유료방송 콘텐츠 계층의 집중 제한 방식 고찰

김남두(Kim, Nam-Doo) 서울대학교 공익산업법센터 2014 경제규제와 법 Vol.7 No.2

이 논문은 현재 국내 방송법령에 의거하여 시행되는 소유·겸영 제한 규정들이 방송 부문의 집중 제한 수단으로 얼마나 적합한지 평가하는데 목적을 둔다. 특히 PP 매출점유율 33% 상한제가 ‘유료방송 콘텐츠 계층 내 시장 집중제한’의 규제 목적 달성에 얼마나 적합한지를 비판적으로 분석하였다. 방송 부문의 미디어 집중도를 산정하기 위해서는 플랫폼-콘텐츠 계층 분류 모델을 반영한 관련 시장획정과 아울러 경제적·사회문화적 영향력을 종합 반영할 수 있는 측정기준의 선정이 필요하다. 현 PP 매출점유율규제는 유료방송 콘텐츠 계층 내 수평적 집중을 제한하는 규제 수단으로 도입되었지만, 규제 수단의 효용성 측면에서 중대한 결함을 안고 있다. 원론적으로, 점유율 측정기준이 되는 기업 매출점유율은 방송콘텐츠 서비스 특유의 사회문화적 영향력을 제대로 반영하지 못하는 지표일 뿐 아니라, 실제로 이 지표를 적용하여 PP사업자들의 매출점유율을 신뢰할만한 수준으로 산정하는 데에 커다란 운용상의 난점들이 존재한다. 이 논문에서는 이러한 운용상의 난점들이 무엇인지 구체적으로 분석하고, 최종적으로 현 PP매출점유율의 대안으로 시청점유율 지표를 활용하는 방안에 대하여 논의한다. This essay makes an assessment of the current ownership rules and their related regulatory instruments that have been brought into the Korean broadcasting law to limit media concentration. Specifically, this paper critically examines the market share threshold rule of 33% on the basis of sales proceeds for the PP (program providers) market. In order to measure media concentration in the broadcasting sector, essential are relevant market definition and choice of a measurement criterion. First, considering the phenomenon of telecommunications-broadcasting convergence, the market definition used for the threshold rule should be consistent with a horizontal regulatory approach that makes a distinction between platform and content. Second, considering the unique characteristics of media services as sociocultural goods, the measurement criterion should be sensitive to both the economic power of a media business and the sociocultural effect of media content. Given these, the current 33% market share threshold rule for the PP market is flawed. First, the actual market definition in practice is not identical with the scope of TV content services in the pay-TV media sector. Second, the sales proceeds, i.e., the revenue-based measurement criterion, is highly problematic because it fails to consider the sociocultural effects of TV content on media consumers and, furthermore, it fails to yield reliable measures in the calculation of the total sales proceeds specific to the PP market. After a close examination of several problems with the market share threshold rule for the PP market, this paper discusses an alternative option of using TV audience share as a measurement criterion as a regulatory tool of limiting concentration within the content layer of the pay-TV media sector.

9. 11 이후 영미 신문의 알 자지라 인용보도 및 아랍방송 관련 취재원 사용 패턴의 비교분석

김남두(Nam-Doo Kim) 한국언론학회 2007 한국언론학보 Vol.51 No.4

In recent years that involved U.S.-led wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, the Qatar-based satellite TV network Al-Jazeera became both an important source of news and a controversial actor signifying a challenge to U.S. foreign policy. This cross-national study compares journalistic use of the network as a source of information and as a news icon in the U.S. and Britain, considering both newspaper editorial policy and national context as possible reasons for differentiation. Four newspapers (the Wall Street Journal and the New York Times from U.S., and the Daily Telegraph and the Guardian from Britain) were selected, and the researcher examined the extent to which the two countries' journalists (1) diversified use of Al-Jazeera as a source of news and (2) expanded the range of non-official voices in coverage of issues involving Al-Jazeera. The findings indicated that the differences between the pro-war and anti-war press were far more pronounced than were the differences between the U.S. and British press, not only in their editorial policy but also in other features of reporting. The results imply, under the circumstances of an emerging global news arena, the increased significance of a news organization's policy, in both accepting the stream of information from a non-Western news outlet and opening news gates to critical opinions outside the national community.

