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김귀한 ( Kim¸ Kwihan ) 단국사학회 2020 史學志 Vol.60 No.-
This paper describes the increase in consumption of white porcelain based on the elevation of its status from the late Goryeo to the early Joseon period. Celadon was the most important type of porcelain from the late Goryeo to early Joseon era. In comparison, white porcelain, which registered lower qualities than celadon, failed to draw consumers' attention. In the 1410s and 1420s, celadon became increasingly more decorated, sometimes with patterns that covered the ware’s entire surface. White porcelain was usually produced in small volumes in areas storing white clay (白土). Moreover, its quality had not improved from the late Goryeo period. In the early Joseon era, the kingdom continuously strived to secure gold and silver to give as tributes (進貢) to the Ming Empire. To exempt itself from having to give away gold and silver (免貢), the Joseon kingdom stressed that these metals were not produced in Joseon. Fortunately, gold and silver were delisted, after which King Sejong had to reassure (宣傳) the Ming diplomats that his country was no longer consuming the material, even though the Joseon court continued their usage. At the same time, there was keen awareness of the need to find substitutes (代替財) for gold and silver ware as they were the topmost in the contemporary hierarchy (位階) of precious metals. Hence, a substitute had to be made of material of equal status as gold and silver or immediately below them. The King Sejong era saw an increase in imports of Chinese white porcelain, including the blue and white porcelain given by the Xuande Emperor (宣德帝) of Ming. Given the relationship between the Joseon and Ming dynasties, the gifts (頒賜品) from the Xuande Emperor were likely to symbolize the king's authority. To King Sejong, the gifts from the Xuande Emperor not only symbolized his authority but also served as a practical means to profit from the diplomatic relationship with Ming. Thus King Sejong chose white porcelain as royal ware (御器). King Sejong’s choice of white porcelain as royal ware changed the ruling class's perception of it, boosting its status. Demand for white porcelain increased as people wanted ware made of the same material used by the monarch. In line with these developments, hard white porcelain (硬質白磁) began to be produced in the 1430s, and eventually white porcelain of excellent quality was produced in the 1440s.
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시판 정치배양 현미식초의 유리아미노산 및 휘발성 향기성분 특성 분석
김귀란(Gui Ran Kim),윤성란(Sung Ran Yoon),이수원(Su Won Lee),정미선(Mi Seon Jeong),곽지영(Ji Young Kwak),정용진(Yong Jin Jeong),여수환(Soo Hwan Yeo),권중호(Joong Ho Kwon) 한국식품저장유통학회 2011 Food Science and Preservation Vol.18 No.5
This study was performed to evaluate the quality of the commercial brown-rice vinegars of South Korean and Japanese origins, which were prepared via static acetic-acid fermentation. The major free amino acids of Korean brown-rice vinegars were proline, glutamic acid and phenylalanine, while those of the Japanese were proline, valine, phenylalanine, lysine, γ-aminobutyric acid, alanine and isoleucine. The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and total amino acids (3686.37~4212.27 mg%) contents were found to be significantly higher in the Japanese than in the Korean brown-rice vinegars. The key volatile compounds of the Korean brown-rice vinegars, analyzed with GC-MS, were acetic acid, benzaldehyde, phenethyl alcohol and phenethyl acetate while those of the Japanese brown-rice vinegars were acetic acid, ethyl acetate, ethyl alcohol, isoamyl acetate, phenethyl acetate and benzaldehyde. The volatile patterns of the Korean and Japanese commercial brown-rice vinegars were effectively distinguished from each other using an electronic nose, through which it was also elucidated that the volatiles profiles were similar among the Japanese vinegars but were different among the Korean vinegars.
