방편자 유희(1773~1837)의 실증적 우주론

구만옥 ( Koo Mhan Ock ) 한양대학교 한국학연구소 2002 韓國學論集 Vol.36 No.-

조선후기 천문역산학의 개혁 방안: 정조의 천문책에 대한 대책을 중심으로

구만옥 ( Mhan Ock Koo ) 한국과학사학회 2006 한국과학사학회지 Vol.28 No.2

조선후기 선기옥형에 대한 인식의 변화

구만옥 ( Mhan Ock Koo ) 한국과학사학회 2004 한국과학사학회지 Vol.26 No.2

한국 전근대 과학기술사 연구의 현황과 과제

구만옥 ( Koo Mhan-ock ) 한국과학사학회 2020 한국과학사학회지 Vol.42 No.3

The Korean History of Science Society (KHSS), founded in 1960, celebrates the 60th anniversary in 2020. During the past 60 years, the history of science in premodern Korea has achieved great success in various fields. Now it is the time to ponder on the future of the field on the basis of the previous accomplishments. This paper discusses the problems and issues that should be considered in the future study of the history of science in premodern Korea. First task is to establish a system of disciplines in the history of science of Premodern Korea. To achieve this, each scholar in the fields, such as the history of astronomy and calendrical science, the history of mathematics, the history of geography, and the history of medicine, are required to consider the ways of diachronic organization consistent to one’s own thesis. Secondly, regarding the “China Problem,” it is urgent to analyze the recent trends and works in the history of science in China. A close academic review is especially necessary for A History of Science and Technology in China, which was directed and compiled by the Institute for the History of Natural Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Thirdly, the environmental aspects of human living, including natural disasters and diseases, need more attention for expanding the areas of research. The study of environmental history has grown quantitatively since the late 1990s. The interactions between human history and the environments and people’s thoughts and actions on environments should be incorporated into the research of the history of science. The fourth issue is related to survey of the cultural heritages related to science and technology. The KHSS has carried out some projects since the early 1980s and seen remarkable achievements: enhancement of public understanding of the cultural heritages of science and increase in research and restoration works. Now the KHSS needs to pursue critical reevaluations of the previous achievements, as well as the further application of scientific heritage for research and education. Lastly, the systematic assessments of the primary sources of the history of science in premodern Korea is essential. It is required to collect, organize, and annotate, as well as to question the problems of translation of, the bibliographic sources such as historical books, the books on science, and Han-yi-xi-xue-shu(漢譯西學書, the different kinds of books which were written in Chinese characters about western books of Catholicism, science and technology).

18세기 후반 黃胤錫의 ‘地理’ 탐구

구만옥 ( Koo Mhan-ock ) 한국실학학회 2022 한국실학연구 Vol.- No.44

Hwang, Yun-seok executed the vigorous research on geography in the transformed cultural environment of the late 18th century Joseon society. He strived to collect various geographical information, utilizing personal and regional networks centered around his hometown Heungdeok of Jeolla-do. Furthermore, he gathered more geographical sources through the newly acquainted scholar-officers while he held government official positions both in Hanyang and countryside after the 1760s, from which he copied information he needed in his diary, Ijaerango. Hwang was able to access the several Korean maps including the Donggukdaejido(Great Map of the Eastern State), as well as the foreign maps such as the Kunyuwanguoquantu(Complete Geographical Map of Ten Thousand Countries) of Mateo Ricci, and even personally possessed a few facsimiles. He also took interest in geographical monographs from the early days, as the traditional geographical monographs contained knowledge of human geography and historical geography, as well as physical geography and therefore offered him different kinds of geographical information. He steadily read the typical Joseon geography, Sinjeung-Donggukyeojiseungram(Newly Augmented Geographical Conspectus of the Eastern Kingdom), and noticed the Chinese example of Da-Ming-Yitongzhi(Comprehensive Geography of the Great Ming Realm). His interest reached to Da-Qing-Yitongzhi(Comprehensive Geography of the Great Qing Realm), the latest geography of the late 18th century. Hwang asked Yi, Man-un to borrow the book from Yi, Seo-gu, and excerpted from it for almost two months. With the acquired knowledge and his own ideas from the myriad geographical study, Hwang planned a supplement of Donggukyeojiseungram. Although he was officially not in the position of taking charge of such a project, he personally designed the structure of a grand geography. He compiled a legend of several categories to lay the groundwork for the planned supplementary edition of Sinjeung-Donggukyeojiseungram. Through these works, Hwang, Yun-seok attempted to complement the historical narrative of the Joseon dynasty with ‘the history of geography’ and to mark his name in the history.

