzed using SWAT and EFDC model. Simulated area were 3 unit watershed of Namhan river including Cheongmi stream that had high effect on Paldang lake with much pollutant discharge, and 3 unit watershed of Hangang F that had high contribution as it is adjacent to Paldang lake. The results explained that pollutant decreases at unit watershed with higher pollutant contribution had higher water quality improvement effects of Paldang lake. If all possible reduction plans in the research areas were implemented, while BOD decreased 17.8% and T-P decreased 16.9%, the water quality improved by 5.7% for BOD and by 7.2% for T-P. And if the spare water of Soyang dam and Chungju dam was used to improve water quality of Paldang lake between March and May, BOD concentration decreased to 5.8%, but there was no significant water quality improvement for T-P due to the reduction of precipitation by the increase of flow velocity. And also water quality improvement effects was not meaningful with 7.6% for BOD and 0.2% for T-P during drought. Accordingly, it is necessary to establish a management plan considering discharge characteristics and contribution of pollutants instead of simple and inefficient discharge load management. As water quality control can be expected by spare water quantity management, if integrated watershed management on pollutants and water quantity is carried out, it is expected that more effective water quality improvement of Paldang lake can be achieved. 팔당호는 수도권 2,500만 주민이 먹는 물로 이용하고 있는 국내 최대 상수원으로 적정 수준의 수질관리를 위한 수많은 연구들이 진행되어 왔다. 그러나 대부분의 연구가 호 내 유기물질과 영양염류의 발생과 변화에 편중되어 진행되었으며 유역 전반에 걸친 통합적인 오염원 관리와 수량 조정에 따른 수질개선 효과 분석은 미비한 상태이다. 최근 수질오염총량관리제를 도입하여 시행되고 있으나 대부분의 오염물질 저감대책들이 유역 전반에 걸친 수질 영향을 고려하지 않고 행정구역 단위의 오염물질 관리방식을 벗어나지 못하고 있으며, 수량과 수질은 수문학적으로 연계된 문제임에도 댐 관리는 수질에 대한 고려 없이 전력생산이나 홍수로 인한 재해 방지, 생활․공업․농업용수 공급 중심으로 수행되고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 효율적인 팔당호 수질관리를 위해서는 유역 통합적 관점에서 유역 전반에 걸친 오염원 분포와 이들이 팔당호에 미치는 영향을 명확히 규명하여 적정 관리방안을 마련하여야 하며, 수자원의 이용 측면에서도 전체 수계 시스템에 대한 영향과 필요성을 분석하여 수량관리가 이루어져야 한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 팔당호 유역의 오염물질 유출특성과 단위유역의 오염 기여도를 평가하여 적정 오염원 관리방안을 마련하고 그동안 고려되지 않았던 댐 여유수량을 이용한 수질개선 효과를 분석함으로써 오염원과 수량에 대한 유역통합관리방안을 제시하고자 하였으며 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다. □ 오염물질 유출특성 분석과 중점관리 시기 선정 1985~2012년까지 팔당호 유입유량과 오염부하를 이용하여 오염물질 유출특성을 분석하였다. 유입유량-오염부하 관계식의 유량계수가 BOD는 0.90, T-P는 1.41로 산정되어 BOD는 유량이 증가할수록 농도가 감소하지만 T-P는 유량이 증가할수록 농도도 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 오염부하지속곡선을 이용하여 팔당호 Ia 등급 달성을 위한 관리목표 초과빈도를 분석하여 중점관리 시기를 선정하였다. 