남북정상회담 이후 남북경협 전망

구본학 연세대학교 사회과학연구소 2000 社會科學論集 Vol.31 No.-

뉴테러리즘에 대한 군의 대응책

구본학 한국전략문제연구소 2004 전략연구 Vol.- No.30

The terrorism on September 11, 2001 to the World Trade Center and the Pentagon shocked the world and warned about the danger of new terrorism. The past terrorism was focused on kidnapping, assassination, and bombing of major buildings or facilities, however, the emerging new terrorism brings about massive human casualties and psychological horror. After the end of the Cold War, people in the world expected that more secure and peaceful era than ever before would come to exist. Contrary to that expectations, conflict and confrontation has continued all around the world due to conflicting interests between different races and religious groups on territorial issues, natural resources, etc. In addition, rapid development in science, technology, and communication system may provide new weapons for terrorists. Terrorists in the past used personal weapons and bombs as a means of terrorism. In recent years, the possibility for the terrorists to use weapons of mass destruction has been significantly increased, and the scope of damage caused by terrorism has been expanded. Terrorists in recent years do not have any specific targets, but tend to conduct unspecified, indiscriminated terrorism against general public. Assassination, kidnapping, and bombing has become not effective means of terrorism in the era of information, instead, cyber-terrorism has become an important means of terrorism. Furthermore, terrorists may acquire easily weapons of mass destruction. Although terrorism has existed with the history of human being, the threats of terrorism has increased and international norm that controls terrorism has not been not effective. Terrorism was widely used in the era of Roman Empire to eliminate opposition political groups or leaders. During the period of French Revolution, terrorism was publicly conducted under the name of 'politics of terrorism' After the World War I, 'Convention for the prevention and punishment of terrorism' was established in Geneva in 1937, however, the convention has not been effective to control terrorism due to different interpretations on terrorism among different countries. Various international conventions to control terrorism against hijacking, diplomats, and bombing have been established, but international society has not found effective means to eliminate terrorism. Due to ineffective international norm to control terrorism, Palestinian liberation movement groups and Arab nationalist groups depended on terrorism to achieve their political goals in 1960s and 1970s. The threats by terrorism further increased in 1990s. After the incident of September 11, countries in the world have become well aware of danger of terrorism and make strenuous efforts to prepare effective measures against terrorism The new terrorism that emerged after the incident of September 11 may use biological and chemical weapons and cyber terrorism. Terrorist groups supported by nation-states are increasing. Terrorist groups works secretly, and try to find connections with non-government organizations. The cyber-terrorism which is called as information warfare can be characterized into three types: ① cyber-terrorism which is conducted by individual hackers; ② cyber-terrorism which is conducted by crime organizations such as "trident" of the Netherlands or "hacking Maffia" of Russia; ③ cyber-terrorism which is conducted by nation-states or organizations supported by nation-states. The most dangerous one is the third type. Cyber-terrorists may use computer virus, worm or spam mails to paralyze internet or national communication systems. In addition, with the rapid development of science and technology, the possibility of WMD proliferation has been increased. Therefore, terrorist groups may acquired weapons of mass destruction relatively easily. As we witnessed at the terrorism conducted at the Tokyo subway and the anthrax terrorism after the September 11, biological weapon terrorism aiming at unspecified general public may bring about enormous social psychological disorder. The actors of new terrorism is hard to identify, but they try to give large scale damage to society as a whole, and are operated as web of organizations. Some characteristics of new terrorism are: ① shortage of response time; ② difficulties to defend against terrorism; ③ high possibility of using weapons of mass destruction; ④ rapid proliferation of horror by development of communication system; and ⑤ giving more burdens to political leaders. Currently, there are 12 international conventions or agreements on terrorism, but they are not useful instrument to eradicate terrorism: 4 international conventions on aviation terrorism, including "Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft"; 2 international conventions on terrorism on diplomats including "Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Internationally Protected Persons, Including Diplomatic Agents"; and 3 international conventions on terrorism using nuclear weapons and bombs including "Convention on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material." In order to respond effectively against terrorism, the United Nations established Special Committee on International Terrorism. However, due to conflicting interests among member states, the Special Committee failed to establish a general international regulation that can control terrorism In the lack of international regulations on terrorism, each country tries to prepare