집현전(集賢殿)의 조직과 운영 체계

구만옥 ( Koo Mhan-ock ) 서울대학교 인문학연구원 2021 인문논총 Vol.78 No.2

King Sejong regarded the reorganization of Confucian rites, music, and the managerial system as a task of upmost importance. To achieve this, experts who studied the theoretical basis of the related fields and acquired practical abilities to carry out governmental projects were required. To nurture the foundation of academic research and educate intellectuals, King Sejong utilized two institutions: Gyeongyeon (royal lecture) and Jiphyeonjeon (Hall of Worthies). These two, maintaining close relations with one another, played a crucial role in the study of Confucian rituals and systems during the Sejong era. Sejong added a new function to Jiphyeonjeon, which was the upbringing of pupils. Jiphyeonjeon selected young and capable civil officials and had them advise the King by discussing classics and histories. The King founded salary posts in Jiphyeonjeon in 1420 and had those in the posts hold the positions of Gyeongyeongwan (royal lecturer) as well. The total number of Jiphyeonjeon officials differed, from 10, 32, or 20 at times, but the responsibility of being responsible for Gyeongyeon and Seoyeon (lecture for the Crown Prince) and for authoring major state documents were maintained as their own by tradition. Personnel management in Jiphyeonjeon was characterized by the systems of long-term service and promotion by seniority. The officials of Jiphyeonjeon kept the same position for many years to focus on studying their specialties. Sejong stressed that the sole purpose of Jiphyeonjeon was to author major state documents. and therefore required the scholars to concentrate on life-long study. The officials were promoted according to the order of hire, and this system was considered to be the custom of Jiphyeonjeon. They followed the rule of seniority of official employment and age, so they could respect superior Confucian scholars. Through these processes, Jiphyeonjeon and Gyeongyeon became the preeminent scholarly research institutions. In Gyeongyeon, Sejong and the officials recited Confucius texts of Four Books and Five Classics, as well as history books such as Zizhitongjian and Xinglidaquan. They did not stop at mere reading, but reached a level of scholarly studying by adding annotations. Intellectual achievements in Gyeongyeon served as the foundations for the rearrangement of rituals and music, and the reorganization of various institutions. Conclusively, Jiphyeonjeon can be understood as the royal institution where selected officials from the highest civil service examination, nurtured by long-term engagements in Gyeongyeon, were raised as competent intellectuals, and provided administrative counsel for state management upon the requests of the royal court.

조선후기 천문역산학의 주요 쟁점: 황윤석(黃胤錫, 1729-1791)의 『이재난고(이齋亂藁)』를 중심으로

구만옥 ( Mhan Ock Koo ) 한국과학사학회 2009 한국과학사학회지 Vol.31 No.1

성해응(成海應, 1760-1839)의 조석설(潮汐說)

구만옥 ( Mhan Ock Koo ) 한국과학사학회 2014 한국과학사학회지 Vol.36 No.3

Seong Hae-eung was a scholar in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth- century Korea, who left a vast amount of scholarly works. One of his writings, the Yeon-gyeongjae oejib 硏經齋外集, includes a manuscript, titled “Jogang doji 祖江濤志”. In this, Seong discussed the tidal times and the origin of tidal occurrence in the Jogang 祖江River, the junction of the Han 漢江and Imjin 臨津江Rivers. Seong thought that tidal movements were influenced by the movements of sun and moon. He believed that tides originated in the “yanghai” 陽海ocean of the southeastern part of the world. In yanghai, water was hot and stirring, and thus was transformed into waves; this was the origin of the tide. Tidal movements would thus show regional variations, depending upon the qualities of yin and yang forces at specific regions. Seong Hae-eung`s tidal theory, based on the yin and yang theory, was also an elaboration of the tidal theory of Sin Gyeongjun 申景濬, a Confucian scholar and geographer in the eighteenth century. In order to create a tide table of the Jogang River, Seong started from Sin`s research, investigated various discussions on tides by previous scholars in China and Korea, and finally interpreted those theories in his own way. Seong`s article could thus be considered one of the important works in the development of the tidal theory in late Joseon period.

