고대영어(古代英語) 모음(母音)의 장음화(長音化)와 단음화(短音化)에 대한 연구(硏究)

강신홍 ( Kang Shin-hong ) 대한영어영문학회 2000 영어영문학연구 Vol.26 No.2

The aim of the paper is to investigate the main causative factors of Old English sound change whereby vowels were lengthened before certain consonant groups like nd, -Id, -rd, etc. The vowel lengthening in question can’t be explained without reference to a second Old English sound change, whereby vowels were shortened before two or more consonants. The crux of the paper is to discover how the two changes are related and systematize the Quantity changes in Old English period Vowel lengthening seems to have occurred before consonant combinations than in monosyllabic forms. The conditions under which vowel lengthening occurred in Old English are described as follows: All Vowels were lengthened before -Id, -rd, -mb, -nb, -ng, -rl, -m,and rd and rs if the latter two were prevocalic. Lengthening failed if a third consonant followed, or if two unstressed syllables followed. Lengthening occurred in dissyllables as well as monosyllables. Of the consonants before which the vowel was lengthened, the first had to be a liquid or nasal in English. Short vowels were lengthened before certain consonant clusters(esp, a liquid or nasal + homorganic stop), or in compensation for the loss of ‘g’, ‘h’, and nasals in certain positions, and final short vowels were lengthened in open monosyllables. Long vowels were shortened before double consonants, or before two consonants in words of more than two syllables. Vowel lengthening may be fairly dated as beginning in the latter half of the 9th century and continuing probably no longer than the 10th. Vowel shortening is dated by Luick as a century later. This leaves a gap of at least 90 years between the two changes. < Kusan National University >

중세 영어 개음절에서의 모음 장음화 연구

강신홍 ( Kang Shin-hong ) 대한영어영문학회 2007 영어영문학연구 Vol.33 No.2

Middle English lengthening in open syllables (hereafter refered to as ME OSL) is a sound change that affected non-high short vowels [a, e, o] in open syllables of disyllabic words early in the 13th century. This sound change took place somewhat earlier in North and North East Midland, where high vowels [i, u] were also involved. The ME OSL primarily has to do with vowels with primary stress, but secondarily those with subsidiary stress, too. There are some major current issues concerning the ME OSL. The aim of this paper is to gather all the available information relevant to these problems. In 2.1 and 2.3 an attempt will be made to clarify a final one ― what sounds the ME OSL produced. OE short tense [i], [u], [e], [o], and [æ] became ME lax [ɪ], [U], [e_ɩ], [o_ɩ] and [a] around the 12th century, and in ME OSL, these short lax vowels lengthened to lax [ī], [ū], [ē_ɩ], [ō_ɩ], and [ā], which were initially different in quality from the older long vowels [ī], [ū], [ē], [ō] and [ɛ̄].(Kunsan University)

영어(英語)의 의성어(擬聲語)ㆍ의태어(擬態語) 연구(硏究) - 음성상징(音聲象徵)의 의미론적(意味論的) 고찰(考察) -

강신홍 ( Kang Shin-hong ) 대한영어영문학회 2001 영어영문학연구 Vol.27 No.2

The aim of this paper is to find out some features and several kinds of onomatopoeias, mimetic words and the meaning of phonetic symbolism. Onomatopoeic words are created for an occasional use and not found in the dictionary. Each of them is used to describe a unique situation; e.g. in English, tra-la-la, zzzm, etc. Such expressions are widely spread throughout our daily conversations, comic strips and advertisements. They are in an ever-changing state very few of them survive to be established are regular linguistic forms. Onomatopoeic words constitute onomatopoeic expressions proper, which describe the phenomena ranging from audible sounds to manner of actions and mental states. We further classify them into two groups; one has those words which are fully lexicalized (e.g. chatter, sigh and sob), and the other has those words which still retain something of the onomatopoeic tone (e.g. bang, crack and splash) and which can be used in quoted forms such as "Bang!", "Crack!" and "Splash!". The principle of sound symbolism is based on man's imitative instinct which leads ws to use characteristic speech sounds for name-giving. We may imitate things which we perceive through our senses. As for direct imitation by speech sounds what we hear, i.e. noises, sounds. As, however. noises and sounds are often accompanied by movements (as in which, swish, dash, tap, etc), these also come to be denoted by symbols. By extension, even the originator of a sound may be characterized by the use of a symbol (e.g. pom-pom 'kind of machine-gun'). There is direct imitation of sounds only when we render our own vocal sounds or those of others. The sound then stands either for the position the mouth assumes of for the sound produced in the respective position. In bawl, the [b] renders the softened explosive opening of the lips, while in baa 'bleat' the [b] renders the opening of the sheep's mouth. The initial [p] of peep 'cheep' imitates the movement little birds make when opening their beaks for a cry. With regard to expressive symbolism I note that sounds are often emotionally expressive : [1] is suggestive of the subjectively, emotionally small and is therefore frequent with diminutive and pet suffixes. Initial [f], [p], less so [b] often express scorn, contempt, disapproval, disgust: pish, pooh, ph, fie, foh, fiddle-faddle, fingle-fangle. Only certain sounds lend themselves to being used as emotionally expressive symbols. The sounds [k], [g], [d] for instance are not used at all, [t] rarely. < Kunsan Notional University >

