보행 시 DLO방법을 이용한 발목 관절의 접촉력 분석

권문석 ( Moon Seok Kwon ),신성휴 ( Seong Hyoo Shin ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2006 체육과학연구 Vol.17 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 최적화 기법을 이용한 보행 시 발목 관절의 동역학적 해석에 근거하여 실제 인간의 보행 시 발목관절에서 발생하는 접촉력으로 추정함으로써 생체역학적 및 임상적인 관점에서 평가 할 수 있는 방법론 제시에 그 목적이 있다. 이러한 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 본 연구 대상자들은 근골격계의 질환이 없는 정상인 집단 10명을 선정하였으며, 보행 동작 시 최적화 기법을 이용한 발목 관절의 근골격계 해석은 RHS(right heel strike)에서 RTO(right toe off)까지만 분석하였다. 최적화 기법을 이용한 발목 관절의 근골격계의 해석에서 중추신경계의 생리적 근육 이용 전략에 근거하여 인간의 동작은 최적화되며, 동작 시 최소의 근육 동원이 수행될 것이라는 가정하고, 발목 관절은 3자유도를 가진 복합관절의 복합(complex)관절로 정의하였다. 이와 같은 발목 관절의 정의와 가정에 의해서 인체 모델링을 설정하였고 운동학적 데이터 산출을 위한 3차원 좌표 및 운동역학적 데이터인 지면반력 데이터 산출을 위하여 Kwon3d와 KwonGRF 프로그램을 이용하였으며, 보행 시 발목 관절에 작용하는 11개 근육의 힘들을 고려하여 발목 접촉력은 matlab(Version6.5) 프로그램으로 프로그래밍하였다. 산출된 발목관절 접촉력의 자료는 평균값을 이용하여 얻어진 결론은 다음과 같다. 인간을 대상으로 발목관절의 접촉력을 산출하는 방법 중 동역학 접근법의 근거아래 발목관절에 작용하는 근육의 힘들을 최적화하여 얻어진 접촉력은 선행연구들에서 얻어진 결과와 같은 결과를 보였을 뿐만 아니라 좌ㆍ우, 전ㆍ후 전단력도 평가 할 수 있는 발목관절 모델링과 프로그램 방법론을 제시하였다. 본 연구에서 제시된 DLO 방법은 실제 계산되는 시간이 다른 선행연구들에서 제시된 방법들과 비교하여 보았을 때 매우 효과적인 방법이라 할 수 있다. 그러므로 인간의 보행 시 발목 관절의 임상적 측면을 생체역학적 관점으로 평가 할 수 있는 방법으로 이용될 것으로 기대된다. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical applicability throughout dynamically analysis of the ankle joint used of optimization. To do this, the normal group included 10 participants who had no skeletal muscular disease. On the study, the DLO(Double Linear Optimization) method during walking used of skeletal muscular interpretation analyzed from RHS(right heel strike) to RTO(right toe off). Human walking movement is optimized based on physiological muscle controlled by the central nervous system, and it was assumed that minimum number of skeletal muscle would be mobilized during the movement. The ankle joint was defined 3 free-degree ball-and-socket complex joint. Body modeling was set up based on the definition and assumption of the ankle joint. Kwon3d and KwonGRF program were used for 3d result of kinematic data and results of exercise kinetic data. Matlab(version 6.5) was employed to analyze osculating ability used of mean values. These data resulted in the followings: Dynamically kinetic interpretation of ankle skeletal muscular modeling on 3 free-degree, 11 muscles during normal subjects` walking used of optimization method. Because the DLO technique used in the study has been reported to influence to an accuracy of real experimental data, each variable, such as angle variables, joint repulsive moment, was quantitatied by the previous experiment to control possible errors. Individual powers of 3 free-degree 11 muscles were calculated by the skeletal muscle modeling used of kinematic and kinetic factors of ankle joint computed by the experiment. However, The important result from the study was the interpretation of osculating ability of the ankle joint. Even though this study was finished shortly when compared to the previous studies, the same results were observed. Furthermore, this study tested the four direction share force. Therefore, this study provided practical and computationally inexpensive method of estimating in vivo quantities ankle joint contact forces. Thus, this method may be used on the clinical area to verify effects of biomechanical to evaluate ankle joint for human walking.