팔당호 유입유량과 강우사상별, 계절 및 시기별 초과빈도를 분석한 결과 BOD는 유입유량 조건이 평수량 수준인 Mid-range conditions 조건에서, 강우사상은 20~30mm 조건에서, 시기는 3~6월에 초과빈도가 가장 높게 나타났으며 이를 중점관리 시기로 선정하였다. T-P는 유입유량과 강수량이 증가할수록 초과빈도도 증가하는 경향을 보였고 유입유량이 Mid-range conditions 이상, 강수량은 10mm 이상, 시기는 3월 이후부터 초과빈도가 90% 이상으로 나타나서 이를 중점관리 시기로 선정하였다. □ 오염물질 발생 및 배출특성과 소하천별 유달부하 오염물질 발생과 배출 특성을 분석한 결과 BOD와 T-P 모두 축산계 > 생활계 > 산업계 > 토지계 > 기타 순으로 발생부하와 배출부하가 많았고, 유역별로는 남한강 > 경안천 > 팔당호 > 북한강 순으로 많은 것으로 나타났다. 특히 남한강 청미A, 양화A, 복하A 유역 축산계 오염원이 BOD 배출부하의 29.8%, T-P 배출부하의 40.1%를 차지하는 것으로 나타나서 이들 유역의 축산농가에서 오염물질이 집중적으로 배출되는 것으로 판단되었다. 배출부하 중 소하천 말단에 도달되는 비율은 BOD는 40%, T-P는 27.1%로 나타났고 이 중 축산계와 토지계가 BOD는 74%, T-P는 66%를 차지하여 소하천 수질관리를 위해서는 축산계와 토지계를 대상으로 한 비점오염원 관리가 필요할 것으로 판단되었다. □ 유달부하 관계식 개발과 유역별 오염 기여도 평가 오염물질 유출 경로별 유달부하를 산정하기 위해서 유달부하 관계식을 개발하였고, 유달부하 관계식으로 산정된 계산치와 실측치의 결정계수가 BOD는 0.82, T-P는 0.77로 재현성이 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 오염원 분포현황을 고려하여 단위유역별 팔당호에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과 BOD는 복하A, 청미A 유역이 가장 큰 영향을 미치고 있고, T-P는 경안A, 한강F의 영향이 큰 것으로 나타나서 BOD는 배출부하가 많은 유역이 더 큰 영향을 미치고 T-P는 유하거리와 유하시간이 짧은 유역이 더 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다. 하천 자정특성만을 고려하여 단위유역의 오염물질이 팔당호에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과, 동일한 오염물질을 배출했을 때 BOD는 경안A, 한강F, 복하A, 경안B 순으로, T-P는 경안A, 한강F, 경안B, 복하A 순으로 팔당호에 미치는 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났고 이들 유역에서 오염원이 증가할 경우 다른 유역에서 증가하는 것보다 팔당호 수질이 더 악화될 것으로 판단되며 팔당호 수질개선을 위해서는 이들 유역을 중심으로 관리 강화가 필요한 것으로 판단되었다. □ 오염 기여도를 고려한 중점관리 오염원 및 저감대책 선정 단위유역의 오염 기여도를 고려하여 중점관리 오염원을 선정한 결과 BOD는 청미A, 복하A 축산계와 경안A 생활계, 복하A, 경안A 토지계가 중점관리 오염원으로 선정되었고 이들 오염원이 전체 팔당댐 유달부하의 42.2%를 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 T-P는 경안A과 한강F 생활계, 복하A, 청미A, 양화A 축산계가 중점관리 오염원으로 선정되었고 이들 오염원이 전체 팔당댐 유달부하의 50.1%를 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 단위유역별 팔당호에 미치는 기여도, 삭감가능량, 삭감대책별 소요비용을 고려한 삭감대책 우선순위 결정계수를 산정하고, 이 결정계수를 이용하여 현재 추진 중인 삭감계획들을 평가한 결과 BOD는 하수처리장 신․증설, 하수관거정비가 우선 필요하고, T-P는 하수처리장 고도처리 도입이나 축산분뇨 자원화 방안이 우선 필요한 것으로 판단되었다. □ 오염원 관리와 유량관리에 따른 수질개선효과 분석 SWAT와 EFDC를 연계한 모형을 이용하여 오염물질 배출량이 많아 팔당호에 미치는 영향이 큰 청미천 등 남한강 3개 유역과 팔당호와 인접하여 기여도가 큰 한강F 등 3개유역의 오염물질 저감효과를 분석한 결과, 기여도가 큰 유역에서 오염물질을 저감할수록 개선효과가 큰 것으로 나타났고 연구대상지역에서 적용 가능한 모든 삭감계획을 이행할 경우 배출부하는 BOD 17.8%, T-P 16.9% 저감되지만, 수질은 BOD 5.7%, T-P 7.2% 개선되는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 소양댐과 충주댐 여유수량을 3~5월 수질개선 목적으로 이용할 경우 BOD 5.8% 개선효과가 있는 것으로 나타났으나, T-P는 유량 증가에 따른 유속증가로 침전되는 양이 감소하여 수질변화는 미미하였고, 가뭄 시 여유수량을 수질개선 목적으로 이용할 경우 수질개선효과는 BOD 7.6%, T-P 0.2%에 불과하였다. 따라서 단순 배출부하 중심의 관리대책보다는 오염물질 유출특성과 기여도를 고려하여 관리대책이 수립되어야 하고 여유수량 관리만으로도 오염원 관리 이상의 수질개선 효과를 기대할 수 있으므로 오염원과 수량에 대한 유역통합관리가 이루어질 경우 보다 효과적인 수질개선을 도모할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

