Bacillus polymyxa KS - 1 이 생산하는 exopolysaccharide KS - 1 의 생산조건 및 특성

권기석 한국농화학회 1992 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.35 No.5

1942년 Leuconostoc mesenteroides에 의해 균체외로 생산하는 dextran을 blood plasma expander로 개발한 이래 bacteria, yeast, 그리고 mold 등의 다양한 미생물들에 의해 생산되는 다당류에 대한 많은 연구가 되여져 왔다. 자연계로부터 분리한 균주에 의해 생산되는 다당류가 시판중인 다당류와의 대체 또는 새로운 용도로 개발할 목적으로 연구되었다. Czapek medium (glucose 함유)에 0.5g/l의 yeast extract를 첨가하여 토양으로부터 다당류 생산 균주를 다당류의 구성성분을 조사하여 새로운 균주일 가능성이 높고 목적에 적합한 균주를 여러가지 생리학적, 화학적 동정법을 통해 본 결과 분리균주는 Bacillus polymyxa와 아주 근연한 균으로 최종적으로 B. polymyxa KS-1으로 명명하였다. 최적 배양조건은 배양온도 30℃, 초기 pH는 7.0에서 그리고 C/N ratio가 12일 때 균체증식 및 다당류 생산이 우수하였으며, 최적 배지조성에서의 glucose로부터 다당류 환원율은 약 33%이었다. 다당류 KS-1의 구성당의 비는 galactosamine mannose : glucose : galactose가 55 : 51 : 50 : 18의 비를 보인 새로운 다당류로 추정되며, 분자량은 Sepharose 4B를 이용시 peak molecular weight (Mp)는 약 80만에서 130만 dalton의 분자량을 갖는 복합다당류로서, 그 물성학적 성질은 NaCl 그리고 CaCl₂의 첨가 및 농도의 증가에 따라 shear rate에 대한 shear stress가 증가하는 현상을 보였으며, pH 안정성과 열안정성에서는 xanthan gum과는 다른 성질로 관찰되었다. 그 외 melting point, water activity(Aw) 등에서도 기존의 다당류와는 다른 특성을 보였다. 이러한 여러 물성학적 바탕으로 다당류 KS-1의 용도개발에 대한 결과로서 폐수처리 응집제 및 기존의 다당류 및 유화안정제와의 비교시 강한 활성을 갖는 유화 안정제(emulsfier)로 밝혀져 이에 관한 지속적인 연구가 수행되고 있다.

Network, Channel, and Geographical Proximity of Knowledge Transfer: The Case of University-Industry Collaboration in South Korea

권기석,장덕희,박한우 아시아기술혁신학회 2015 Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy Vol.4 No.2

The relationship between geographical proximity and academics’ formal and informal knowledge-transfer activities in the network is analyzed with a mixed research method. With social network analysis as a basis, we have explored the networks between academics and firms in the 16 regions of South Korea. The result shows Seoul and Gyunggi are identified as central nodes, meaning that the academics in other regions tend to collaborate with firms in these regions. An econometric analysis is performed to confirm the localization of knowledge-transfer activities. The intensity of formal channels measured by the number of academic papers is negatively, but significantly associated with the geographical proximity. However, we have not found any significant relationship between the formality of the channels and geographical proximity. Possibly, the regional innovation systems in South Korea are neither big enough nor strong enough to show a localization effect.

Evolution of Universities and Government Policy: The case of South Korea

권기석 아시아기술혁신학회 2015 Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy Vol.4 No.1

This paper investigates the two academic revolutions of the Korean higher education system. Since economic catch-up began in the 1960s, Korea has strongly encouraged the activities of its higher education system to serve industrial development as it has progressed through various developmental stages. At the ‘strong regulation’ stage, universities focused on the provision of technicians. As the need for higher education grew, the ‘massive expansion’ stage emerged. Finally, most recently, university research and its direct contribution to the economy have been invigorated by strong governmental support. Possibly, this is due to the fact that the Korean government has strongly controlled not only industry but also academia. As long as other East Asian universities have similar conditions to those of the development of Korean universities, we can generalise this model not only to universities in other East Asian countries, but also to universities in other rapid catch-up countries.