국제학술대회 & 아시아운동역학회 창립총회 논문집 : 보행 시 최적화 기법을 이용한 발목관절의 접촉력 분석

권문석 ( Moon Seok Kwon ),신성휴 ( Seong Hyoo Shin ),박기자 ( Ki Sa Park ),김태완 ( Tae Hwan Kim ) 한국운동역학회 2006 한국운동역학회 춘계학술발표논문집 Vol.2006 No.-

쪼그려 앉았다 서기 동작 시 몸통의 무게 변화가 몸통 움직임과 무릎 관절 모멘트에 미치는 영향

권문석 ( Moon Seok Kwon ),김상규 ( Sang Kyu Kim ),신성휴 ( Seong Hyoo Shin ) 한국운동역학회 2007 한국운동역학회지 Vol.17 No.4

착지 시 외부 무게 부하에 따른 남성과 여성의 하지 관절 각속도, 모멘트, 에너지 흡수에 미치는 영향

권문석 ( Moon Seok Kwon ) 한국운동역학회 2012 한국운동역학회지 Vol.22 No.3

This study aimed to analyze the effects of external load between male and female on angular velocity, moment, and absorbed energy of the lower-extremity joints during drop landing. The study subjects were 9 male(mass = 70.82±4.64 kg, height = 1.71±0.04 m, age = 24.5±1.84 years), 9 female(mass = 50.14±4.09 kg, height = 1.61±0.03 m, age = 23.6±2.62 years), without any serious musculoskeletal, coordination, balance, or joint/ligament problems for 1 year before the study. The angular velocity, flexion/extension and abduction/adduction moments, and absorbed energy of the lower-extremity joints were compared between the men and women during drop landing under 4 different conditions of external load(0%, 8%, 16%, and 24%) by using two-way repeated ANOVA( p < .05). The women landed with a greater peak angular velocity of the ankle joint, greater peak inversion moment, and lower peak hip-extension moment than the men did, under all 4 conditions. Additionally, the landing characteristics of the women were distinct from those of the men; the women showed a greater peak knee-adduction moment and greater absorbed energy of the knee joint. These differences indicate that anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) strain was greater in the women than in the men and therefore, women may be at a higher potential risk for noncontact injuries of the ACL with an increase in external load.

레이저 및 영상 센서 시스템을 이용한 농구 골대 위치 변화 측정에 관한 연구

권문석(Kwon, Moon-Seok),김성중(Kim, Seong-Jung),이용식(Lee, Young-Sik),임영태(Lim, Young-Tae) 한국체육과학회 2013 한국체육과학회지 Vol.22 No.4

The purpose of this study was to analyze variation measurement of basket ball rim position using measuring equipment based on laser and image sensor system. To evaluate position error of basketball rim during the game after basketball rim impact, we developed the measuring equipment using laser and camera system and compared between two different basketball rim with 300kg and 350kg of static load. The basketball rim with 300kg static load showed significant change of height, anterior/posterior, and lateral/medial movements. The basketball rim with 350kg static load also showed significant change of anterior/posterior and lateral/medial movements. During the 40 minutes of the game simulation, anterior/posterior movements of basketball rim were greater than the height or lateral/medial movements. Although this study found the significant changes of three axis rim movement the actual variation scale was very small. However, in real basketball game, if tall and heavy professional players slam dunk or have strong physical contact with basketball rim and backboard it is inevitable to have larger scale variations. This variation might be a critical factor affect the success rate of free throw or field throw during the game.