運動 後 溫湯浴이 心搏數와 血液Gas, pH 및 乳酸變化에 미치는 影響

김동우 朝鮮大學校 敎育大學院 1996 국내석사

This study summarizes the heart rate, Pvo_(2), Pvco_(2), oxygen saturation degree, oxygen content, pH and the change of lactic acid in the 1st rest and 2nd hot water bathing rest for eight short-distance runners with 68.2 months of average sport experience and 172 years old in order to observe the blood gas, blood pH and the change of lactic acid after exercise load of bicycle ergemeter as follows 1) The difference of heart rate between rest and hot water bathing shows that the rest is significantly higher than hot water bathing after immediate rest prescription till 20 min after it and the heart rate of hot water bathing is significantly lower than the rest in 40 min of rest prescription 2) On the difference of Pvo_(2) between rest and hot water bathing, the Pvco_(2) of rest is significantly lower than that of hot water bathing after immediate rest prescription till 20 min after it, but after 40 min of the prescription, the Pvo_(2) of hot water bathing is significantly higher than that of rest 3) The change of rest and hot water bathing of Pvco_(2) is gradually disappeared immediately after the exercise and the Pvco_(2) of hot water bathing is significantly higher than the rest after the rest prescription 4) Both tests show no significant differences between 10 min and 20min after rest prescription, but after 40 min of the rest prescription, Pvco_(2) of hot water bathing is significantly lower than that of rest The change of oxygen saturation degree between rest and hot water bathing is decreased immediately after exercise, is increased most after 5 min of the exercise, is decreased rapidly immediately after the rest prescription and then is gradually increased, and after 40 min of rest prescription, it is recovered to the rest state before the exercise The oxygen saturation degree of hot water bathing is significantly lower than the rest after rest prescription, but after 40 min of rest prescription, oxygen saturation degree of hot water bathing is significantly higher than that of the rest 5) The change of oxygen content is decreased immediately after the exercise, is significantly increased after 5 min of the exercise, is decreased again after the rest prescription and after 40 min of it, both are recovered to the rest state before the exercise In the difference of rest and hot water bathing, the rest is significantly lower than hot water bathing between 10min and 20 min after rest prescription, but after 40 min of it, both are recovered to the rest state before the exercise 6) The change of pH in the rest shows no significant differences from the rest before the exercise, but the hot water bathing is significantly lower than the rest before the exercise immediately after the rest prescription, In 20min of rest prescription, it 1s significantly higher than the rest before the exercise and the significant difference of both experiments is that pH of hot water bathing is significantly lower than that of rest after 10 min of rest prescription 7) The change of lactic acid is shown most high immediately after the exercise and then is gradually decreased Both experiments show no significant difference till 20 m n of rest prescription, but in 40 min of rest prescription, rest is significantly higher than hot water bathing Considering the above experiments, the hot water bathing after the exercise lowers the oxygen and Pvco_(2) and enhances the oxygen saturation degree as time goes by, so it is assumed that it can foster the dissociation of oxygen and the extension of oxygen to the tissue may result in the rapid elimination of lactic acid Therefore, the hot water bathing after the exercise is effective to body metabolism

