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로마 공화정 후기와 제정 초기 선거 민회의 입후보신고(professio)
강성길 ( Kang Seong Gil ) 대구사학회 2003 대구사학 Vol.72 No.-
Professio in Roman elective assemblies in the late Republic means that an aspirant for a Roman magistracy reports his intention to stand office to the magistrate who is to preside at the election. Theodore Mommsen contended that in the late Republic candidates had to declare their intention to stand for election to the presiding officer, who had the right to accept or refuse their declararation. Most of scholars have received his opinion. Babara Levick recently contended as follows. In the Republic and at least down to A. D. 14, profiteri(or professio) never became an obligatory declaration of candidates to the presiding officer, but remained a publication of intention to stand for office made to the electorate at large(and probably not at that required by law until 52 B. C.) which itself formed part of the candidate’s campaign. If Mommen’s contention is right, it is to difficult to solve the elections of Augutus to a consulship in 22 B. C. and 19 B. C. According to Cassius Dio(LIV. 6.2; 10, 1), Augustus, who was not a candidate, was elected consul in 22 B. C. and 19 B. C. Furthermore it appears that the people might, if they chose, elect a man who was not even a candidate. This paper aims to solve this problem in the light of a fresh interpretation of Appianus, Bellum Civile, Ⅰ, 21. According to Appianus, Bellum Civile, Ⅰ, 21, Caius Gracchus, who was not a candidate, was reelected tribune for 122 B. C. Because ‘ε?? δ??μαρχο?? ??νδ??οι παραννελ??αι??,’ the law authorized the people to choose further tribune from the whole body of citizens. The clause ‘ε?? δ??μαρχο?? ??νδ??οι παραννελ??αι??,’ in Appianus can interpreted afresh as follows. Here παραννελ??α stands for the Latin professio. The phrase ‘τα???? παραννελ??αι??’ may denote the dative of respect in case. The meaning of the clause may, therefore, be “if a tribune lacked in respect of professions.” What does the meaning of the clause refer in voting procedure in elective assemblies? Suppose, for convenience’ sake, that tribuneships to be elected in tribal elective assemblies are two places and candidates for the magistracies are five(A, B, C, D, E). 35 tribes voted simultaneously. Then the officials known as custodes(guardians) had to register the votes of all the tribes on large waxed tablets(tabulae). After the large waxed tablets of all the tribes were brought back, the presiding officer had to draw lots with the names of the tribes and had to draw out the name of each tribe by lot. If all the tribes would be declared by lot, A and C candidates, who secured the ½ + 1 votes(tribes) necessary for election, must have been elected tribunes. Nevertheless, suppose that people also gave an absolute majority of tribes to a man(F) who was not even a candidate. If the presiding officer wish to declare all the voting results including F’s voting results by lot, A and C candidates, and voters who voted for A and C, would not accept the declaration(renuntiatio) in an order determined by the lot. Becuase if the presiding officer declare all the candidates’(A, B, C, D, E) voting results only, people must have elelcted A and C candidates tribunes. If an insufficient number of candidates recieved an absolute majority of the tribes at first ballot, in other words if only A candidate got the ½ + 1 votes(tribes) necessary for election, a man(F) who was not a candidate can be elected tribune in order to fill the vacancy. In my opinion, the clause “if a tribune lacked in respect of professiones” in Appianus, Bellum Civile, Ⅰ, 21, suggests this voting procedure. Caius Gracchus, who was not a candidate at the tribunician elections for 122 B. C. may have been elected tribune according to this voting procedure. Therefore, in order that the presiding officer has to declare first all the candidates’ voting results by lot in simultaeneous voting, professio became obligatory for election. In conclusion, fir
북서태평양해역 유류위해도 및 유류오염 대비·대응 지역협력활동
강성길(Seong-Gil Kang),정태환(Tae Hwan Joung),이정윤(Joung-Yun Lee),원해민(Haemin Won),유영(Young You) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2021 한국해양환경·에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2021 No.5
