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The incidence of eating disorders is increasing. But, there is no confirmed cause and pathology. This study is aimed to identify the relating factors to eating disorders. We select one women middle school and one women high school, and the servey was conducted on 417 girl students from June, 1, 2007 to July, 1, 2007. The questionnaire contains the height, weight, body mass index, drinking history, diet trials, eating disorder history, real body shape, subjective body image perception, fakse perception of body image, number of family members, family function, fakse perception of body image, number of family members, family function, familial income. And We divide the students into eating disorder risk group and normal group by eating attitude test for Korean adolescent(EAT-27KA). We take univariate analysis between eating disorder risk and other factors. We choose the factors that shows significant relation to eating disorder risk. And take multiple logistic regression between eating disorder risk and these factors. In univariate analysis, diet trials, eating disorder history, real body shape, subjective body image perception, false perception of body image, family function shows significant relation to eating disorder risk. But, in multiple logistic regression, only diet trials and family function shows significant relation to eating disorders. The subject with moderate family dysfunction has more risk for eating disorders than the subject with normal family function,(odd’s ratio 1.805) and the subject with severe family dysfunction has more risk for eating disorders than the subject with normal family function.(odd’s ratio 2.855) The subject with more diet trial has more risk for eating disorders. (odd’s ratio 1.196) The factors that related to eating disorders are family function and diet trials. And other factors did not show significant relation. To prevent the eating disorder, normal family function is important. In patient with repeated diet trials, we should take consideration in the possibility of eating disorders.
Epidermis-specific ablation of O-GlcNAc transferase(OGT) affects skin homeostasis
진핵생물에서 많은 단백질들이 각 제 기능을 위해서는 post-translational modification이 필요하다. 그 중 GlcNAc을 단백질에 붙여주는 OGT와 붙은 GlcNAc을 떼어주는 OGA에 의해서 O-GlcNAcylation이 조절이 되며 이것은 광범위하게 단백질들의 기능에 영향을 미친다. 이전 연구에서 전사 인자인 Sp1 (specificity protein 1)은 각질형성세포의 분화를 촉진시키며 세포 실험에서 O-GlcNAcylated Sp-1의 발현이 증가하면 각질형성세포의 분화가 감소한다는 결과가 보고 되었다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 결과가 생체 내에서도 같은 결과가 나오는 지와 피부 항상성에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지를 알기 위해 조사하였다. 먼저 쥐들 간의 교배를 통해 표피에 특이적으로 OGT를 발현 안 시키는 개체를 태어나게 하였고 그 결과 정상적으로 발현되는 개체들에 비해 성장이 느리며 태어난 지 10 일 이내에 다 죽는 양상을 보였다. 개체 간의 조직학적 차이를 보기 위해 피부 조직으로 여러 면역조직화학적 염색을 하였다. 먼저 제대로 OGT가 발현 안 되는지를 보기 위해 O-GlcNAc 항체인 RL2로 염색하여서 발현이 안 되는 것을 확인하였고 그 후 피부 분화 지표인 involucrin와 loricrin, cytokeratin 14 의 발현양상을 비교하였을 시에는 정상적인 쥐와 발현 안 되는 쥐 사이의 커다란 차이는 발견되지 않았다. 별 다른 차이점을 발견하지 못해 배아 상태일 때의 차이를 보기 위해 피부 장벽 기능을 비교하였고 그 결과 OGT 발현이 안 되는 개체가 정상 개체보다 더 빨리 피부 장벽 기능이 만들어지는 것을 확인하였으나 정확히 어떤 요인이 차이 나는 지는 확인하지 못하였다. 