한미동맹의 발전과 향후과제

김강녕(Kang Nyeong Kim) 한국동북아학회 2005 한국동북아논총 Vol.10 No.2

영화 ‘300’의 무대 ‘테르모필레 전투’의 배경·전개·함의

김강녕(Kang-nyeong Kim) 한국국회학회 2023 한국과 세계 Vol.5 No.1

BC 480년 테르모필레 전투는 페르시아의 그리스 침공 당시 벌어진 역사상 가장 치열한 전투 중 하나로, 영화 ‘300’은 이 전투를 소재로 하고 있다. 스파르타의 레오니다스 왕과 300용사는 3일 동안 1,000배나 더 강한 페르시아군 진군을 3일 동안 지연시켜 그리스 연합군이 전쟁을 준비할 시간을 벌어 살라미스 해전을 승리로 이끌게 하였다. 테르모필레 전투의 유·무형전력을 비교평가해보면 먼저 유형전력은 면에서 ①다수의 페르시아군과 소수 정예의 스파르타군, ②호플리테스의 호플론 방패와 장창의 위력 등이 돋보였고, 무형전력 면에서는 그리스 연합군(특히 스파르타)의 ①300용사의 강인한 정신력과 숙달된 기량, ②개인·가족·조국의 자유·독립을 위한 투혼, ③지형지물을 활용한 성공적 지연작전 등이 우세요인으로 작용했다. 테르모필레 전투의 함의 및 교훈으로는 ①노블레스 오블리주의 원형적 전투, ②살라미스 해전준비·기선제압을 위한 전초전, ③군사혁신 및 정보전의 중요성을 일깨워준 전투 등으로 요약해 볼 수 있다. 2,500년이 지난 전투지만 오늘날 우리에게 많은 시사점과 교훈을 주고 있다. The Battle of Thermopylae(480 BC) was one of the fiercest battles in history during the Persian invasion of Greece, and the movie 300 is based on this battle. King Leonidas of Sparta and 300 warriors delayed the advance of the Persian army 1000 times stronger for three days for three days, giving the Greek allies time to prepare for the war, leading to victory at the Sea Battle of Salamis. Comparing and evaluating the Battle of Thermopylae from the standpoint of tangible and intangible forces, first, in terms of tangible power, ①the majority of Persians and a small number of elite Spartans, ②the power of the Hoplites' hoplon shield and long spear stood out. Next, in terms of intangible power, ①the strong spirit and mastery of the 300 warriors of the Greek Allied Forces(especially Sparta), ②the fighting spirit for individual, family, and motherland freedom and independence, ③ successful delay using topographical features Operation, etc. acted as a cause for concern. The implications and lessons of the Battle of Thermopylae can be summarized as ①the archetypal battle of Noblesse Oblige, ②prelude to the preparation of the naval battle of Salamis and the pre-emptive fight, and ③a battle that awakened the importance of military innovation and information warfare. Although the battle is 2500 years old, it still gives us many implications and lessons today.

미국 남북전쟁의 전개와 의의 및 교훈

김강녕(Kang-nyeong Kim) 한국국회학회 2023 한국과 세계 Vol.5 No.4

본 논문은 미국 남북전쟁의 전개와 의의 및 교훈을 분석하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해 남북전쟁의 배경 및 원인, 남북전쟁의 전개와 의의, 남북전쟁이후 미국의 발전과 상흔극복 등의 순서로 살펴본 후 결론을 도출해 보기 위한 것이다. 남북전쟁(1861~1865)의 원인은 매우 복잡하고 그 배경도 극히 광범위하지만 남북전쟁의 가장 근본적인 원인은 노예제 존속을 둘러싼 갈등이다. 남북전쟁의 주요과정은 남부와 북부의 대립 → 링컨의 대통령 당선 → 남부의 연방 탈퇴 및 독립선언→ 남북전쟁 발발 → 북부의 승리→노예해방과 미국의 재건 등으로 볼 수 있다. 링컨은 남부를 ‘체제 반역’으로 규정했고 62만 명의 전사자가 발생했지만 남부가 항복협정에 서명한 뒤에는 대통합·대사면을 단행하여 반역자를 처벌하지 않았다. 링컨이 보복정치를 감행했다면 지금의 미국은 없었을 것이다. 남북전쟁의 전쟁사적 의의 및 영향은 ①군사 지휘력의 중요성, ②총력전 양상의 노정, ③전문 직업군인의 양성, ④과학기술발전에 의한 화력·전력의 강화 및 전술변화 등으로 요약·정리해 볼 수 있다. 미국의 남북전쟁 참상의 슬기로운 극복과 민주국가와 세계적인 강국으로의 도약 그리고 남북전쟁의 상흔과 극복노력 등은 우리에게 좋은 교훈이 아닐 수 없다. The causes of the American Civil War are very complex and its background is wide, but the main cause of the war is the conflict over the existence of slavery. The main process of the Civil War can be seen as confrontation between the South and the North → Lincoln's election as president → withdrawal from the Union and declaration of independence → the outbreak of the Civil War → victory of the North → the liberation of slavery and the reconstruction of the United States. Lincoln defined the South as a “systemic rebellion” and 620,000 people were killed in action, but after the South signed the surrender agreement, he did not punish the rebels by uniting them. If Lincoln had carried out retaliatory politics, America would not be here today. The significance and impact of the Civil War can be summarized as ①the importance of military generalship, ②the appearance of all-out war, ③the training of professional soldiers, ④the strengthening of firepower and power by science and technology development, and tactical changes. The wise overcoming of the American Civil War tragedy, the leap to a democratic country and a global power, and the scars and efforts of the Civil War are good lessons for us.