영어의 삽입문에 관한 연구

강신홍 ( Kang Shin Hong ) 대한영어영문학회 2011 영어영문학연구 Vol.37 No.4

The aim of this study is to reveal a variety of characteristics of the pragmatic meaning and the syntactic function in parenthetical sentences which are made up of simple sentence, complex sentence and compound sentence. I have also discussed and clarified syntactic, semantic and pragmatic criteria to be allowed as parenthetical sentence in the use of parenthetical sentence on the basis of the assertion and the nonassertion of predicate in terms of syntax, semantics and pragmatics. This study has shown a complex interaction of several factors which have syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic characteristics by imposing restrictions on the parenthetical formation. (Kunsan National University)

영어의 품사 전환 연구

강신홍 ( Kang Shin-hong ) 대한영어영문학회 2004 영어영문학연구 Vol.30 No.1

The main purpose of this study is to classify conversion into two types: primary conversion and secondary conversion, and to deduct and classify the meaning patterns and grammatical functions from the conversion process and reveal the characteristics of the conversion of nouns, verbs, and adjectives. It also aims to show how conversion in English should be rightly interpreted in English sentences without any misunderstanding from the semantic aspect. This paper is aimed at reviewing the blocking phenomena of conversion from the standpoint of phonological blocking, morphological blocking, and semantic blocking based on blocking and principles pre-emption suggested by Aronoff(1976) and Clark & Clark(1979). I have also revealed why those words used in conversion are blocked and pre-empted in the process of conversion. < Kunsan National University >

2차 병원의 초음파검사 원가산정체계 개발 연구

강신홍 ( Shin Hong Kang ),권순만 ( Soon Man Kwon ) 한국보건경제정책학회(구 한국보건경제학회) 2007 보건경제와 정책연구 Vol.13 No.2

본 논문은 일개 2차 병원에 있어서 초음파의 원가를 계산하고, 이를 관행 수가와 비교하여 수익성을 평가하며, 관련 비용 절감을 위한 전략을 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 초음파 원가는 시술을 행하는 관련 진료과인 진단방사선과, 심장 내과, 산부인과를 대상으로 하여 활동기준원가계산방법을 이용해 계산되었다. 분석 대상이었던 2차 병원에서는 초음파 원가가 관행수가를 상회하는 것으로 나타나, 초음파가 좀 더 면밀한 경제성 평가를 기반으로 도입되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. 향후 초음파 수가 책정은 합리적인 원가회계를 기반으로 하되, 의료기관으로 하여금 비용-효과적인 방법으로 초음파 도입 결정을 하도록 경제적 유인을 제공할 수 있어야 할 것이다. The objectives of this study are to compute the cost of ultrasonography, to assess profitability by comparing cost with customarily charged medical fee, and to analyze strategies to reduce the cost of Ultrasonography procedures in a secondary hospital. This study calculated the cost of Ultrasonography screening procedures at Ultrasonography departments, such as diagnostic radiology, cardiac internal medicine, and obstetrics and gynecology in a secondary hospital. The method for computing the cost is mainly based on Activity-Based Costing. Specifically, indirect cost, depreciation cost and repair charge were traced on the basis of time. The case of material cost was traced by the number of behavior cases, and personnel cost was sometimes based on behavior time. This study shows that customarily charged fee for the screening procedures didn`t fully compensate the cost of ultrasonography in the secondary hospital that was analyzed. To reduce cost, hospitals need to install ultrasonography based on sound economic analysis. Fee setting for ultrasonography should be based on reasonable cost accounting, and needs to provide incentives for hospitals to adopt ultrasonography in a cost-effective way.

分離 不定詞에 관한 硏究

姜信烘 군산대학교 1985 論文集 Vol.10 No.-

I have researched the origins and historical development of the split infinitive. The origins of the split infinitive are as follows : (1)One of the chief reasons is that "to" and the infinitive is not impartible. (2)"To" is often felt as belonging more closely to the preceding verb than the infinitive. (3)In verse, rhythm is responsible for splitting an infinitive. The split infinitive first appealed in the fourteenth century and has since been gradually gaining favor as it has become better urderstood.At present it is widely used by our best writers, who feel its advantages. The split infinitive construction is not confined to any particular variety of adverbs ; the examples appear to be most common with the verbs of degree, manner, time, assertion, etc., and it is.apparently, impassible with adverbs of place and causality ; besides this constrution appears to be rare with not and never. The phenomenon of the split infinitive tends to appear in standard informal writing than formal writing.Whether to avoid or to use this construction is both a matter of style and a matter of taste. Early grammarians insisted that to and the infinitive should be put together as in Latin.Therefore, they maintained that English should keep up formal grammar. But since language is a living and developing thing, "Changes are continually going on and it would be a gross error to suppose that any deviation from the established rules of grammar is necessarily a corrupution." When there are some beneficial reasons for the change, we must accept them.

A Study of Compound Adjective in English

Kang,Shin-hong 群山大學校 1997 論文集 Vol.24 No.-

Compound adjective is predicate in its deep structure, and there are four main bases making compound adjectives in English, and they are Noun, Adjective, Adverb and Verb. Compound adjectives in this paper are classfied into ten types of compound adjectives as proposed by Valerie Adams. This paper deals with the general characteristics of surface structures and their transformation into the corresponding deep structures. The surface structure classification in the paper does not tell us anything about the way in which the constituents of the various types of compound adjectives are interrelated syntactically. In order to establish these interrelations I have constructed deep structures in which the constituents function as individual elements. I have produced the deep structure to reveal the inherent grammatical structure which the surface structure is containing and shown the syntactic relations and the delicate shade of grammatical meaning between the surface structure and the deep structure. I have analysed the surface structures of compound adjectives and shown the component parts of them and described the morphological characteristics in the surface structures consisting of compound adjectives.