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곽장근 동아시아문물연구소 2018 文物硏究 Vol.- No.34
The guidebook on South Korea’s traditional geography is Sangyeongpyo (『山經表』) which is symbolized by the Baekdudaegan Mountain Range. The Unbong Plateau in the east side of the Baekdudaegan Mountain Range is a typical plateau area at altitudes of around 500m, and the ancient tombs in Yugok-ri and Durak-ri, Namwon are located in this plateau. Gimunguk, which was a small country of the Gaya lineage based in the Unbong Plateau, first appeared in the late fourth century, and continued to exist as a small country of the Gaya lineage until the mid sixth century. The mountain range of the Baekdudaegan served as a natural fence on the country’s western side, and the Unbong Plateau was a gateway to cultural exchanges between Baekje and Gaya. The key driving force behind the country’s growth was the production and distribution of iron through the development of iron mines and trade networks. The existence of Gimunguk was archeologically proven by the excavation of about 180 mal(mol) tombs, medium and large-sized ancient tombs of the Gaya lineage, and the highest-grade prestige items. In addition to Baekje, small countries of the Gaya lineage such as Daegaya and Sogaya sent the best-quality prestige items and earthenware to Gimunguk, the kingdom of iron, to obtain nickel and iron that were produced in the Unbong Plateau. Later in the early sixth country, Gimunguk accepted the Baekje Mound System in earnest with the advance of Baekje’s King Muryeong, and then was politically subjected to Shilla around the mid sixth country. As the Gaya-lineage kingdoms of iron, which were based in eastern Jeollabuk-do including Gimunguk in the Unbong Plateau, politically subjected to Baekje or Shilla, a group of artisans who worked on iron may have crossed the sea and moved to Japan. 우리나라 전통지리학의 지침서가 『山經表』로 백두대간으로 상징된다. 백두대간 동쪽 운봉고원은 해발 500m 내외의 전형적인 고원지대로 남원 유곡리·두락리 고분군이 위치한다. 운봉고원에 지역적인 기반을 둔 가야 소국 기문국은 4세기 후엽 늦은 시기에 처음 등장해 6세기 중엽 경까지 가야 소국으로 존속하였다. 백두대간 산줄기가 서쪽 자연울타리 역할을 해 주었고, 백제와 가야의 문물교류 관문이었고, 대규모 철산개발과 교역망을 통한 철의 생산과 유통이 결정적인 원동력으로 작용하였다. 운봉고원 일대에 180여 기의 말(몰)무덤과 가야계 중대형 고총과 최상급 위세품이 출토됨으로써 기문국의 존재를 고고학적으로 증명해 주었다. 백제를 비롯하여 대가야, 소가야 등 가야 소국들이 운봉고원에서 생산된 니켈 철을 확보하기 위해 최고급 위세품과 최상급 토기류를 철의 왕국 기문국에 보냈다. 그러다가 6세기 초엽 이른 시기 백제 무령왕의 진출로 백제묘제가 본격적으로 수용되었고, 6세기 중엽 경 신라에 정치적으로 편입되었다. 운봉고원의 기문국 등 전북 동부지역에 기반을 둔 가야계 철의 왕국들이 백제 혹은 신라에 정치적으로 복속됨에 따라 철의 장인집단이 바다를 건너 일본으로 이동한 것으로 보았다.
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곽장근 전북사학회 2014 전북사학 Vol.0 No.45
Gunsan has well arranged inland waterways and ocean transportation roads along the Geum river, Mangyeong river, and Dongjin river. So, since prehistory era, the city has been a center of transportation and a strategic point. By using this, there has existed marine culture of the west coast and the south coast, and inland culture of Geum river area since the new stone age so that variety of the new stone age was proved. And because new ironware culture was transmitted from China and Jeon Hoing(全橫) of Qi dynasty fled to the area, the area became a base in the early ironware era. 18 horse tombs which are ones of governing group in Mahan era and some 100 shell mounds prove prosperous marine culture then. It is known that there were small countries of Mahan more than 2~3 in Gusan. The countries developed based on marine activity like production of salt etc. In Baekje period, Gunsan had many exchanges with central area of Baekje. In Hanseong period, there were active exchange and trade with central area of Baekje through coastal sea route of the west sea so that central memorial service system was accepted in Sanwol-ri, Gunsan. And because of development of inland waterway in Geum river and Mangyeong river, inland cultural elements were identified in tomb relics of Gunsan area. Maybe through natural trade network, salt and seafood produced in Gunsan were transported to many places. Woongjin and Sabi period of Baekje, Gunsan played an important role as gateway for domestic areas and to foreign countries in Baekje and a starting point of marine silk road. To this end, Sisan-gun was established in Impi-myeon, Gunsan-si, Jeonbuk ; Maseoryang-hyun in Okgu -eup ; Buburi-hyun in Hoihyun-myeon ; Gammula-hyun in Hamyeol-eup, Iksan-si.