이순신의 수군전략과 전술

김강녕(Kim Kang Nyeong) 순천향대학교 이순신연구소 2012 이순신연구논총 Vol.- No.17

This paper aims to analyse the naval forces strategies and tactics of Yi Sun Sin. For the purpose of that, this paper searches for the concepts of military strategies and tactics, Yi Sun Sin’s naval force strategies and tactics, the superiority and implications of Yi Sun Sin’s naval force strategies and tactics, etc. In 1592 Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the Japanese military leader who had just reunified Japan, sent a large force to Korea in an alleged attempt to invade China. The Korean land forces suffered a series of defeats, but Korean naval forces, led by Admiral Yi Sun Sin, secured full control of the sea. Yi Sun Sin recorded the unprecedented victories that could not been found anywhere in the world history. What are the factors that made Chosun naval forces achieve triumph over major naval battles during Imjin War(Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592)? There could be many requisites including possession of different weapon systems. However, Chosun’s maritime strategy or Yi Sun Sin’s naval forces strategies and tactics are also one of the important requisites. More precisely, the reason of Chosun’s navy victory in many naval battles is that Admiral Yi Sun Sin made good use of excellent battle ships and arms, appropriate strategy and tactics, and leadership correspond to the war situation. Admiral Yi’s strategies were the ever-evolving victory strategy and the winning or undefeated strategy. He had developed a variety of tactics such as preemptive attack, attack by turtle ship, attacking with fire(or ship cannon), various attack formation(for example Hakikjin) etc. Admiral Yi Sun Sin was a great soldier, a man of sincerity, courage and principle, with a warmed-hearted personality. His strategies and tactics were based on the love for his country and the people and, even in today, are giving us many lessons and implications. His devotion and loyalty to his country was so great that his spirit lives forever in the hearts of the Korean people. 이글은 이순신의 수군전략과 전술을 분석하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해 먼저 전략과 전술의 개념, 이순신의 수군전략, 이순신의 수군전술, 이순신 전략ㆍ전술의 교훈과 시사점 등의 순서로 분석한 후 결론을 도출해 보았다. 이순신(忠武公 李舜臣)은 일본의 도요토미 히데요시가 명분 없이 일으킨 임진왜란으로 나라가 풍전등화(風前燈火)의 위기에 처했을 때 투철한 조국애와 뛰어난 전략ㆍ전술로 민족을 왜적으로부터 방어하고 격퇴시킨 구국의 명장이다. 그는 임진왜란 시기 제승전략과 불패전략(현대적 의미의 현존함대전략 등을 활용한) 및 다양한 전술을 구사하여 조선 수군을 지휘ㆍ통솔하고 침략자 왜군을 물리치는데 가장 큰 공을 세웠다. 이순신은 여러 차례에 걸친 출동을 통해 45전을 싸워 무패의 신화를 낳았다. 현대적 의미에서 이순신의 수군(해군)전략을 검토하면 이순신은 임진왜란초의 1~2차 출동까지는 현존함대(現存艦隊. Fleet-in-being)전략을 수행하였고, 3차 출동 한산대첩과 4차 출동인 부산포해전을 통해 결정적으로 함대결전전략을 시도하기도 했다. 이순신의 수군전략은 승리를 위해 은밀하게 그 유리한 조건을 사전에 만들어 놓는 제승지형 구비전략 또는 제승전략, 그리고 제한된 자원을 가지고 최소의 피해와 희생을 통해 ‘이기거나 아니면 최소한 지지 않는’ 불패전략에 바탕을 두고 있음을 알 수 있다. 그리고 이러한 전략목표를 달성하기 위해 ①선제공격전술, ②함포포격전술, ③ 화공전술, ④진법전술 등 다양한 전술을 전투상황에 맞게 자유자재로 적절히 구사하여 주요해전에서 연승무패의 위업을 기록했다. 이순신은 세계전쟁사상 유례가 없는 연전연승을 기록한 뛰어난 군사전문성과 인품을 지닌 군사전략가였다. 지식정보화시대라고 일컬어지는 지금의 시점에서도 보아도 이순신의 연승무패전략, 정보중시전략, 거북선과 같은 당시 신무기의 개발을 통한 군사혁신마인드, 소통과 필사즉생(必死卽生)의 리더십 등은 그 중요성이 줄지 않는 많은 교훈과 시사점을 우리에게 주고 있다. 그의 전략ㆍ전술의 바탕은 나라사랑과 백성사랑에 있었으며, 이러한 사랑이 그의 중요한 전략사상이자 전략ㆍ전술 그 자체이기도 했다. 그는 최후의 순간까지 구국의 일념으로 나라와 백성을 위해 몸과 마음을 바친 위대한 군인이자 영웅으로서 한국인의 마음속에 영원히 살아 있게 될 것이다.