현대독어의 동사기어적 파생명사에 관한 연구

김동우 朝鮮大學校 大學院 1987 국내석사

The purpose of this study is to define the conception and classify a type in investigating the verb- based derived nouns in modern German and analyze and examine them from the viewpoint of four aspects of language, the phonological, morphological, semantic and syntactic aspects. For this purpose. some problems are brought to light and the findings of the study are as follows 1. What is the conception of verb-based derived nouns? Generally derivatives are formed by combining one or more free morphemes with one or more restrictive morphemes, there is the case of derived nouns being formed through a verb-based word, which is a free morpheme, and a derived suffix, which is a restrictive morpheme, In this way, the derived noun, whose baseword is a verb, is called a verb-based derived noun. 2. By what criterion can the type of verb-based derived nouns be classified and what are their types? The Types of verb-based derived nouns are classified into four categories 1) derived nouns formed through suffixes 2) derived nouns formed through Φ suffix 3) derived nouns of prefix +Φ suffix form 4) derived nouns of prefix +-e suffix form according to morphological criterion. and into six types 1) event and action 2) state 3) person 4) object 5) instrument and 6)place according to semantic criterion. 3. Since the verb-based derived nouns are formed by combining the verbal stem with word-formative suffixes. what phonological change occurs in the stem and suffix in that word-formative process? The verb-based derived nouns are formed by combining verbal stems with nominal word-formative suffixes. on these two structural elements follow individual phonological variations. The stem has phonological variation of vowel shift, consonant shift, umlaut and the phonological variation of word- formative suffixes appear only in the suffix-(at ) ion. 4. From which verbal word-formative suffixes are the verb-based derived nouns formed by replacing with the nominal word-formative suffixes, and what kind of variational forms do these suffixes have? To replace the verbal word-formative suffix with the nominal word-formative suffixes regularly, there is the verbal suffix ∼ieren. The word-formative suffixes, with which the borrowed verbal word-formative suffix∼ ieren is replaced, are almost all the borrowed nominal word-formative suffixes, -ant/ent, -anz/enz, -(at)eur -(at)ion, -(at)or, -(at)ur, -ement. The nominal word-formative suffixes have various variational forms and the regulation of these forms is not ascertained clearly but the variational forms can be ascertained as follows 1) the variations of -ant/ent -ant, -ent, -iant, -ient 2) -anz/enz -anz, -enz 3) -(at )eur -eur, -ateur 4) -(at)ion . -ation, -ition, -tion, -ion 5) -(at)or -or, -ator 6 ) -(at)ur -ur, -atur 7)-ement . -ement, -ament. 5. Since the verb-based derived nouns have semantic characteristics according to suffixes, how do the derivative suffixes have an influence cm the word-formation system? The verb-based derived nouns have six kinds of particular semantic characteristics and the nominal word-formative suffixes compose the word-formative system by being used in word-formation complementally and offer the possibility of various expressions. But there is also the case of an exceptional competition relation by combining the verb-based words with two more different nominal word-format ive suffixes semantically 6. How can the verb-based derived nouns be transformed and interpreted syntactically in connection with the semantic characteristics of the word-formative suffixes? The meaning of the verb-based derived nouns is originally formed by adding basic meaning, which the verbal stem contains, to semantic characteristics, which are expressed through wordformative suffixes. This can be clearly affirmed by transforming the verd-based derived nouns into syntax structure