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곽장근 전북사학회 2013 전북사학 Vol.0 No.42
Saemangeum sea area is a place where inland waterways of the Geum-gang, the Mangyeong-gang, and the Dongjin-gang and their adjacent sea routes have been well constructed. After the opening of the Sadan Route in the East China Sea by Jang Bogo's merchant fleet, Gyeonhuieon had the command of the sea and made most advantages of international diplomacy with Chinese government, Owol. He dispatched the first envoy to Owol in 892, and after he proclaimed the foundation of the new dynasty Hubaekje, he had his position as a king of it approved from the king of Owol in 900. Their close relationship continued for 45 years, and it is estimated that Hubaekje received advanced culture such as celadon making techniques of Yuezhou Kiln from Owol through Saemangeum sea area. Broken pieces of early celadons with halo-shaped foot, uncovered in the Jinan Height, are similar to those excavated at Donggosanseong in Jeonju and the fact that there were brick kilns in the Jinan Height prove the possibility. The Jinan Height is identified as a treasury of pottery kilns and the center of pottery culture. It's maybe deeply related to its natural resource, kaoline, which was formed about 100 million years ago, the last geological period of the Cretaceous of the Mesozoic era, and at that time the Jinan Height was a large lake. The early celadons from Dotong-li and Oieugung-li in Jinan-gun opened the first stage of pottery culture in the Jinan Height and are estimated to have been made first in the period of Hubaekje thanks to the transmission of Owol's advanced celadon-making techniques.
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곽장근 목포대학교 도서문화연구원 2012 島嶼文化 Vol.0 No.39
The Saemangeum Sea refers to the whole area of the estuaries of the Geum River, the Mangyeong River, the Dongjin River, and Gunsan Islands, which has been an important maritime hub since the prehistoric age, as inland waterways and maritime routes cross each other. With this historical background, the collections of 100 shell mounds and Mahan's horse tombs densely scattered around this area have invited great attention as these prove the maritime economy of this area eloquently. After Baekje moved its capital to Wungjin, the area had been developed as the gate and hub port of maritime cultural exchange until it became the battlefield of several kingdoms. After the Three Kingdom Era, Gunsan Islands emerged as the center of the Saemangeum Sea owing to the development of shipbuilding and navigation technology. Gunsan Islands is the sea area where the water streams from the Geum River, Mangyeong River, and the Dongjin River meet, so it has been the center of maritime transportation and strategic point since the prehistoric age. Thus, there were many buildings around Mangjubong (summit)of the Seonyu Island of the Gunsan Islands such as Sungsanhaenggung,Gunsanjeong (where foreign envoys were met by government officials), Oryongmyo (where ritual ceremonies were kept for sea gods), Jaboksa (a temple) and a temporary government office. Given the fact that there were royal tombs and Sungsanhaenggung in the Gunsan Islands, it is not so difficult to infer the truth that the area was the central place of maritime culture and the gate of international diplomacy strongly supported by the government. 錦江과 萬頃江, 東津江河口와 群山島 일대를 새만금해역으로 설정했는데, 이곳은 선사시대부터 줄곧 내륙수로와 해상교통로가 교차함으로써 교통망의 허브역할을 담당했다. 이를 토대로 금강과 만경강 사이의 군산지역에서는 해양경제를 웅변해 주는 100여 개소의 패총과마한의 말무덤이 밀집되어 큰 관심을 모았다. 백제의 웅진 천도 이후에는 해양교류의 관문이자 거점포구로 발전하다가 한 동안 전쟁의 무대로 그 위상이 바뀌었다. 삼국시대 이후에는조선술과 항해술이 발달함에 따라 군산도가 새만금해역의 중심지로 급부상하였다. 군산도는금강과 만경강, 동진강 물줄기가 바다에서 하나로 합쳐지는 곳으로 선사시대부터 줄곧 해양교통의 중심지이자 전략상 요충지를 이루었다. 그리하여 고려시대 때 군산도의 선유도 망주봉 주변에는 崧山行宮을 비롯하여 사신을 맞이하던 群山亭, 바다신에게 제사를 드리는 五龍廟와 사찰인 資福寺, 객관인 관아 등 많은 건물이 있었다. 특히 군산도의 王陵과 崧山行宮은그 자체만으로도 국가의 왕실에서 지원하는 해양문화의 중심지이자 국제외교의 관문이었음을추론해 볼 수 있다.
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