피부 분화에서는 OGT의 역할을 규명하지 못하였고 조직학적으로 봤을 때 피부에 OGT 발현 안 되는 개체들의 피하지방층이 정상적인 개체들의 피하지방층보다 얇은 것이 확인되었다. 표피의 Wnt/β-catenin 신호에 의해 지방세포화 인자들이 분비됨으로써 지방생성을 돕는다는 것이 보고된 바가 있고 이에 따라 Wnt/β-catenin 신호에 OGT가 연관되어있는 것을 보기 위해 정상적인 쥐와 OGT 발현이 안 되는 쥐로부터 각질형성세포를 키워 TOP-flash assay를 실시하였고 그 결과 표피에 OGT 발현 안 되는 쥐의 각질형성세포에서 정상 쥐의 각질형성세포보다 β-catenin 활성이 낮은 것을 확인하였다. 이로 O-GlcNAcylation이 Wnt/β-catenin 신호에 영향을 주는 것을 알 수 있다. 태어난 지 10 일 이내에 죽는 조건으로 인해 어느 정도 자란 개체에서 표피의 OGT 발현이 안 되면 피부에 어떤 영향을 미치는 지를 보기 위해 성체에 유도적으로 표피의 OGT 발현을 못하게 하였다. 그 결과 같이 태어난 정상적인 쥐들에 반해 털들이 빨리 자라는 것이 목격되었다. 그리고 피부 분화에서는 이전 결과와 마찬가지로 정상적인 쥐들과 피부에 OGT 발현 안 되는 쥐의 차이는 보이지 않았다. 이러한 결과들로 인해 정확히 어떤 요인이나 작용 기전에 영향을 끼치는 지는 알 수 없지만 OGT가 어떤 요인이라 작용 기전에 영향을 미치고 그로 인해 피부 항상성에 영향을 준다는 결론을 내릴 수 있으며 성체에서의 결과와 태어난 직후의 결과가 상반되기 때문에 모발 성장에 대한 OGT의 역할에 대해서는 추후 연구가 더 필요 되어지는 것을 시사한다. Many of proteins are required to post-translational modified to achieve their proper function. These include proteolytic cleavage, methylation, acetylation, prenylation, phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, nitrosylation and lipidation.The modification of proteins with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is recently discovered protein modification, which is performed by O-linked GlcNAc transferase (OGT) in nucleocytoplasm. And O-GlcNAcase (OGA) function is removal of O-GlcNAc in O-GlcNAcylated protein. O-GlcNAc cycle affects broadly cell signaling. Transcription factor Sp1 is a one of O-GlcNAc modified protein. In vitro, decrease of O-GlcNAcylated Sp1 leads to increase of differentiation in keratinocyte. In this study, we investigated whether loss of OGT may affect skin homeostasis. We produced mice with epidermis-specific OGT knockout. And, we were compared to WT and OGT cKO in epidermal differentiation via immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence. There was no significant difference between WT and OGT cKO in epidermal differentiation at postnatal. So, we were compared to WT and OGT cKO in embryo. We demonstrated that epidermal OGT ablation promotes skin barrier function in embryo. But, I could not find difference between WT and OGT cKO in epidermal differentiation via immunofluorescence double staining. Recently, it was reported that epidermal Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates adipogenesis via secretion of adipogenic factors. And, OGT cKO mice are thinner than WT in subcutaneous fat thickness. To measure β-catenin activity of Keratinocyte isolated from WT and OGT cKO, we experimented TOP-flash assay. We determined β-catenin activity of keratinocytes, demonstrated that β-catenin activity of keratinocytes isolated from WT is higher than β-catenin activity of keratinocytes isolated from OGT KO. These data suggested that O-GlcNAc cycle is related to adipogenesis by inhibition epidermal Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Inducible conditional knockout of OGT results in rapid hair growth relative to WT mice. But, there were no significant difference in epidermal differentiation. We concluded that the OGT in epidermis affects skin homeostasis by influencing unknown factor. And, In further studies should be focused on hair cycle because results came out differently.