its own measures against terrorism. The US has strengthened defensive measures against terrorism based on its strong military power, and established "Department of Homeland Security." The US rearranged counter-terrorism organizations, and focused on complete termination of terrorist groups with its military power if it is necessary. It especially strengthened preventive measures such as detection, warning, deterrence, refusal, and preemptive strikes. In addition, it operates special forces such as Delta Force, Seal, and Green Beret to meet terrorism. England, Germany, and France also operate special counter-terrorism forces. ROK has maintained counter-guerrilla measures rather than counter terrorism measures. In 1982, it established counter terrorism directives by Presidential Order No. 47 which established Counter Terrorism Committee. However, the Committee functioned as counter-disaster measures, not as counter-terrorism measures. In this regard, it is true that the ROK does not have appropriate measures against terrorism. After the September 11, the ROK has made strenuous efforts to prepare against new terrorism, and ready to enact "Law on Prevention of Terrorism" The Law is to establish a counter-terrorism council headed by the Prime Minister, and 5 headquarters in the areas of military, chemical, biological, nuclear, and cyber terrorisms under the council. The ROK may face three kinds of new terrorism. First, new terrorism may occur by domestic factors such as: ① bombing attack on major facilities, USFK bases, or unspecified general public by anti-government groups; ② social disorder or paralysis of key industries by large scale strike, sabotage, or riot in the situation of political and economic crisis; and ③ national crisis caused by natural disaster, endemics, or environmental destruction. Second, new terrorism caused by North Korean factors such as: ① direct or indirect terrorism by spies, guerrillas, or special agents; ② national subversion activities by North Korean guerrilla infiltration or non-military provocation linked with anti-government groups in the South; ③ kidnapping or detention of South Koreans by North Korea. Third, new terrorism may occur by super-state factors such as: ① terrorism by international terrorist groups; ② paralysis of national information and communication system by cyber terrorism; ③ destruction of public peace and order by international drug trafficking and crime organizations. These new terrorism may seriously affect on South Korea's national security. First, international terrorist groups may expand its scope of activities from US citizens and its overseas bases to South Korea. As South Korea expands its support for counter-terrorism operations of the US, South Korea may be an another target for new terrorism Second, if North Korea prefers terrorism to conventional limited armed provocation aiming at social disorder in South Korea, the South may have enormous material and social psychological damage. Third, one of the prototypes of new terrorism is network terrorism. In the information era with the development of communication technologies such as internet and mobile phone, network terrorism is one of the most dangerous and destructive terrorism. South Korea may not be an exception. In order to cope effectively with new terrorism, we must enact "Law on Prevention of Terrorism," so that we prepare appropriate preventive and counter measures against new terrorism. Basic factors to counter new terrorism include following measures. First, we must strengthen surveillance activities. The purpose of counter-terrorism is not on crisis management or consequence management, but on prevention of terrorism Therefore, surveillance activities to find terrorist groups, arrest of terrorists, interception of funds and armaments to terrorists are very important to prevent terrorism Second, we must maintain special forces that overwhelm terrorists. Third, negotiation with terrorists may not terminate terrorism We must strengthen punishment against terrorists and prepare international cooperation system. Fourth, strong surveillance on major facilities and firm security measures to important persons may reduce motivation of terrorists. Fifth, international sanctions on terrorism supporting countries must be strengthened. To maintain a firm military posture against new terrorism, international cooperation system such as international counter proliferation system on high-tech, biological, chemical, and nuclear weapons must be established. To prevent terrorism, each ministry must establish a detailed program on: ① scope and mission of armed forces in counter terrorism activities; ② cooperation measures with other government agencies; and ③ manpower, equipment, and technology that can be mobilized. We also need crisis management system at government level. Although the military and the police maintain special forces, commanding structure for counter terrorism is very weak. In this circumstance, we need to establish a "homeland security command." In addition, we have to develop military doctrine, education, training, and simulation for specific types of terrorism. In the information era, terrorists try to maximize the effect of terrorism by using new information and technologies. The most important counter terrorism measure is to prevent terrorism, but a more realistic measures are to maintain readiness and employ rapid counter measures. For an effective counter terrorism, we have to prepare joint planning, education, and training between civilian and military.