영어와 독어 자음변화의 통시적 비교연구

김동우 조선대학교 대학원 2004 국내박사

This dissertation investigates comparatively and analytically the consonant systems of the English and German languages, which were derived from Germanic of Indo-European language family, from the prehistorical Period, Indo-European language and Germanic to the historical age, Old times, Middle Ages, and Modem Period, to the Present-Day Period. The results are as follows: First, the consonant system of the Indo-European language is as follows. a. /bh, db, g⌒h, gh, guh, p(p^(h)), t(t^(h)), k(kh), k(kh), qu(qu^(h)), b, d, g, g, gu, m, n, l, r, u, i/ Second, the consonant system of Germanic stemming from Grimm's Law is composed of the following. a. /p, t, s, k, ku(kw), z, b(b>b), d(d>d), g(g>g), guh>gu, f, Þ[θ], x, xu, m, n, l, r, w, j/ Third, the consonant system of the English and German languages, which belong to the West Germanic language, is as follows. a. /p, t, s, k, z, b(b>b), d(d>d), g(g>g), f, Þ(θ), x, m, n, l, r, w, j/ Fourth, the consonant characteristics of Old English and Old High German, stemming from the consonant system of West Germanic language consonants of Indo-European are as follows. a. The Old English consonants are composed of: /p, t, k, b, d, g, f, Þ, s, sˇ(∫), h, cˇ(t∫), jˇ(dg), m, n, l, w, r, y(j), and the Old High German consonants are composed of: /p, t, k, b, d, g, f, v, s, z, h, pf, tz, m, n, ng, l, w, r, y(j)/. b. The consonants of the Old English and Old High German languages have the common phonemes: /p, t, k, b, d, g, f, s, h, m, n, l, w, r, y(j)/. And as differences, Old English has the phonemes /Þ, ∫, t∫, dg/ etc., and Old High German has the phonemes of /v, z, pf, tz, ng/ etc.. The consonant systems of two languages are as follows. [Chart Ⅰ] The Consonant System Contrast in OE. and OHG. ◁표 삽입▷(원문을 참조하세요) Fifth, the consonant characteristics of Middle English compared to those of Middle High German are as follows. a. The Middle English consonants consist of: /p, t, k, b, d, g, f, v, p, ∂, s, z, sˇ(∫), h, cˇ(t∫), jˇ(dg), m, n, l, w, r, y(j)/ etc, and Middle High German consists of: /p, t, k, b, d, g, f, v, s, z, sch, g, h, pf, tz, m, n, l, w, r, y(j)/ etc.. b. The Middle English and German languages have the following phonemes in common: /p, t, k, b, d, g, f, v, s, z, ∫, h, m, n, l, w, r, j/ etc., the phonemes that differ include: Middle English /Þ, ∂, t∫, dg/ and Middle High German: /g, pf, tz/. The consonant systems of two languages are as follows. [Chart Ⅱ] The Consonant System Contrast in ME. and MHG. ◁표 삽입▷(원문을 참조하세요) Sixth, the consonant characteristics of Modern and Present-Day English and Modem and Present-Day German are identical, but their phonological characteristics are as follows. a. The Modern and Present-Day English consonants are composed of: /p, t, k, b, d, g, f, v, θ, ∂, s, z, ∫, dg, h, t∫, dg, m, n, ŋ, l, w, r, y(j)/, and the Modern and Present-Day German consonants are composed of: /p, t, k, b, d, g, f, v, s, z, ∫, c˛, j, x, h, pf, ts, m, n, ŋ, l, r, y(j)/. b. The consonants of the Modern and Present-Day English and German languages have the common phonemes: /p, t, k, b, d, g, f, v, s, z, ∫, h, m, n, ŋ, l, r/ etc., and the difference shows the Modern and Present-Day English: /θ, ∂, g, t∫, dg, w, y(j)/, and Modern and Present-Day German: /c˛, j, x, pf, ts/ etc.. The consonant systems of the two languages are as follows. [Chart Ⅲ] The Consonant System Contrast in ModE. & ModHG. and PE.&PG. ◁표 삽입▷(원문을 참조하세요) Finally, from Indo-European to Present-Day English and German the consonant change process is as follows. [Chart Ⅳ] The Change Process of the English and German Consonants by Period ◁표 삽입▷(원문을 참조하세요)