무역자유화와 경쟁구조 개선의 후생효과 추정

김남두(Nam Doo Kim) 한국국제경제학회 2000 국제경제연구 Vol.6 No.1

본 논문은 무역자유화와 그 후 나타날 수 있는 국내시장의 경쟁구조 개선에 따른 각종 효과를 계량화할 수 있는 적절한 모형을 모색하고 예시적으로 주요 독과점 소비재품목에 대하여 그 효과를 모의추정하였다. 이를 위하여 본 연구는 수입재와 국내재 간의 불완전대체관계와 국내시장의 완전경쟁구조를 가정한 Hufbauer and Elliott(1994)의 모형을 수정하여, 국내시장의 불완전경쟁가정을 도입하는 연산가능한 부분균형모형을 설정하였다. 1995년중 독과점상태에 있었던 우리 나라의 23개 주요 소비재품목을 대상으로 무역자유화와 경쟁구조 개선의 효과에 대한 모의추정을 시도한 결과, 수입자유화만 이루어지는 경우 수입의 대폭증가와 국내생산의 감소 및 순국민후생의 감소가 나타나는데 비하여, 수입자유화와 함께 국내산업의 경쟁구조 개선이 동시에 이루어질 경우, 수입이 소폭증가에 그치거나 오히려 감소하고 국내생산은 증가하며, 국민후생도 증가할 것으로 추정되었다. 이는 수입자유화의 과정에는 적어도 단기적으로는 국제수지의 악화와 실업증대라는 국민경제적 부담이 예상되지만 국내독과점 업종의 수입자유화는 경쟁구조의 개선으로 그 부담이 크게 완화될 수 있음을 의미한다.

환동해 국가간 무역구조와 보완관계 분석

김남두(Kim Nam-Doo) 한국관세학회 2006 관세학회지 Vol.7 No.1

This paper aims to analyze the trade structure and its complementarity among the countries located on the East Sea rim. In this analysis, China, Japan, Korea and Russia are included in the region. In reviewing their trade relation of complementarity and competition, we utilized several experimental indices. While some are already defined such as the export similarity index (ESI) and Grubel-Lloyd intra-industry index, others are newly defined in this study such as potential trade complementarity index (PTCI) and revealed trade complementarity index (PTCI) for evaluating their trade structure. From empirical analysis on trade complementarity in this region, we expect to draw some policy implications on the regional economic cooperation and bilateral trade issues such as the free trade agreement. We confirmed the trend of uprising China and down-sliding Japan in East Sea trade as well as in world trade. Also we identified some rationale of economic importance of America's position in this region. Although U.S. share in East Sea trade has declined over the last decade or more, U.S. is still providing basic momentum for the trade and economic growth in this region. Thus the policy priority should be placed on improving trade environment including the free trade agreements with U. S. and China.

지역통상정보 : 한국-EU 자유무역협정의 수산부문 무역효과 추정

김남두 ( Nam Doo Kim ),황상인 ( Sang In Hwang ) 한국통상정보학회 2010 통상정보연구 Vol.12 No.4

We have analyzed the trade effect of Korea-EU FFA on the Korean fishery sector, after reviewing the trade pattern and the tariff barriers of fishery sector between Korea-EU. For the trade effects, we have categorized into three cases: 1) the complete tariff elimination of all items, 2) the half tariff reduction on top ten valued items, with complete tariff elimination of other items, and 3) the complete tariff elimination, except unbinding top three valued items. The effect of the complete tariff elimination of all items implies the effect of the full achievement of FTA. For other two cases, these effects imply the effects of the transitional phenomenon of FTA since the complete tariff elimination happens gradually over more than ten years. For the complete elimination of tariff, we found that imports are increased by 1.1 billion dollars which is 12.9% increase in average imports during years 2006-2009. Also, exports are increased by 1.3 billion dollars which is 14.5% increase in average exports during same years.