이스라엘 방위군의 특징과 한국에의 함의

김강녕(Kang-nyeong Kim) 한국국회학회 2022 한국과 세계 Vol.4 No.6

본 논문은 이스라엘 방위군의 특징과 한국에의 함의를 분석하기 위한 것이다. 독립이후 이스라엘은 여러 아랍국과 전쟁을 벌여왔다. 아랍국과의 관계는 정상화했지만, 레바논·시리아와 공식적으로 전쟁을 벌여 왔으며, 이-팔분쟁은 미해결상태다. 이스라엘은 주변 적대국에 비해 인구규모의 절대열세, 가용인적·물적 자원의 부족으로 인한 전쟁지속능력의 취약성, 작전중심의 단거리·협소성 등으로 이러한 안보의 취약성 극복을 위한 국방안보정책 및 군사전략 등을 추진하고 있다. 이스라엘 방위군의 주요 특징으로 ①군 운영체제: 통합군 체제로서 능력위주 군간부 양성, ②군사전략: 선제기습·속전속결·적(敵)영토에서의 전쟁수행, ③정보수집: 100% 독자적 수집자산 보유, ④무기체계 개발: IDF와 방산업체 간 긴밀한 협력체제 등을 들 수 있다. 이스라엘은 ①방위군 합동작전능력 개발과 예비군의 중요한 임무와 역할, ②이스라엘의 독자적 정보, 감시·정찰, 수집활동 능력, ③이스라엘의 방위군과 방위산업체의 밀접한 협력관계, ④이스라엘의 적극적인 군사전략과 창조적이고 강한 정신전력 등과 관련해서 우리에게 적지 않은 시사점을 주고 있다. 세계의 화약고로 무력충돌이 일상인 중동 지역갈등의 중심에 있는 이스라엘은 수적 열세에도 밀리지 않고 국가안보·번영을 유지해 나가고 있어 국가안보 및 국방과학기술에서도 벤치마킹할 만하다. 국가안보와 평화는 그것을 지킬 수 있는 유형·무형의 전력과 단·중·장기적 전략·비전이 뒷받침될 때 주어지는 것임은 아무리 강조해도 지나치지 않을 것이다. Israel is pursuing national defense and security policies and military strategies to overcome such vulnerabilities due to its absolute population size, weakness of war sustainability due to lack of available human and material resources, and short- range and narrow operational-centeredness. The main features of the IDF include ①the unified military system: the training of capabilities-oriented military personnel, ②preemptive surprise attack, speedy decision-making, and warfare in enemy territory, ③intelligence gathering: 100% independent assets, and ④weapons development: IDF and defense companies. There are many implications for Israel for us. That is, ①the development of the INF joint operation capability and the important missions and roles of the reserve force, ②Israel's independent intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, and collection activities, ③the close cooperative relationship between the IDF and Israel's defense industry, ④Israel's aggressive military strategy and strong mental strength. Israel is worthy of benchmarking in national security and defense science and technology as it maintains national security and prosperity despite its numerical inferiority. National security and peace are given when tangible and intangible forces that can protect it and short, medium, and long-term strategies and visions are supported.