3차원 빔포밍을 위한 입체형 Rotman 렌즈 배열 안테나 연구

김동우 조선대학교 대학원 2023 국내박사

As increasing the demand for frequency resources rapidly, the development of 5G mobile communication services is being promoted in worldwide. The disadvantage of millimeter band is that the coverage area is reduced due to shorter a wavelength than bands for LTE and 5G NR FR1. Femtocell communication technology managed cells as small as femto size and has advantages such as low power, ultra-low cost, and ultra-small. This paper propose the three-dimensional beamforming antenna for millimeter repeater or Femtocell. Rotman lens is designed for three-dimensional beamforming. Three-dimensional beamforming system wasis desinged by two method of using Rotman lens. One is to integate two differnet Rotman lens, the others is to design of volumetric Rotman lens. Especially, to design a volumetric Rotman lens is extended from previous Rotman lens, and It must be to propose a new fomular for design volumetric Rotman lens. First, two-stage Rotman lens with 3x3 and 3x10 Rotman lens is combineded for three-dimensional beamforming at 28 GHz. And RF switch and power supply was equipmented in order to control a beam. The different between nine beams of the fabricated system was measured. As a results, The nine beams was formed with from –20 to +20 angle, it can verify to implement three-dimensional beamforming. Second, a volumetric Rotman lens antenna operating at 28 GHz is proposed with new design formula. The six rectangular blocks are assembled using a metallic bolt. The input port consists of a waveguide, and the output port is made of an open-ended waveguide likes slot-aperture array antenna. The input and output waveguides are drilled in a flat conducting plate. The input and output port positions are optimised. Simulated and measured results show that the radiating beam is controlled almost exactly as calculated. Compared with the previous two-stage stacked Rotman lens antenna, the proposed Rotman lens antenna can dramatically decrease the antenna volume by approximately 75%. 주파수 자원에 대한 수요가 급격히 증가하여, 전 세계적으로 5G 이동 통신 서비스의 개발이 촉진되고 있다. 밀리미터 대역의 단점은 파장이 상대적으로 짧아 LTE 및 5G NR FR1용 대역보다 통신 커버리지 영역이 감소하는 것이다. 펨토셀 통신 기술은 펨토 크기만큼 작은 셀을 운영하며 저전력, 초저비용, 초소형 등의 장점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 밀리미터 중계기 또는 펨토셀을 위한 3차원 빔포밍 안테나를 제안했다. 3차원 빔포밍을 위해 Rotman 렌즈를 설계했다. 3차원 빔포밍 시스템은 Rotman 렌즈를 두 가지 방법으로 설계했다. 하나는 두 개의 서로 다른 Rotman 렌즈를 통합하는 것이고, 다른 하나는 입체형 Rotman 렌즈를 설계하는 것이다. 특히 입체형 Rotman 렌즈를 디자인하기 위해서는 기존의 Rotman 렌즈보다 확장된 것으로, 입체형 Rotman 렌즈를 설계하기 위한 새로운 공식이 제안되어야 한다. 첫째, 28GHz에서 3차원 빔포밍을 위하여 3x3 및 3x10 Rotman 렌즈가 포함된 2단 Rotman 렌즈를 결합한다. 그리고 빔을 제어하기 위해 RF 스위치와 전원 공급 장치가 장착하였다. 제작된 시스템의 다른 9개 빔포밍을 측정하였다. 그 결과, 9개의 빔이 –20 ~ +20 각도로 빔포밍되었으며, 3차원 빔포밍 구현을 검증할 수 있었다. 둘째, 28GHz에서 작동하는 입체형 Rotman 렌즈 안테나를 새로운 설계 공식과 함께 제안한다. 6개의 직사각형 블록은 금속 볼트를 사용하여 조립한다. 입력 포트는 도파관으로 구성되며 출력 포트는 슬롯 개구면 배열 안테나와 같은 개방형 도파관으로 구성된다. 입력 및 출력 도파관은 평평한 금속판에 홀 가공하였다. 그리고, 입력 및 출력 포트 위치를 최적화하였다. 시뮬레이션 및 측정 결과는 방사 빔이 계산된 것과 유사하게 제어된다는 것을 보여준다. 이전의 2단 적층형 Rotman 렌즈 안테나와 비교하여, 제안된 Rotman 렌즈 안테나의 체적을 약 75%까지 극적으로 축소할 수 있다.

차량 내부 장착용 WAVE 양방향 비대칭 패턴을 갖는 안테나 설계 연구

김동우 조선대학교 2017 국내석사

In this thesis, a vehicular indoor antenna for WAVE communication was designed and performance of the antenna was verificated by communication experiment between vehicles. In order to design the vehicular indoor antenna, a received power of -98dBm should be measured within a minimum of 500m, and the possibility was shown by using simulation. In addition, the effect of between the vehicular glass and the antenna was analyzed by using simulation, and the optimal distance and glass of available tilt were selected. WAVE antenna was designed and measured for vehicular communication experiment. Using the designed monopole patch antenna, we was searched minimum radiation gains in forward and backward communication and measured indoor vehicular loss. The antenna with the bi-directional asymmetric characteristic pattern has a radiation gain of 0.5dBi to 0° and 6.7dBi to 180°, and the received power is very similar in forward and backward communication, and recevied power of -67dBm is measured at distance of 1km. The experimental result of the final designed antenna shows that the performance is satisfied with the antenna for vehicular indoor equipped.