19세기 초 주자학적 조석설(潮汐說)의 재구성 -유휘문(柳徽文)의 『창랑답문(滄浪答問)』을 중심으로

구만옥 ( Mhan Ock Koo ) 한국과학사학회 2012 한국과학사학회지 Vol.34 No.3

The tidal movements historically attracted interests of the human society. It not only provoked intellectual curiosity, but also was related to the daily life. This paper examined Ryu Hwi-mun`s (1773∼1832) tidal theory from the perspective of ``the reorganization of the tidal theory of Neo-Confucianism.`` Ryu Hwi-mun was a scholar of massive literary works who played crucial parts as an intellect from the late 18th century to the early 19th century. Changnangdapmun, published in 1804, revealed his view onnature, which included the tidal theory. In Changnangdapmun, Ryu set forth his ideas on the cause of the tides, the reason of changes of the tide generating force, and the ways to estimate the time of the ebb and flow. He believed that the tidal movement was related to the movement of sky, the high tide and the ebb tide followed the operation of the moon, and the spring tide and the neap tide followed the operation of the sun. The tidal theory of Neo-Confucianism from Yu Jing (余靖) to Zhu Xi (朱熹) explainedthe tidal movement in relation to the moon and the changes of tides from the difference of movement of the sun and the moon, and interpret the seasonal changes of the tides through the lens of yin-yang theory. The importance of Ryu Hwi-mun`s tidal theory lies in the fact that it critically succeeded to the tidal theory of Neo-Confucianism from Yu Jing to Zhu Xi. He continuously pursued to reveal the profoundness of yin-yang harmony through the tidal movements. In an effort to review the conventional tidal theory, Ryu incorporated other ideas, including the new tidal theory developed after the arrival of Western Learning, that could strengthen his theory. His goal was to reorganize the tidal theory in a more complete form by compensating the weakness of the conventional tidal theory of Neo-Confucianism.

세종, 조선 과학의 범형(範型)을 구축하다

구만옥 ( Mhan Ock Koo ) 한국과학사학회 2013 한국과학사학회지 Vol.35 No.1

The Joseon Dynasty was founded based on the national ideology of Confucianism and the Chu-tzu`s doctrines. King Sejong pursued to establish a firm Confucian country, succeeding King Taejong`s legacy as “a king who succeeds ancestors` accomplishment.” At the time of King Sejong, the Joseon Dynasty pursued its confucian universalism while differentiating its ideology from that of China, considering differences not only in geographical and climatic conditions, but also in language and custom. Reorganizing various culture and institutions during the reign of King Sejong, I argue, needs to be understood as a process of harmonizing Confucian universalism and Joseon`s particularity. Some of the outstanding accomplishments under the auspice of King Sejong, such as the creation of Hunminjeongeum (訓民正音, Correct Sounds to Instruct the People), the documentation of the Chileongsan (七政算, Calculation of the Motions of the Seven Celestial Determinants), the development of Hyangyak, and the publication of Nongsa jilseol (農事直說, Straight Talk on Farming), can be noted as results of King Sejong`s efforts to accomplish Confucian universalism while considering the differences in general mood of society, climate, custom, and voice which come from topography (geographical features). King Sejong as a highest ruler led the policies of science and technology; he presented the direction of policy implementation; and with officials, he built up an educational institution which cultivated experts with practical capabilities on the job; he ordered to collect domestic and international books for their education; he also promoted active publication. King Sejong demonstrated his decisiveness in pushing ahead with policies in order to make his policies and plans work in practice as well. In conclusion, King Sejong had endeavored to establish a Confucian country by reorganizing laws, institutions, yeak (禮樂, rites and music), and culture, and in this process of reorganization, he established the standards for the Joseon Dynasty`s science and technology. Given these accomplishments, King Sejong became revered as a “Yaoshun (堯舜) of the East.”