Analysis of National Basic Research System: The Case of South Korea

권기석,So-Yeon Park,장덕희 아시아기술혁신학회 2017 Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy Vol.6 No.2

In this paper, we analyze the basic research system in South Korea. We propose a national basic research system consisting of value, openness, input, transformation, and output. Based on this framework, we set up interview questionnaires, and 15 key informants have been interviewed. According to our results, first, in terms of value, basic research is recognized as an activity for creating knowledge in the understanding of nature. Second, as for openness, scientists and policy experts agree that active interaction with the global community is an important value for the national research system. Third, in terms of sustainable research resources, scientists are strongly required to effectively allocate research funding, maximizing the creativity of researchers and the efficient sharing of research equipment. Fourth, in transformation, basic researchers maintain that the Korean research system has is extremly dependent on the government’s external control, and its self-regulative system has been weak for over half century onw. Fifth, for global competitiveness, the interviewees agreed that the quality of basic research in Korea is approaching that of its global competitors. Finally, we put forward some policy implications on the basis of these findings.

Collaborative Research Network and Scientific Productivity: The Case of Korean Statisticians and Computer Scientists

권기석,김진국 아시아기술혁신학회 2017 Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy Vol.6 No.1

This paper focuses on the relationship between the characteristics of network and the productivity of scientists, which is rarely examined in previous studies. Utilizing a unique dataset from the Korean Citation Index (KCI), we examine the overall characteristics of the research network (e.g. distribution of nodes, density and mean distance), and analyze whether the network centrality is related to the scientific productivity. According to the results, firstly we have found that the collaborative research network of the Korean academics in the field of statistics and computer science is a scale-free network. Secondly, these research networks show a disciplinary difference. The network of statisticians is denser than that of computer scientists. In addition, computer scientists are located in a fragmented network compared to statisticians. Thirdly, with regard to the relationship between the researchers’ network position and scientific productivity, a significant relation and their disciplinary difference have been observed. In particular, the degree centrality is the strongest predictor for the scientists’ productivity. Based on these findings, some policy implications are put forward.

조선후기 족보에서 목활자(木活字) 사용의 확대 - 규장각(奎章閣) 소장 족보를 중심으로 -

권기석 한국사연구회 2022 한국사연구 Vol.- No.198

조선후기 족보는 목판과 활자라는 두 가지 인쇄 수단을 활용하여 간행되었다. 목판은 활자보다 많은 비용이 들지만 대량의 인쇄를 장기적으로 할 수 있고, 활자는 적은 비용으로 신속하게 소량을 찍어내는 데 적합했다. 본 논문에서는 규장각 소장 족보를 대상으로 인쇄 방식을 조사해 보았다. 그 결과 18세기 후반을 전환기로 하여 목판본 족보의 비율이 줄어들고, 목활자본 족보가 널리 사용되는 변화를 확인하였다. 금속활자본 족보도 일부 있었으나 소수의 특권적 가문에 한정되었다. 조선후기 족보 간행을 위해 사용된 활자의 주된 재료는 나무였던 것이다. 조선후기 족보에서 목활자 사용이 확대된 이유는 새로 족보를 만들 때마다 그 분량이 급증했기 때문이다. 족보 분량의 과다라는 문제를 해결하기 위해서, 성씨 전체보다는 특정 계파만을 수록한 ‘파보’를 만들기도 하고, 비용한 저렴한 목활자를 활용하여 인쇄하기도 했다. 족보가 간행물로서 갖는 특징도 활자 인쇄에 적합한 면이 있었다. 가문 내에서만 통용되는 족보는 소량 인쇄에 적합했고, 세대가 바뀔 때마다 새로운 인원을 추가해야 하므로 구보(舊譜)의 목판을 보존해 놓았다가 다시 찍어야 할 필요성도 적었다. 주로 지방관이 관권을 동원해서 지방 관아에서 간행했던 목판본 족보와 달리, 목활자본 족보는 문중 조직에서 유사(有司)를 선임하여 집단적 협력을 통해서 간행하였다. 족인의 집에 보소(譜所)라고 하는 간행 사무실이 차려졌고, 여러 자손들이 힘을 합쳐 모은 돈으로 민간의 인쇄업자를 고용하여 족보를 인쇄하였다. 이러한 변화는 민간의 인쇄역량이 활성화된 것에 힘입은 것이지만, 이에 편승하여 보편화된 목활자 인쇄 기술을 이용하여 계보 조작이 자행될 여지도 커져갔다.