시스아트라큐리움의 발현시간과 회복인자에 대한 덱사메타손의 효과

김동우 조선대학교 일반대학원 2016 국내석사

배경 덱사메타손은 수술 후 오심 구토의 예방과 치료, 급성 또는 만성 통증의 치료를 위해 보편적으로 사용되고 있다. 특히 국소마취제와 같이 사용하는 경우 부위마취 시간을 증가 시키는 효과를 보인다고 보고되고 있다. 그러나 최근 덱사메타손이 전신마취 동안 스테로이드성 비탈분극성 근이완제인 로큐로니움의 회복 인자들을 단축시킨다고 보고된 바 있다. 본 연구에서는, 덱사메타손의 서로 다른 정주 시간에 따른 벤질아이소큐놀리움 계열의 비탈분극성 근이완제인 시스아트라큐리움의 발현시간과 회복인자들에 대한 효과를 비교하고자 한다. 방법 기관생명윤리위원회의 허락을 받은 후 본 연구에 동의한 117명의 환자들을 무작위 배정방법에 의해 3군으로 배정하였다. A군은 마취유도 2-3 시간 전, B군은 마취유도 직전, 그리고 C군은 수술 종료 시에 덱사메타손 8mg을 정주하였다. 모든 환자는 50% 산소-공기 혼합가스 하에서 프로포폴과 레미펜타닐로 마취 유도 및 유지를 하였다. 근 이완의 발현시간, 첫 연축(T1)이 기준 T1의 25%까지 회복시간, 회복지수, 최대 연축 감소 후 사연속자극의 비가 0.9까지의 시간을 기록하였다. 결과 시스아트라큐리움의 발현시간은 A군에서 C군보다 의의 있는 단축을 보였지만(p = 0.000), B군과는 의의 있는 차이를 보이지 않았다(p = 0.119). 첫 연축(T1)이 기준 T1의 25%까지 회복시간과 회복지수는 3 군간 의의 있는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 회복시간, 최대 연축 감소 후 사연속자극의 비가 0.9까지의 시간은 A군에서 B군과 C군보다 의의 있는 단축을 보였다 (p = 0.000 vs. P = 0.015 그리고 p = 0.000 vs. P = 0.08). 결론 마취유도 2-3시간 전 덱사메타손 1회 정주 한다면, 벤질아이소큐놀리움 계열의 비탈분극성 근이완제인 시스아트라큐리움의 근이완의 발현과 회복시간을 평균 약 15%와 9% 단축시킨다. 그러나, 마취유도 직전 덱사메타손의 투여는 근이완의 효과에 의의 있는 영향을 미치지 않는다.