층류와 난류 유동 내 산소농도, 미분탄 크기 및 배열이 연소 특성에 미치는 영향
Coal has long been an important energy source since ancient time. Hazardous and toxic gases involving coal burning has been an issue to the people in the coal-related industries. Fortunately, rapid technological advancement in coal combustion technology has made coal to be considered for environmentally friendly next generation energy source. The coal’s relatively low cost of production and operation is another charming aspect that lures many scientist and engineers for further advancement in the coal-related technologies. One principal user of coal is the power plant, where pulverized coal combustion has become the generally applied combustion system because of its excellent capacity to increase power production (Beer, 2000). Over the years, pulverized coal injection (PCI) technology (Mathieson, 2005) has become a better alternative over the blast furnace because it can reduce the cost of steel production without sacrificing steel quality. Most analyses of pulverized coal combustion in a furnace have focused on the single particle combustion even though, in reality, multi-particle combustion is significantly different from the single particle combustion The two-dimensional laminar combustion characteristics of coal particles at various oxygen concentration levels in air have been numerically investigated. The numerical simulations, which use the two-step global reaction model to account for the surrounding gas effect, show the detailed interaction among the inter-spaced particles, undergoing devolatilization and subsequent char burning. Several parametric studies, which include the effects of oxygen concentration, adiabatic flame temperature, and variation in geometrical arrangement of the particles on the volatile release rate and the char combustion rate, have been carried out. To address the change in the geometrical arrangement effect, multiple particles are located at various inter-spacings of 4-15 particle diameters in both streamwise directions. The results for the case of multiple particles are compared with those for the case of a single particle. The comparison indicates that the shift to the multiple particle arrangement resulted in the substantial change of the combustion characteristics and that the volatile release rate of the interacting coal particles exhibits a strong dependency on the particle spacing. The particle located between the first and last was prominently affected by the low temperature volatiles released from the neighboring particles. These accumulated volatiles reduced the surface temperature of the middle particle and, thus, its burning rate was also reduced. The char combustion rate is controlled by the level of oxygen concentration and gas composition near particles during combustion. The char combustion rate is highly dependent on the particle spacing at all oxygen levels. The correlations of the volatile release rate and the change in total mass of particles are also found. This study showed that the particle of smaller size tended to burn faster. When all particles are of the same size, the first and last particles yielded nearly the same burning rate. The objective of the current study is to numerically describe the burning behavior of the multi-particle combustion at varying devolatilization rates and the subsequent char burning for the given group combustion environment with various O2 concentrations. The computational results, obtained from the single combustion and the multi-particle combustion simulation, are correlated as a function of geometrical variance (i.e., inter-particle spacing) and O2 concentration level.
2008年 리먼 브라더스의 파산 이후 전례를 찾기 어려울 정도로 대규모로 확산된 글로벌 금융위기는 세계적으로 금융규제 및 감독 실패에 대한 논란을 야기 시켰다. 이러한 금융위기 확산의 주요인 가운데 하나로 지목되고 있는 장외파생상품에 대한 규제 및 감독은 주요국에서 새로운 규제체계 도입 논의의 핵심이 되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 한국의 장외파생상품 규제개선에 대해 연구하고자 한다. 한국에서 장외파생상품에 대한 규제개선의 요구는 KIKO사태 이후 활발한 논의가 이루어지고 있다. 장외파생상품의 특성 고찰과 한국과 금융선진국인 미국의 장외파생상품 규제현황 및 한계를 고찰한 후, 서브프라임 사태와 KIKO사태의 사례연구를 통해 새로운 규제개선방안을 제시하고자 한다. 한국의 장외파생상품 규제개선 방향은 정보공시 제도 보완과 공식 청산소 도입 및 인증제도 도입 세 가지의 방안으로 제시 한다. 특히, 인증제도 도입에 대해서는 전자제품 인증제도인 KCC 인증제도 사례를 연구하여 제도도입의 필요성 및 인증절차, 인증기구 구성방안에 대해 논의한다. 마지막으로 새로이 제시한 장외파생상품 규제개선의 기대효과에 대해 기술한다. 핵심어 : 장외파생상품, 규제개선, 공시제도, 청산소, 인증제도, 서브프라임, 키코사태 Unprecedented global financial crisis after the collapse of Lehman brothers in 2008 have generated a whirlwind of discussions on the failure of financial regulation and supervision. It has been mainly discussed to introduce new regulation system regarding OTC in leading countries, since OTC issue is one of the main reasons for the expansion of global financial crisis. This paper is about research on improvement of Korean OTC regulation. The need to improve OTC regulation in Korea has been actively discussed after KIKO. I'm going to introduce a new solution for regulation improvement based on the properties of OTC, the status and limits of OTC regulations of both Korea and the U.S., and case study on Sub-prime and KIKO. Solutions to improve Korean OTC regulation are suggested as supplement of Public announcing system, introduction of public Central counter party, and introduction of Certification system. On the introduction of Certification system, especially, the necessity of this system, authentication, and certificate authority are discussed based on case study of KCC certificate system. Finally, the expectation of newly introduced OTC regulation improvement is described.