正祖 綸音의 印出과 對民 보급

권기석 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2018 한국문화 Vol.0 No.83

This is a study on how Chŏngjo’s yunŭm(綸音, king’s message) was effectively published and distributed to the people based on the cooperation system between the central government and the local government in the late Chosŏn period. The cooperation system of the central and foreign government offices in the 18th century had already been established since the early Chosŏn period. The central government entrusted local officials with the management of the printing woodblocks in their workplace and proceeded with book publishing by using local manpower and materials. To effectively utilize this central-local cooperation system, a comprehensive list of woodblocks around the country was compiled, and printing capacities from all over the country were utilized to meet central demand or to spread knowledge to local areas. Movable metal types were suitable for rapid low-volume printing, whereas woodblocks enabled long-term high-volume printing. The central government chose the printing method according to the characteristic of the book to be published considering the advantages and disadvantages of the two printing means. Local authorities tried to reprint the central publications and quickly distribute them to subordinate county and local residents. King Chŏngjo published and distributed the king's message, yunŭm to the common people in the form of a booklet. He used this messages to proactively promote national policies such as saving the hungry people by famine and reducing taxes. In order for the his messages to be transmitted quickly nationwide, he made effective use of the cooperation system of central and local publishing, and translated them into Hangeul so that the lower classes could read it easily. In many cases, the first edition of yunŭm was printed in metal types by the central government. Then the provincial government reprinted the central government's editions, using woodblocks. Finally, each county received the books printed in the provincial office and copied it to the people of each village or read it verbally. The role of the local government was especially great for the nationwide distribution of yunŭm. The central government office, such as Kyosŏgwan(校書館) and Kyujanggak(奎章閣), had only printed hundreds of copies at most. However, when local authorities were working together at the same time, it was possible to print more than a thousand copies quickly. King Chŏngjo always tried to confirm that yunŭm was released without any troubles, and he also paid attention to the reaction of the people who read it. He pursued an aggressive method of governance, seeking consent and empathy with bureaucrats and people through the distribution and publishing of yunŭm, which could then be carried out by the integrated management of the government-led printing system at that time.