2009 개정 사회과 교육과정의 개선방안에 관한 연구

김동우 조선대학교 교육대학원 2011 국내석사

서두름 행동의 확인생략행동이 운전일탈행동에 미치는 영향

김동우 충북대학교 2009 국내석사

본 연구는 서두름 행동의 확인생략행동이 운전일탈행동에 미치는 영향에 대해 살펴보았다. 본 연구를 수행하기 위해 서두름 행동 질문지, 운전일탈행동조사지, 운전경험질문지 사용하였으며, 응답지를 수행한 374명의 자료가 분석에 사용되었다. 서두름 행동과 운전일탈행동의 구조를 재확인하기 위해 요인분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 서두름 행동은 고립(Isolation), 시간압력(Time pressure), 불편함(Discomfort), 지루함(Boring condition), 보상기대(Expecting reward) 등의 5가지요인을 가지는 구조로 확인하였다. 서두름 행동은 시간압력에 기저하는 것으로 특성이 다른 서두름 행동을 구분하기 위해 2차 요인분석과 상관계수 차이검증을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 고립, 시간압력, 불편함으로 구성되어 행동의 속도를 높임으로써 재해발생의 가능성을 내포하는 확인생략행동과 시간압력, 지루함, 보상기대를 포함하여 자신의 과업을 잘하려고 하는 성취욕구로 구분되었다. 운전일탈행동의 요인분석 결과, 오류(Error), 위반(Violation), 착오(Lapse)로 구성되었다. 운전행동에 관여하는 서두름 행동은 확인생략행동으로 판단하고 본 연구를 진행하였다. 확인생략행동이 운전일탈행동에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위해 확인생략행동과 운전일탈행동의 관계를 살펴보았다. 그 결과, 확인생략행동을 많이 경험할수록 실수행동(오류, 착오)이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 확인생략행동의 고립과 불편함을 많이 경험할수록 실수행동이 증가하는 경향이 나타났다. 단순회귀분석과 중다회귀분석을 실시하여 확인생략행동이 운전일탈행동에 미치는 영향력에 대해 살펴보았다. 그 결과, 확인생략행동은 오류와 착오에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 운전중 실수행동을 유발하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 때문에 이들의 인과관계를 자세하게 살펴보기 위해 확인생략행동의 3가지 요인이 오류, 위반, 착오에 미치는 영향을 중다회귀분석을 통해 알아보았다. 그 결과, 고립과 불편함이 오류와 착오에 정적인 영향을 미쳐, 실수행동을 유발하는 중요한 심리적 변인으로 나타났다. 반면에 위반은 고립이 부적인 영향을 나타내었고, 불편함이 정적인 영향을 나타내었다. 확인생략행동 요인 중 시간압력은 운전일탈행동과 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 하지만 시간압력을 경험할수록 과속운전이 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 따라서, 운전행동과 관련된 서두름 행동은 운전자의 의지와 관계없이 예상하지 못한 상황을 유발하는 것으로 생각할 수 있다. 즉, 실수행동을 발생시킬 가능성이 높은 것이다. 이러한 실수행동은 위험한 상황을 초래하여 교통행동을 방해할 수 있으며, 교통사고를 불러 올 수 있다. 그리고 고립과 불편함이 실수행동을 많이 유발하는 심리적 변인으로 밝혀졌다. 본 연구는 서두름 행동이 운전중 위험한 상황을 초래하며, 운전행동의 질을 훼손하는 심리적 변인으로 제시하였다. 따라서 운전자에게 서두름 행동의 위험성을 인식시키고 안전운전으로 이어질 수 있도록 여유 있는 운전자세가 필요할 것으로 생각된다. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Missing Confirmation behavior of the Hasteful behavior on Aberrant driving behavior. The Hasteful behavior means to increase the speed of behavior for achieving an optimal goal. We tested the Hasteful Behavior Questionnaire(HBQ) consisted of 23 items, the Driver Behavior Questionnaire(DBQ) consisted of 31 items, the Experience Driving Questionnaire(EDQ) consisted of 10 items. 374 responses were analyzed for collecting data. I conducted a factor analysis to confirm the structure of the HBQ and DBQ. As a result, The HBQ consisted of 5 items such as, Isolation, Time Pressure, Discomfort, Boring Condition and Expecting Reward. With the second factor analysis and a coefficient distinction correlation of the Hasteful behavior factors were analyzed to found out how many factors did the Hasteful behavior have. The first factor was a "Missing Conformation domain(MC)", the other was a "Need for Achievement domain(NA)". The Hasteful behavior is underlying Time Pressure. MC domain was related to Time Pressure, Isolation and Discomfort. The DBQ consisted of 3 factors such as Error, Violation, Lapse. This study focused on the MC because it induced a driver to do the mistake behavior. The simple regression analysis was conducted to research an influence of the MC on the Aberrant driving behavior. The MC had an effect on "Error" and "Lapse". A review of the relation of the MC showed that Isolation and Discomfort had a positive correlation with Error and Lapse. As a result, of the Multiple regression analysis, Isolation and Discomfort had an effect on Error and Lapse. On the other hand, Isolation had a negative effect on Violation, and Time Pressure was not significant. However, the more participants experienced Time Pressure, the more people were overspeeding. Therefore, the driving behavior related to the Hasteful behavior, regardless of the willingness of the driver, could be regarded as the cause of a situation that you may not think of. In other words, Theses behaviors were likely to occur mistakes. Also, it leads to dangerous behavior that may interfere with the driving behavior, and can cause a traffic accident. Isolation and Discomfort that caused a lot of dangerous behaviors were identified as a psychological mechanism. In this research, the Hasteful behavior led to a dangerous situation, and damaged the quality of driving behavior. In addition, it was suggested as a psychological mechanism. Therefore, drivers needed to be recognized the danger of the Hasteful behavior and an easy and composed attitude will be necessary for the safe driving.