양발 착지 시 성별에 따른 상해 경험이 하지관절의 운동역학적 변인에 미치는 영향

이성열,권문석,Lee, Seong-Yeol,Kwon, Moon-Seok 한국응용과학기술학회 2019 한국응용과학기술학회지 Vol.36 No.2

본 연구는 양발 착지 시 성별에 따른 상해 경험이 무릎과 엉덩관절의 움직임 및 수직 지면반력에 미치는 영향을 분석하는데 목적이 있었다. 20대 남성 20명(상해 경험 8명, 비상해 경험 12명), 여성 20명(상해 경험 11명, 비상해 경험 9명)을 연구대상자로 선정하였다. 높이 45cm 박스에서 양발 착지를 통해 얻어진 운동역학적 변인을 Two-way mixed ANOVA를 실시하였으며, bonferroni adjustment를 이용하여 사후검증 하였다(p<.05). 본 연구결과 상해를 경험한 여성 그룹은 무릎 관절의 외반 및 내측회전 그리고 엉덩관절의 굴곡 및 외측회전 운동을 증가시켜 최대 수직 지면반발력의 감소를 유도할 수 있었던 것으로 판단된다. 상해를 경험하지 않은 여성 그룹의 경우 최대 무릎 굴곡각도가 가장 작게 나타났을 뿐만 아니라 엉덩관절의 굴곡과 외측회전 각도에서 가장 적은 수치를 나타내었고 최대 수직 지면반발력은 가장 높게 나타났다. 반면, 상해를 경험하지 않은 여성 INE 그룹의 경우 IE 그룹에 비해 상대적으로 무릎과 엉덩관절을 활용하지 못함으로서 높은 수직 지면반발력을 나타내었고, 이는 상대적으로 상해 위험성에 많이 노출되어 있음을 의미한다. 따라서 성별에 따른 상해 경험이 무릎과 엉덩관절의 운동과 최대 수직 지면반발력의 크기에 요인들에 영향을 주는 요인들임을 알 수 있었다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of gender difference in injury experience on biomechanical variables of lower extremity during two leg drop landing. 20 male(injury experience=8, non-injury experience=12) and 20 female(injury experience=11, non-Injury Experience=9) in their 20's were selected as subjects. Two-way mixed ANOVA was performed on the biomechanical variables obtained from the two leg drop landing in a 45cm height box and post-test was performed with bonferroni adjustment(p <.05). The results of this study suggest that the group of female who injury experience could induce the reduction of the peak vertical ground reaction force by increasing the valgus and internal rotation of the knee joint and flexion and internal rotation of the hip joint. In the INE(injury non-experienced) female group, the peak knee flexion angle was the smallest, as well as the flexion of the hip joint and the external rotation angle, and the peak vertical ground reaction force was the highest. On the other hand, the INE female group showed high vertical ground reaction force because they did not utilize the knee and hip joints relatively than the IE(injury experienced) female group, this means that it is relatively exposed to the risk of injury. Therefore, it was found that gender difference in injury experience is a factor affecting factors of knee and hip joint movement and peak vertical GRF(ground reaction force).

유도 맞잡기 타입에 따른 허벅다리걸기의 Kinematic 분석[I]

김의환,조동희,권문석,Kim, Eui-Hwan,Cho, Dong-Hee,Kwon, Moon-Seok 한국운동역학회 2002 한국운동역학회지 Vol.12 No.1