미래 전쟁양상의 변화와 한국의 대응

김강녕 ( Kim Kang-nyeong ) 한국정치사회연구소 2017 한국과 국제사회 Vol.1 No.1

This paper is to analyse the changes in the future war patterns and ROK`s response. To this end the paper is composed of 5 chapters titled instruction; concept, characteristics, types, and evolution of war; changes in the war patterns of the future; Korea`s response strategies for the future war. Truth can be immutable, but everything else changes. War has begun with human history, and today there are still wars in places all over the world. As ages change from agricultural society to industrial society to knowledge and information society, aspects(patterns) of war have also changed. Future warfare includes the 5th dimensional war(in the ground, the sea, the air, the universe, the cyber), the network-centric, the precision strike, the rapid maneuver, the non-gunpowder, the non-lethal, the unmanned robot, the informational & cyber, the asymmetric, the non-linear, and the parallel etc. In response to these changes in the pattern of wars, the ROK military should seek ①to build a future-oriented military force, ②to continuously develop military innovation and preparedness, and ③to develop and establish a paradigm for acquiring the power of technology. A Roman strategist, Vegetius said, "If you wish peace, prepare for war." This is a universally accepted maxim in international society today. We must never forget that peace we desire is given when we have the will and ability to keep.

미중관계의 전개와 현안문제 및 시사점

김강녕(Kim Kang nyeong) 한국정치사회연구소 2018 한국과 국제사회 Vol.2 No.2

본 논문은 ‘미중관계의 전개와 현안문제 및 시사점을 분석하기 위한 것이다. 초기 및 적대적 대결기의 미중관계, 미중접근·관계정상화기 및 1980∼90년대 미중관계, G2시대 개막후 2010년대 중반까지의 미중관계, 트럼프-시진핑시대의 미중관계와 주요현안과 시사점을 살펴본 후 결론을 도출해본 것이다. 지난 30여 년간의 중국의 급속한 성장은 기존의 미국중심의 단극적 국제질서를 변화시키며 양국간의 경쟁을 촉발시키고 있다. 미국과 중국은 전략·경제대화’를 정기적으로 개최하는 유일한 국가가 되었고, 주제 역시 양자간의 관계뿐만 아니라 글로벌 이슈까지 논의하는 나라로 발전해왔다. 미중협력·갈등의 현안문제는 양국관계는 물론 글로벌 이슈를 망라하고 있다. 예컨대 남중국해, 북핵과 사드, 통상·금융질서, 대만문제 등이 바로 그것이다. 미중갈등은 남의 일이 아니라 한국의 외교·안보·경제에도 직결되는 문제이다. 우리는 미중관계에 있어서 ‘코리아 패싱(Korea passing)’이 나오지 않도록 튼튼한 한·미 안보공조관계를 유지·강화해 나가는 한편, 한·중 경제협력관계도 조화롭게 추진해 나가는 헤징전략이 요구된다. This paper is to analyse the development of the U.S.-China relationship and pending issues and implications. To this end the paper is composed of 6 chapters titled instruction; the relationship between the US and China in the early and hostile confrontation period; the relationship of US-Chinese approach/normalization period and the relationship in the 1980s and 1990s; the relationship by mid-2010 since the opening of the G2 era; the US-China relations and major pending issues and implications in the era of Trump-Xi Jinping; and conclusion. The rapid growth of China over the past three decades has changed the existing US-centered international order and has triggered competition between the two countries. The United States and China have become the only countries that regularly hold strategic and economic dialogue, and the topic has also developed into a country that discusses not only bilateral relations but also global issues. The issues of US-China cooperation and conflicts encompass global issues as well as bilateral relations issues. For example, the South China Sea, the North Korean nuclear issue and the THAAD, the economic and financial order, and the Taiwan issue. It is not a matter of another country, but a problem that directly or indirectly leads to Korea s diplomacy, security and economy. In order to prevent Korea passing in the US-China relationship, we need a hedging strategy that maintains and strengthens the strong ROK-US security cooperation and harmonious promotion of ROK-China economic cooperation.

중국의 국방·안보백서 발간의 추이와 함의

김강녕 ( Kim Kang-nyeong ) 한국정치사회연구소 2019 한국과 국제사회 Vol.3 No.1

This paper is to analyze the trend and implications of the publication of China's defense and security white papers. To this end the paper is composed of 5 chapters titled instruction; publication details and composition of China's defense and security white paper; the gist of the white paper on national defense and security during the Chinese president Xi Jinping era; the implications of Chinese white paper on national defense and security during the Chinese president Xi Jinping era; and conclusion. The Chinese Ministry of National Defense had published seven books every two years since 1998 to 2010. In 1995, the ministry published a white paper titled ‘China's arms control and disarmament’ for the first time. In 2013, it published a white paper titled ‘The Diversified Employment of China's Armed Forces’ and ‘China's Military Strategy’ in 2015. All have the common characteristic of being a propaganda policy reflecting China's strategic calculations. It seems that China has began to publish defense white papers in a proactive manner, due to the following factors: ①pressure on China to demand military transparency from neighboring countries such as the United States; ②the erosion of the‘China threat.’ and ③confidence in the achievement of China's military modernization. The ‘active defensive strategy’ and the ‘strong defense strategy’ of Si Jinping are implied in the words “China’s dream is a dream of a powerful country and dream of a strong nation is essential to construct a strong nation.” His these strategies have raised security concerns for neighboring countries. We need to maintain and reinforce strong ROK-US security cooperation, and hedging strategies to harmoniously promote ROK-China economic cooperation.