WTO 출범 후 미국의 통상법 301 조 운영

김남두(Nam Doo Kim) 한국국제통상학회 1998 국제통상연구 Vol.3 No.2

There had been some exprectation that the unilateral trade measures by USTR might lose its potency when the World Trade Organization would launch with strong jurisdiction over all the trade disputes among member countries. In reality, however, U. S. still utilizes the unilateral measures, against its major trading partners, such as the Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended, and its derivatives even under the WTO system. In this paper, we review the implications of the section 301 from the historical perspectives of the U. S. trade policy. And we evaluate its consistency with the dispute settlement procedure of the WTO. Also we endeavour to analyze the 301 cases initiated during the WTO era since 1995, compared to those during the pre-WTO system. We have identified some tendencies since 1995. More cases are initiated by USTR itself rather than through petitions from interested parties. For most 301 cases, USTR tends to have recourse to the WTO procedure after initiating its investigation procedure. And incresing number of cases are for adequate protection for intellectual proprty rights which has just introduced as a part of WTO agreements. Although USTR has actively utilized the regular 301 provisions, it has hardly apply Super 301 nor Special 301 provisions which are to correct foreign countries` unfair practices comprehensively by identifing priority foreign countries practies and negotiating with the foreign countries. And Super 301 is not likely to sustain its legal efficacy beyond this Administration which revitalized and prolonged it through Executive Orders.

정보 사유와 공유의 레퍼토리와 은유적 내러티브

김남두(Nam-Doo Kim),이창호(Chang-Ho Lee) 한국언론학회 2005 한국언론학보 Vol.49 No.6

The Free Software group and the Open Source group oppose private ownership of software source code and have been playing a leading role in propagating the information sharing culture on the Internet. Using the analytical tools of repertoire and metaphorical narrative. this study compares the mainstream discourse supporting the information privatization with the movement discourse championing free access to source code. We examine multiple types of the repertoires within the mainstream discourse of copyright and discuss ideological implications of two metaphorical narratives, namely romantic authorship and the tragedy of commons. By examining the two movement groups' discourse strategy, we find that the Free Software activists develop the freedom repertoire and that the Open Source leaders draw on the utility repertoire. We also find in the writings on Richard Stallman, the leader of the Free Software group, the language of the hacker repertoire that offers a romanticized vision of the challenge to social authority. Finally, we discuss the internal tensions within both the mainstream discourse and the counterdiscourse, along with the intertwined nature between the two discourses that goes beyond a simple dominance-resistance dichotomy.

수평적 규제체계에 부합하는 미디어 집중 규제 수단에 대한 고찰: 콘텐츠 계층 내 집중도 측정에 근거한 규제 모델의 가능성

김남두 ( Nam Doo Kim ) 정보통신정책학회 2013 정보통신정책연구 Vol.20 No.4

What is the best way to limit media concentration under the condition of meeting both the vertical regulatory model in telecommunications and the regulatory tradition of media diversity? This article brings to light the regulatory approach based on the measurement of multi-media market concentration, in which the media market can be defined in terms of the layer of media content, transversing traditionally different media sectors including TV media and print media. Since the late 1990s, in the United States, Italy, the Netherlands and Germany. New regulatory models have been developed with their own methods of measuring mutl-media market concentration. Those new models differed from each other in terms of media-relevant market definition, measurement tool, etc. Among these, only the German model based on the measurement of TV audience share turned out to be successful in safeguarding media diversity. Based on a review of foreign cases, this paper discusses necessary conditions for a regulatory model based on the measurement of multi-media market concentration to meet its goal under the vertical structure of the telecommunications regulatory framework. Finally, this paper gives a commentary on the Media Influence Summation Index, which was developed in 2012 by the Media Diversity Committee in Korea. Further discussion is offered regarding the possibility of employing the MISI as a regulatory tool in future.

변화하는 미디어 생태계와 미디어 다양성의 새로운 쟁점

김남두(Nam-Doo Kim) KBS 공영미디어연구소 2017 방송 문화 연구 Vol.29 No.1

자유무역협정이 수입다양도와 집약도에 미친 효과에 대한 실증적 분석

김남두(Nam-Doo Kim),황상인(Sang-In Hwang) 한국관세학회 2015 관세학회지 Vol.16 No.1

This study is to analyze empirically the effects of free trade agreements on extensive and intensive margins of Korea’s imports. Using the gravity model of bilateral commodity trade, we have estimated the six regression equations from the highly disaggregated panel data on Korea’s commodity imports in HS(Harmonized System) 6-digit classification. We have found that Korea’s free trade agreements have significantly positive effect on Korea’s import volumes and extensive margins and intensive margins for import growth. And both of the two margins have much similar impacts on total import growth. However, we could not obtain significant estimates on import market shares and import-weighted intensive import margins of the free trade agreements.