한국, 중국, 일본, 러시아 4개 국가로 둘러싸인 북서태평양해역은 높은 해상운송 밀도와 급격한 산업 및 경제 발전으로 유류 및 HNS 유출 위해도가 매우 높으며, 전 세계적으로 유류 오염 발생이 빈번한 핫스팟 중 하나이다. 해당 국가들은 지리적으로 인접하여, 대형 오염사고 발생 시 해류나 바람에 의해 인접국가에 피해를 미칠 수 있다. 따라서 대형 해양오염사고에 대응하기 위한 지역협력체계를 구축하기 위해, 해당 국가들은 유엔환경계획(UNEP) 산하 지역해프로그램(Regional Seas Programme)의 일환으로 북서태평양보전 실천계획(Northwest Pacific Action Plan, NOWPAP)을 채택하고 선박해양플랜트연구소에 방제지역활동센터(Marine Environmental Emergency Preparedness & Response, MERRAC)를 설치하였다. 2008 년 회원국들은 NOWPAP 지역긴급계획(NOWPAP Regional Oil and Hazardous & NOxious Substances Spill Contingency Plan, NOWPAP RCP)을 채택하여 대형 유류오염사고에 대응하기 위한 기술 및 운영 체제를 수립하였으며, NOWPAP 지역의 해양 및 연안 환경보호를 위한 국가차원의 협력을 증진하였다. 특히 실질적인 대응 역량 강화를 위해, NOWPAP RCP를 기반으로 2006 년부터 격년으로 합동방제훈련(DELTA)을 실시하였으며, 온라인 유류오염통보시스템(Online Pollution Reporting System, Online POLREP)을 사용한 정보 공유 절차 및 국가별 연락망을 확인하기 위해 2008 년부터 총 21 회의 합동통신훈련(BRAVO)을 실시하였다. 온라인 POLREP 시스템은 2015-2016 년 MERRAC의 특정사업으로 개발되었으며, 유류 및 HNS 유출 사고 발생 시 회원국은 문자메시지, 이메일, 팩스의 형태의 정보를 실시간으로 발송 및 공유할 수 있다. 실제로 2018 년 1월 Sanchi 오염사고에서, 회원국과 MERRAC 은 유류유출 위치 및 대응상황에 대한 약 300 건 POLREP을 실시간으로 교환했다. 또한 회원국은 국가 정책 및 오염사고 대응 역량에 대한 정보를 교환하여 방제 대응 역량을 강화하기 위한 지역 협력을 도모하고 있다. 이러한 지역 협력 체제를 구축하고 유지하기 위해 MERRAC는 매년 실무당국자회의 및 방제관계기관회의와 격년으로 전문가 회의를 개최하여 유류 및 HNS 유출 대비 · 대응에 대한 정보를 교환하고 다양한 특정 사업을 수행하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 NOWPAP 지역의 유류 및 HNS 유출 위해도와 지난 20년간 MERRAC 활동 및 성과, 향후 MERRAC 이 나아갈 방향을 제시하고자 한다. The Northwest Pacific region, covering the four member states namely, People’s Republic of China, Japan, Republic of Korea and Russian Federation, has been severely exposed to oil and HNS spills due to its high shipping density and high levels of industrial and economic growth and became a hotspot worldwide. Since member states are geographically close to each other, it is possible to cause transboundary issue affecting neighboring countries when oil and HNS spill incidents occur. In accordance with the need, the NOWPAP member states adopted the Regional oil and HNS spill Contingency Plan (RCP) in 2008, which provides the technical and operational framework for regional cooperation on major spill accidents, is a major achievements among the various regional cooperation activities. This was the first agenda actually adopted in the NOWPAP region and shows a national level of cooperation to protect the marine and coastal environment of the region. Particularly, to enhance the response capacities under the RCP, since 2006, member states jointly conduct oil and HNS spill response exercises (DELTA exercise) biannually, mobilizing actual response resources from the member states in a rotational basis. The 7th NOWPAP DELTA exercise was organized by Japan and Russia in Maizuru city, Japan (Oct. 2018). In addition to this, 19 communication exercises (BRAVO exercise) have also been implemented to test joint operational response procedures and associated communication tools in case of major spills. To further facilitate the exchange of information on marine pollution and preparedness in the region, MERRAC developed and operates the online pollution reporting system (POLREP) since 2015, which enables real-time exchange of information not only with the emails and fax but also through personal mobile phones of competent national authorities of member states. During the Sanchi spill incident (Jan 2018), the member states and MERRAC exchanged almost 300 notifications through POLREP concerning the location and trajectory of the spill and response operations. Furthermore, Member states exchange information on their national policies and response resources and has been building regional cooperation to strengthen its capabilities. In order to establish and maintain such regional cooperation system, MERRAC has been holding Focal Points meetings every year and Expert meetings every two years to exchange information on oil and HNS spill preparedness and response and implement Specific projects for various purposes by the national experts from the member states. In this presentation, we will review the oil and HNS risk levels in the NOWPAP region and examine the various cooperative activities and achievements and discuss the future prospects which MERRAC should go in through.