생태기능 평가를 위한 생태계 교란생물 확산추세종 8종 분포 특성

구본학,박미옥 (사)한국정원디자인학회 2021 한국정원디자인학회지 Vol.7 No.4

This study was conducted to provide basic data to verify the validity of functional evaluation items suitable for small living area wetlands, which have recently been emphasized in importance. The distribution status of ecosystem-disrupting organisms distributed in major rivers and reservoirs in Seosan-si was identified, and the basic data for functional evaluation was suggested. The conservation and restoration of riparian areas for the restoration of lateral connectivity of rivers in Seosan-si were surveyed, and the distribution status of 8 species of ecosystem-disrupting species for strengthening the health of aquatic ecosystems in local and small rivers was investigated. Based on the 5 watersheds in Seosan-si, 48 local rivers and 49 lake reservoirs were selected, and 46 research sites were selected, taking into account the results of the literature search and the topography and habitat characteristics. Ecosystem disturbance species of fish were identified at 31 points, and it was confirmed that the large mouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) mainly inhabited the water purification section in the middle and lower reaches of the reservoir. Ecosystem disturbance plants were confirmed at 122 points by adding major colonies, and spiny lettuce (Lactuca serriola) was distributed over the river bank, and ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) was distributed in the vicinity of the artificial ground of the main reservoir, and it was confirmed that the prickly pear (Sicyos angulatus) was distributed partially in the Great Lakes. The Woncheon Stream in the Ganwol Lake Basin and Daeho Basin, and the Jwase Stream and Haemi Stream in the Seokmun Lake Basin were proposed as intensive management areas. The results of this study can be used as basic data for the functional evaluation of the small wetlands and creation of ecological spaces for living areas such as biotope gardens. 본 연구는 최근 그 중요성이 강조되고 있는 소규모 생활권습지에 적합한 기능평가 항목의 타당성을 검증하기 위한 기초 자료를 제공하기 위해 수행되었다. 서산시 주요 하천 및 저수지에 분포하는 생태계 교란생물 분포현황을 파악하여 기능평가를 위한 기초 자료로 활용 방향을 제안하였다. 서산시 내 하천의 횡적 연결성 회복을 위한 수변지역 보전 및 복원을 제시하고, 지방하천 및 소하천의 수생태계 건강성 강화를 위한 생태계 교란생물 8종을 목표종으로 하여 분포 현황을 조사하였다. 서산시 관내 5개 유역을 중심으로 지방하천 48개소와 호저수지 49개소를 중심으로 문헌조사 결과와 지형과 서식환경 특성을 고려하여 46개소 연구대상지를 선정하여 문헌 및 답사를 통해 조사하였다. 생태계교란종 어류는 31개 지점에서 확인되었으며, 큰입배스는 저수지 중하류 하천 정수구간에서 주로 서식하는 것을 확인하였다. 식물은 주요 군락지점을 추가하여 총 122개 지점에서 확인하였으며, 가시상추는 하천 제방 위 전반적으로 분포하였고, 돼지풀은 주요 저수지 인공지반 부근에 분포하였으며, 가시박이 대호 일대 부분적으로 분포하는 것을 확인하였다. 간월호 유역과 대호 유역의 원천천, 석문호 유역의 좌세천과 해미천 일대를 집중관리지역으로 제안하였다. 본 연구결과는 소규모 습지의 기능 평가와 더불어 비오톱정원 등의 생활권 생태공간 조성을 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