The purpose of this study was to analyze the kinematic variables when Uchi-mata(inner thigh reaping throw) performing by Kumi-kata(engagement position, basic hold) types A, B(A: grasping part-behind neck lapel, B: chest lapel) in Judo with three dimensional analysis technique DLT method by videography. The subjects were four male judokas who have been training in Yong-In University(YIU), on Korean Representative level and Uchi-mata is their tokui-nage(favorite technique), the throwing form was filmed on two S-VHS 16mm video camera( 30frame/sec. Panasonic). Kinematic variables were temporal, posture, and COG. The data collection was performing by Uchi-mata. Six good trials were collected for each condition (type A, B) among over 10 trials. The mean values and the standard deviation for each variable were obtained and used as basic factors for examining characteristics of Uchi-mata by Kumi-kata types. The results of this analysis were as follows : 1) Temporal variables The total time elapsed(TE) by Uchi-mata of types A, B were 1.45, 1.56 sec. respectively. Types A shorter than B. 2) Posture variables In performing of Uchi-mata, the range of flexion in type A, left elbow was $45^{\circ}$ and B was $89^{\circ}$ from Event 2(E2) to Event 6(E6). Type A and B were quite different in right elbow angle in Event1(E1). Left shoulder angle of type A was extended and type B was flexed in E4. Both types right shoulder angles were showed similar pattern. Also both hip angles(right/left) were showed similar pattern. When type A performed Uchi-mata the knee-angle of supporting foot showed $142^{\circ}$in the 1st stage of kake phase[KP], and extended to $147^{\circ}$in the 2nd stage of KP. And the foot-ankle angle of supporting foot showed $83^{\circ}$in the 1st stage of KP, and extended to $86^{\circ}$in the 2nd stage of KP. moreover, The knee angle of attacking foot showed $126^{\circ}$in the 1st stage of KP, and extended to $132^{\circ}$in the 2nd stage of KP, and the foot-ankle angle of attacking foot showed $106^{\circ}$in the 1st stage of KP, and extended to $121^{\circ}$in the 2nd stage of KP. When type B performed Uchi-mata the knee-angle of supporting foot showed $144^{\circ}$in the 1st stage of KP, and extended to $154^{\circ}$in the 2nd stage of KP. And the foot-ankle angle of supporting foot showed $83^{\circ}$in the 1st stage of KP, and extended to $92^{\circ}$in the 2nd stage of KP. moreover, The knee angle of attacking foot showed $132^{\circ}$in the 1st stage of KP, and extended to $140^{\circ}$in the 2nd stage of KP, and the foot-ankle angle of attacking foot showed $103^{\circ}$in the 1st stage of KP, and extended to $115^{\circ}$in the 2nd stage of KP. During Uchi-mata performing, type A showed pulling pattern and type B showed lift-pulling pattern. As Kumi-kata types, it were different to upper body(elbow, shoulder angle), but mostly similar to lower body(hip, knee, ankle angle) on both types. 3) C. O. G. variables When the subjects performed Uchi-mata, COG of type A, B up and down in vertical aspect was 71cm, 73.8cm in height from the foot in the 2nd stage of KP. As Kumi-kata types, it were different on medial-lateral direction aspect but weren't different in Kuzushi phase on vertical direction aspect.

8주간의 맵시 운동프로그램이 중년여성들의 보행 시 상체 분절들의 가속과 감쇄율에 미치는 영향

박희준(Hui Jun Park),권문석(Moon Seok Kwon) 한국문화융합학회 2021 문화와 융합 Vol.43 No.7

본 연구의 목적은 맵시운동 프로그램이 중년여성의 보행 동작 시 상체의 가속과 감쇄율에 미치는 영향을 분석하는데 있었다. 본 연구를 위해 중년 여성 25명이 참여하였으며, 맵시 운동군 13명, 대조군 12명으로 구분하였다. 7대의 적외선 카메라(MX-Motion Capture Camera, Vicon, UK; Sampling Rate: 120 Hz)를 이용하여 운동학적데이터를 수집하였으며, 상체 분절들의 RMS 가속도와 감쇄율 요인들을 계산하였다. 보행 시 맵시 운동 효과의 검증은 Two-way repeated measures ANOVA를 실시하였다(α=.05). 맵시 운동군 그룹은 8주 운동 후 보행 동작에서 머리, 몸통, 골반 분절의 ML과 AP 방향 RMS 가속도 요인들에서 증가를 나타내었고(p<.05), 골반에 대한 몸통 분절의 AP 방향에 대한 감쇄율 요인은 감소한 것으로 나타났다(p<.05). 이러한 결과는 8주간의 맵시 운동 프로그램이 중년 여성들의 보행 시 전방으로 신체를 가속시키는기능과 발과 지면의 접촉 구간에서의 안정성을 확보 그리고 감속 기능 향상에 영향을 준 것으로 판단된다. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the Maepsi exercise program on the acceleration and attenuation rate of the upper body segments during gait of middle-aged women. For this study, 25 middle-aged women participated, and they were classfied into 13 subjects in the Maepsi exercise group and 12 subjects in the control group. Kinematic data were collected using 7 cameras (MX-Motion Capture Camera, Vicon, UK; Sampling Rate: 120 Hz) and the factors of RMS acceleration and attenuation rates of upper body segments were calculated. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA(α=.05 ) was used to verify the effect of the Maepsi exercise program during gait. The Maepsi exercise group showed increases in ML and AP direction RMS acceleration factors of the head, trunk, and pelvis in gait after 8 weeks of exercise (p<.05), and the attenuation factor for the AP direction of the trunk segment to the pelvis was decreased (p<.05). These results suggest that the 8-week Maepsi exercise program had an effect on the function of accelerating the body forward, maintaining stability in the foot-ground contact phase, and improving the deceleration function of middle-aged women during gait.