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김귀한(Kim, Kwihan) 호서사학회 2021 역사와 담론 Vol.- No.98
고려 말∼조선 초 자기 수취 구조는 한국도자사 연구 분야에서 흥미로운 논쟁거리 가운데 하나이다. 연구자들의 관심은 고려 말 조준의 상소문에 보이는 ‘거안직납(據案直納)’의 실현 여부와 조선 초 자기를 공납하는 데 사옹방이 어떠한 역할을 담당하였는가에 집중되었다. 이 글에서는 조준이 제안한 ‘거안직납’이 곧 시행된 것으로 추정하였다. 조준은 상소문에서 사옹을 비롯한 애마(愛馬)가 각도(各道)에 사람을 파견, 내용(內用)을 빙자하여 물품을 사취(私取)하는 폐단을 지적하였다. 고려 말 사옹은 정식 관청인 사선서(司膳署)를 대신하여 어선(御膳)을 담당하였다. 이에 따라 사옹은 내용자기(內用磁器)를 징수할 수 있었다. 이성계 등 고려 말의 개혁 세력은 정권을 장악한 후 사족 중심의 지배체제를 회복하고자 하였다. 여기에는 왕의 측근세력인 애마를 개혁하는 것도 포함되었다. 조준은 애마가 자금과 물품을 확보하는 루트를 차단하고자 하였다. 이는 물품의 수취 과정에서 애마를 배제하는 방향으로 구체화되었다. 이성계 등이 정권을 잡은 후 조선을 건국하였음을 고려할 때 조준이 주장한 자기 공납제는 그대로 적용되었을 가능성이 크다. 조선 초 자기 공납 과정에서 사옹방의 역할을 파악하는 데는 1417년 호조에서 기명의 폐단을 해결하기 위해 올린 사의(事宜)에 있는 “外貢砂木器 以司饔房納施行”의 해석이 중요하다. 이 문장이 고려말 사옹에 의한 자기 수취 구조가 1417년까지 유지되었다는 견해의 중요한 근거로 활용되고 있기 때문이다. 여기에서는 ‘納’을 ‘받아들이다’로 보고 사옹방이 지방에서 도성으로 운송한 공납자기의 봉퇴(捧退)를 담당한 것으로 이해하였다. 이는 당시 사옹방에서 어선(御膳)에 관한 물선(物膳)을 받아들이는 일을 담당한 일반적인 상황과도 부합된다. One of the interesting controversial issues among the porcelain history of the early Joseon Dynasty is regarding when the porcelain tribute system was implemented. Opinions of the scholars regarding this issue are divided into two. Some see that the porcelain tribute system was begun immediately by the suggestion in the letter of Jo Joon to the king around December 1389. Others insist that porcelains were collected in person by Saongbang for tributes through dispatching people to each province until 1417. The faction of Yi Seong-gye took the power since Wihwado Retreat. The direction of the reform that they pursued was described in detail in the letter of Jo Joon. Jo Joon pointed out the corruption of Saong and Aema that defrauded items from people by dispatching officials to each province. To solve such problems, Jo Joon insisted to make Aema supply things for the king through tributes. He aimed to recover the dominance system centering around noblemen, including reforming Aema that seized were the power closely associated with the king. In order to reform Aema, Jo Joon tried to block their routes that had secured funds and things from the people. Such attempt was specified by expanding the tribute system at the end of the Goryo Dynasty. It is suspected that the porcelain tribute system was implemented after Jo Joon"s submission of his letter to the kind around December 1389. In figuring out the roles of Saongbang(司饔房) under the tribute system at the early Joseon Dynasty, interpretation of “外貢砂木器 以司饔房納施行”which were recorded by Hojo (Ministry of Finance in Joseon Dynasty) in 1417 in order to solve the evil effects of registered tributes. Depending on the interpretation of the phrase, it might think that Saong"s way to receive porcelains in person at the end of the Goryo Dynasty sustained in the Joseon Dynasty. This study interpreted ‘納’ as "to accept" and Saongbang was in charge of acceptance and refusal of porcelain tributes delivered to the capital city from each province. It coincides with the general circumstances at that time under which Saongbang was in charge of acceptance and refusal of royal presents.
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