융합기술분야 공백기술 분석을 통한 추진기술 분야 발굴

권기석,박소연,안주명,서덕록 한국기술혁신학회 2016 한국기술혁신학회 학술대회 발표논문집 Vol.2016 No.10

18세기 조선의 王言 전파를 위한 서적 간행과 보급

권기석 숭실사학회 2022 숭실사학 Vol.- No.49

18세기 학자군주를 표방한 英祖와 正祖의 저술은 서적의 형태로 편찬·간행되었지만, 국왕이자신의 뜻을 신하나 백성에게 내리는 ‘王言’과 같은 성격이 있었다. 그러한 저술로서 御製訓書, 綸音, 御定·命撰書 등이 있는데, 국왕이 저자로서 책을 짓고 이를 독자가 될 신하와 백성에게頒賜하여 읽도록 하였다. 국왕이 직접적으로 배포한 대상은 왕실, 관청, 신료로 한정되지만, 저술의 내용을 검토해 보면 일반 民人까지도 독자층으로 상정하고 있었음을 알 수 있다. 특히 표제에서부터 민인을 깨우칠 것을 명시한 綸音은 독자층의 확대가 가장 돋보이는 기록이었다. 저자의 한 사람으로서 독자와 접하게 된 18세기 국왕들은 자신의 책이 독자에게 효과적으로 읽혀서 다음과 같은 효과를 낼 수 있도록 노력했다. 첫째로 한정된 수량의 서적을 필요로 하는 자에게 적절히 배포했다. 둘째로 독자를 감화시키거나 공감을 얻어내고자 했다. 하층 民人 독자를위해서 諺解를 시도하였고, 직접 대면해서 말하는 듯한 문체를 구사하기도 했다. 셋째로 독자인臣民이 국법을 지키고 바람직한 행동을 하도록 계도하고자 했다. 이처럼 국왕이 저자로서 책을 펴내면서 독자를 의식하고 독서의 효과에 주목하게 됨에 따라, 국왕의 저술은 다음과 같은 특성을 갖게 되었다. 첫째로 보급 대상이 크게 확대되었고 諺解를 통해서 하층민에게도 고급 정보가 제공되었다. 둘째로 민생이나 국정 현안과 같은 시의성 높은 주제의저술을 자주 내놓게 되었다. 셋째로 국가 행정이나 학술에 대한 상세한 정보를 담게 되었다. 넷째로 저술을 바탕으로 독자와 소통하고 그들의 반응에도 관심을 갖고 대응하게 되었다. 국왕 저술의 효과적 전파에는 무엇보다도 인쇄술을 활용한 서적의 대량 생산이 가장 중요했다. 중앙과 지방 관청은 목판과 활자 각각의 장점을 살려 적절히 인쇄 방식을 선택하였다. 그럼에도불구하고 민인 개개인에게까지 인쇄본을 배포하는 것은 현실적으로 불가능했으므로, 관원들이 백성을 위해 베끼거나 읽어주는 책무를 맡기도 했다. The writings of King Yeongjo and King Jeongjo, who advocated a scholar monarch in the 18th century, were compiled and published in the form of books. Their writings contained the king's intention to convey his will to his subjects and people. Such writings include eojehunseo (御製訓書, royal lectures), yuneum (綸音, king’s message), and eojeong-myeongchanseo (御定命撰書, writings compiled and commissioned by the king), and the kings wrote a book as the author and distributed it to his subjects and people to read it. The subjects directly distributed by the kings are limited to the royal family, government officers, and bureaucrats, but reviewing the contents of the writings, it can be seen that even ordinary people were assumed to be readers. In particular, yuneum which stipulates that people should be enlightened from the title, was the record that the expansion of the readership stood out the mos t. As one of the authors, the kings of the 18th century tried to make their readers read their books effectively and their efforts resulted in the following. First, they appropriately distributed a limited number of books to those in need. Second, the kings sympathized with the readers and tried to impress them. Third, they tried to guide their subjects and people to obey the laws of the country based on the contents of the book. As the kings published books as authors, they became aware of the readers and paid attention to the effects of reading. Accordingly, the king's writings have the following characteristics. First, the target of distribution was greatly expanded, and high-quality information was provided to the lower class through Korean translation. Second, kings frequently published writings on timely topics such as people's livelihoods and state affairs. Third, the king's writings contained detailed information on national administration and academic affairs. Fourth, kings communicated with readers based on their writings and became in terested in their reaction. Above all, the mass production of books using printing techniques was the most important for the effective dissemination of the kings’ writings. The central and local government offices utilized the advantages of printing woodblocks and types. Nevertheless, it was practically impossible to distribute printed copies to individual civilians, so officials had to tr anscribe or read books directly to the people.

Mobility and productivity: brain circulation and sustainability of the Korean academic system

권기석,박정민,김소민 아시아기술혁신학회 2023 Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy Vol.12 No.1

The purpose of this study is to examine the unique characteristics of the Korean academic system with regard to brain circulation, with a specific emphasis on the influence of overseas-trained academics on research activities within the Korean academic system. We have analyzed the statistical data on individual characteristics and performances of 48,499 Korean academics in science and engineering. We have examined the results at both the system and individual levels within the broader context of the macro characteristics of the Korean academic system. Our analysis reveals that the total number of domestically-trained academics exceeds the number of overseas-trained academics. However, in terms of research funding, overseas-trained academics tend to receive more funding than domestically-trained academics. Furthermore, after controlling other factors such as funding, personal attributes, and environmental factors, our analysis demonstrates that overseas training has a significant and favorable impact on the publication of internationally renowned journals. As such, the presence of overseas returnees has been essential for the effective functioning of the Korean academic system in the global research network and for conducting high-quality academic research. Therefore, the advantages of dependence on scientific core countries such as the US for overseas training have persisted. Nevertheless, upon scrutinizing the group of recently appointed 5,806 academics exclusively, we have discovered that junior academics who received their education domestically exhibit sufficient academic proficiency compared to their colleagues educated overseas. This observation highlights the potential for the Korean academic system to evolve into a self-sustaining system.