박근혜 정부, 신뢰로 통일외교 새시대 연다 ; 안보,국방정책 : 남북 군 당국 핫라인 설치 재래식 군비통제 대응해야

구본학,김영호,차두현 평화문제연구소 2013 통일한국 Vol.349 No.-

충남지역 통합 생태네트워크 구축 과제

구본학 충남발전연구원 2006 열린충남 Vol.36 No.-

한미동맹의 장래: 향후 5년간의 전망과 과제

구본학,박용옥,김성한,이상우 신아시아연구소 2008 신아세아 Vol.15 No.3

The New Asia Research Institute (NARI) conducted a research project on the prospects and challenges confronting the ROK-U.S. alliance based on a grant from the Jinro Cultural Foundation. This summary highlights the main findings of the study which was published on May 31, 2008. The inauguration of the Lee Myung-Bak administration in February 2008 ushered in a new era in Korean-American relations after a decade of center-left governments. The new government emphasized the reconsolidation of the ROK-U.S. alliance as one of the central tenets of its foreign policy and to this end, President Lee and President Bush announced the launching of a so-called “ROK-U.S. Strategic Alliance for the 21st Century” during their Washington summit in April 2008. Despite such developments, however, the alliance confronts a series of hurdles and challenges that are likely to require sustained attention from the highest levels of the two governments. Although it is nearly impossible to forecast key strategic developments over the next five years, the prevailing security environment not only on the Korean Peninsula but more generally throughout the international system, is likely to become increasingly uncertain and potentially volatile owing to a combination of factors. Some of the more salient macro strategic trends include the longer-term effects on the international system by on-going operations in Iraq, the rise of China and correspondingly growing influences, Japan’s more robust foreign policy forays, the resurgence of Russia, the globalization of international terrorism, and North Korea’s potentially more aggressive threat postures. If the majority of these trends materialize over the ensuing five years, the ROK’s overall security situation cannot but be affected including the co-management of the ROK-U.S. alliance. One of the key legacies of South Korea’s leftward shift over the past decade was the recalibration of South Korea on the part of the United States. To be sure, the inauguration of the Lee Myung-Bak Administration signals an important turn in Washington’s perception of South Korea as a vital ally in the Asia-Pacific region. Nevertheless, the relentless emphasis on inter-Korean détente came about at the expense of a more robust and consolidated ROK-U.S. alliance and one could argue that the new government’s core priorities should be focused on strengthening the rationale for maintaining the ROK-U.S. alliance. In this regard, it is imperative for the new government to provide a 21st century rationale for sustaining the alliance. At the same time, efforts must be made to strengthening the ROK-U.S. joint defense posture as the ROK prepares to assume wartime operational control by 2012. Last but not least, Seoul and Washington should announce a so-called “ROK-U.S. New Security Statement” at an appropriate time to lay the foundation for a more forward looking and strategically beneficial alliance.

디젤엔진배기물질과 석면의 복합노출에 따른 폐암사례

구본학,강동묵,김영기,김종은,이영일,박수홍 대한직업환경의학회 2014 대한직업환경의학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2014 No.5

Battle with the Wind and Waves: Uncertainty and Instability in Northeast Asia

구본학 신아시아연구소 2009 신아세아 Vol.16 No.2

Northeast Asia is the most dynamic region in the world. Countries in the region have experienced rapid economic development, and economic exchanges in the region have increased rapidly for more than two decades. Nevertheless, there exist various factors that have prevented the creation of a stable security environment in the region. First, the most salient and enduring security issue in Northeast Asia remains how to deal with North Korea and its nuclear program. Despite 15 years of negotiations with the North, the issue itself remains basically the same. Second, territorial disputes and unresolved historical tensions remain obstacles to stable and institutionalized security relations among regional states. Third, less immediate but potentially volatile issue is the rise of China. All regional states have adjusted their expectations and policies as China continues to grow, while some are more wary than others. The final issue is how and whether the US can maintain its leadership role in the region. Though the US is the most powerful and important actor in the region, it is preoccupied with events in the Middle East and Afghanistan, and with the recent financial crisis. On the Korean peninsula, tensions between South and North Korea has increased since the beginning of the Lee Myung-bak administration. The Six-Party Talks to resolve North Korean nuclear issue has been stalled since the US demanded verification on the Youngbyun nuclear facilities. The North refused to accept either verification or to continue disablement process. Furthermore, the North launched a long-range missile and conducted second nuclear explosion in April and May 2009, respectively. South Korea, in an attempt to deter North Korean proliferation activities, joined the PSI as a full-member. The North announced that the South’s participation to the PSI a declaration of war against it. Inter-Korean dialogues and exchanges have already stopped since the North shot to death a South Korean tourist at Mt. Kumgang in July 2008. In addition to mounting military tension between South and North Korea, there’s a fear of abandonment by the US and decoupling of the ROK-US alliance among South Koreans. Security environment in Northeast Asia is still very complex, fluid, unstable and uncertain. We have to increase transparency and decrease uncertainty to maintain peaceful and prosperous Northeast Asia. In order to do that, countries in the region need a multilateral mechanism to exchange different views and ideas and to increase mutual understanding with each other. We also have to make every effort for North Korea to give up nuclear weapons and join international community as a responsible actor.

2000 년 춘계 학술회의 : 남북 정상회담과 통일전망 : 남북정상회담 이후 남북경협 전망

구본학 연세대학교 사회과학연구소 2001 社會科學論集 Vol.31 No.-

한국 농업 기업화의 전제조건

구본학 중앙대학교 농과대학 학도호국단 1970 農大論叢 Vol.1970 No.1