드라이버 스윙 시 X-Factor, X-Factor Stretch와 스윙 관련 변인의 상관관계 분석

이경헌 ( Kyung Hun Lee ),권문석 ( Moon Seok Kwon ),임영태 ( Young Tae Lim ) 한국운동역학회 2015 한국운동역학회지 Vol.25 No.2

Purpose: Recently, many researchers and golf coachers demonstrated that X-factor and X-factor stretch had a co-relationship with driving distance. However, its relationship is still controversial and ambiguous. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the relationship among X-factor, X-factor stretch and swing-related factors, including driving distance in elite golfers. Method: Seventeen male elite golfers (handicap: ≤4) with no history of musculo-skeletal injuries participated in the study. Thirty spherical retro-reflective markers were placed on including the middle point of PSIS, the right/left ASIS, the right/left lateral acromion of the scapula, driver head and shaft grip. All motion capture data was collected at 100Hz using 6 infrared cameras. Carry distance, club speed, ball speed, smash factor, launch angle, and spin rate were collected from radar-based device, TrackMan. Results: Pearson’s correlation coefficient method was used to find the correlations among X-factor, X-factor stretch and swing-related factors. Positive correlations between driving distance and other swing-related factors which include club speed(r=.798, p<.001), and ball speed(r=.948, p<.001) were observed. In contrast to the swing-related factors, X-factor and X-factor stretch had no relationship to driving distance. Conclusion: These results indicate that X-factor and X-factor stretch are not key regulators in driving distance.

복싱 잽(jab) 동작 시 상지회전 운동이 근활성도에 미치는 영향

이성열 ( Lee Sung-yul ),권문석 ( Kwon Moon-seok ),조효구 ( Cho Hyo-gu ),김진표 ( Kim Jin-pyo ) 대한무도학회 2017 대한무도학회지 Vol.19 No.2

본 연구는 복싱 잽(jab) 동작 시 상지회전 운동에 따른 근활성도를 분석하는데 목적이 있었다. 최근 1년간 근골격계 상해을 경험하지 않은 대학교 남자 복싱선수 7명이(나이: 21.44±0.53 yrs, 신장: 171.22±4.32 cm 체중: 66.00±8.43 kg, 경력 7.22±0.67 yrs) 3가지 Type으로(Type 1: 손등이 위쪽, Type2: 손등이 좌측방향, Type 3: 손등이 우측방향) 잽 동작을 수행하는데 발생되는 상지 근육들의 활성도를 측정하였다. Noraxon wireless system을 이용하여 인체 근육의 활성도 자료를 수집하였으며 상지회전 운동에 따른 잽의 3가지 Type에 따른 차이를 검증하기 위해 one-way repeated ANOVA(α=.05)에서 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 도출하였다. 복싱 잽 동작 시 상지 근육들의 근활성도 및 최대 손 속도 그리고 Type 1에 대하여 일반화한 수치를 분석한 결과, Type 3 조건에서 통계적으로 가장 큰 수치를 나타내었다. 그러므로 복싱 잽 동작 시 상지의 회내 회전 운동은 펀치력을 상승시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of upper extremity rotation movement on muscles activation of upper and forearm during the boxing jab. Eight elite boxing player(age = 21.44±0.53 yrs, mass = 66.00±8.43 kg, height = 171.22±4.32 cm, career = 7.22±0.67 yrs) were performed three type of jab(Type 1: the back of the hand toward ground, Type 2: the back of the hand toward right, Type 3: the back of the hand toward left) on muscles activation of upper and forearm. All muscles activation data was collected using Noraxon wireless system. The value of mean IEMG, %RVC and velocity of hand were compared among the three type of jab by using the one way repeated ANOVA(a=.05). The results indicated that mean IEMG, velocity of hand and normalized value by Type 1 were significantly higher in the Type 3 condition. Therefore, it was known that upper extremity internal rotation may increase power of punch for attacking game during a boxing jab.