약소국의 승전사례와 그 교훈

김강녕 ( Kim Kang-nyeong ) 해병대 전략연구소 2017 전략논단 Vol.25 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the major war cases and lessons that the lesser/minor power won a victory over the wealthy/big power. To this end, the paper is composed of 6 chapters titled introduction; the definition and pattern of war and the outline of war history; major cases of the ancient war in which the poor/minor country won the power; major cases of the modern/contemporary war in which the poor/minor country won the power; historical lessons of the poor/minor country`s victory, and the ROK`s military security preparedness direction; and conclusion. Victory factors of the major war cases in East and West, including Korea(Goguryeo, Unified Silla) from ancient times to present times, when the lesser/minor power won the wealthy/big power, can be summarized as follows: ①the will of total desperate battle, ②the militaristic spirit of `Providing is preventing,` ③an outstanding mili-tary leader and elite soldiers, ④the development and application of efficient military strength and strategic tactics in accordance with the battlefield environment, etc. In particular, Israel`s victory in the “Six-Day War”, which won the war with a strong tactic of national tactics and effective strategy tactics in preparation for a close com-bat, can be said to have great implications for us. The threat to security on the Korean Peninsula has never been greater. North Korea is committed to maintaining and training massive numbers of conventional forces while simultaneously advancing its asymmetric forces and weapons of mass destruct-tion that shake the stability of the Korean Peninsula, Northeast Asia and the world. In this situation, it is the most national security task that we should deter war and Maintain a state of peace on the peninsula. “National security is like oxygen or tree roots” and “Costs for national defense are like insurance payments,” they say. We should continue to firmly defend the Republic of Korea from all threats and perform our duties in ways that are consistent with an “advanced elite military” and that enhance the ROK`s stature in the world.

북한 핵전략의 유형적 특징과 전망

김강녕 ( Kim Kang-nyeong ) 한국정치사회연구소 2017 한국과 국제사회 Vol.1 No.2

This paper is to analyze the type characteristics and prospects of the North Korean nuclear strategy. To this end, the paper is composed of 5 chapters titled introduction; the concept and type of nuclear strategy; the nuclear capabilities of North Korea and the declarative nuclear strategy; the operational characteristics and prospects of the North Korean nuclear strategy; and conclusion. Recently, the deployment of nuclear weapons and the enhancement of nuclear capabilities in North Korea have raised serious problems in our security and military preparedness. Nuclear strategy means military strategy related to the organization, deployment and operation of nuclear weapons. The study of North Korea`s nuclear strategy begins with a very realistic assumption that the nuclear arsenal of North Korea has been substantiated. It is a measure based on North Korea`s nuclear arsenal that our defense authorities present the concepts of preemptive attack, missile defense, and mass retaliation as countermeasures against the North Korean nuclear issue and are in the process of introducing and deploying them. The declared nuclear declaration strategy of the DPRK is summarized as: ①Nuclear deterrence and retaliation strategy under the (North Korea`s) Nuclear Weapons Act, ②Nuclear preemptive aggression, ③The principle of `no first use` of nuclear weapons in the 7th Congress. And the intentions and operational characteristics of the North Korean nuclear strategy are as follows: ①Avoiding blame through imitation of existing nuclear state practices, ②Favoring of nuclear strategy through declarative nuclear strategy, ③ Non-settlement of nuclear strategy due to gap between nuclear capability and nuclear posture. North Korea has declared itself a nuclear-weapon state through the revised Constitution(2012.7), the Line of `Construction of the Nuclear Armed Forces and the Economy`(2013.3), and the Nuclear Weapons Act(2013.4). However, the status of nuclear nations can only be granted by the NPT, which is already a closed system. Realistically, a robust ROK-US alliance and close US-ROK cooperation are crucial to curbing and overcoming the North Korean nuclear threat we face. On this basis, it is essential not only to deter North Korea`s nuclear attacks, but also to establish and implement our own short-term, middle-term and long-term political and military countermeasures for North Korea`s denuclearization and disarmament.