북서태평양해역 유류 및 위험유해물질 해양오염사고 통계분석
강성길(Seong-Gil Kang),정태환(Tae Hwan Joung),원해민(Haemin Won),이시연(Siyeon Lee),이찬근(Chan-Guen Lee) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2021 한국해양환경·에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2021 No.10
한국, 중국, 일본, 러시아 4개 국가로 둘러싸인 북서태평양해역은 주변 국가의 급속한 경제발전으로 인해 선박 교통량이 밀집된 지역이다. 따라서 북서태평양해역은 유류 및 위험유해물질 유출 사고 위험성이 필연적으로 높아졌으며, 세계적인 해양오염사고 위험도가 높은 해역으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 한국, 중국, 일본, 러시아 4개국은 북서태평양보전실천계획(NOWPAP; Northwest Pacific Action Plan)의 방제지역활동센터(MERRAC; Marine Environmental Emergency Preparedness and Response Regional Activity Centre)를 기반으로 유류 및 위험유해물질 유출 해양오염사고에 대비 대응 능력을 강화하기 위하여 지역협력체계를 구축하고 있다. 그 일환으로 NOWPAP MERRAC은 매년 각 회원국의 방제 관련기관 및 전문가, NOWPAP 해역의 유류 및 위험유해물질 유출 사고, 해양오염 대응 장비 및 자원에 대한 정보시스템을 구축하여 회원국 간 정보 공유를 해오고 있다. 특히 NOWPAP 해역의 국가 간 지리적 근접성이 높은 특성을 가지기 때문에 월경성 해양오염이 우려되는 10톤 이상의 유류 및 위험유해물질 해양오염사고에 대한 정보 공유는 매우 중요하다. MERRAC은 1990년부터 해양오염사고의 일시, 위치, 선박 종류, 사고 원인, 오염물질 종류, 오염물질 유출량 등 사고 정보를 수집하여 회원국 간 공유해오고 있다. 이러한 정보는 NOWPAP 해역의 해양오염사고 특성을 파악하여 미래의 대형오염사고 발생 예방 및 대응하기 위한 통계 자료로서 활용될 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 1990년부터 수집해온 NOWPAP 해역에서 발생한 해양오염사고 정보의 통계분석을 통해 NOWPAP 해역 내 발생하는 해양오염사고의 특성에 대해 파악하였다. 1990년부터 2020년까지 NOWPAP 해역에서 유류 오염사고 385건, 위험유해물질 오염사고 52건이 발생하여 총 437건의 해양오염사고 정보가 NOWPAP 회원국들로 부터 수집되었다. 회원국 중 한국이 전체 오염사고 중 약 40%의 건수를 차지하며 가장 많은 해양오염사고 정보를 보고하였으며, 수집된 오염사고 중 100톤 이상 500톤 미만의 유출사고가 가장 빈번하였다. 가장 빈번하게 일어난 사고 유형은 충돌이 약 40%로 가장 큰 비율을 차지하였으며, 사고유형 별 오염물질 유출량 또한 충돌 사고로 인한 유출량이 가장 많은 것을 확인하였다. NOWPAP 해역 내 해양오염사고를 가장 빈번하게 일으킨 선박 유형은 탱커로 사고 건수로는 약 31%를 차지하나, 탱커의 유출량은 1990년부터 유출된 총 오염물질의 약 88% 비율을 차지하여 압도적으로 사고 건수 당 해양오염의 피해가 비교적 매우 큰 선박 유형으로 확인하였다. 위와 같이 각 사고 정보의 통계 분석을 통해 NOWPAP 해역의 해양오염사고 특징을 파악할 수 있었으며, 이를 바탕으로 향후 NOWPAP 해역에서의 해양오염사고를 효율적으로 예방 및 대응하기 위한 방향성을 제안한다. Surrounded by four countries, Korea, China, Japan and, Russia, the Northwest Pacific Ocean is an area where ship traffic is concentrated due to the rapid economic development of neighboring countries. Therefore, the oil and hazardous and noxious substances (HNS) spillage risk has inevitably increased in the Northwest Pacific Ocean, and it is known as a global hotspot for marine pollution incidents. Therefore, Korea, China, Japan, and Russia in the Northwest Pacific Ocean have established regional cooperation to strengthen response capabilities against the oil and HNS spill incidents based on the Marine Environmental Emergency Preparedness and Response Regional Activity Center (MERRAC) of the Northwest Pacific Action Plan (NOWPAP). As part of that, NOWPAP MERRAC has been sharing information among member countries by the information system on relevant national authorities and experts, oil and HNS spill incidents, and marine pollution response equipment and resources in the NOWPAP Region every year. In particular, since the NOWPAP sea area has high geographical proximity between countries, it is very important to share information about marine pollution accidents with oil and HNS that are concerned to be spilled more than 10 tons and transboundary marine pollution. Since 1990, MERRAC has been collecting accident information such as the date and time, location, type of vessel, cause of the incident, type of pollutant, and amount of pollutant discharge, of marine pollution accidents and sharing them among member countries. This information is expected to be utilized as statistical data to prevent and respond to large-scale pollution incidents in the future by identifying the characteristics of marine pollution accidents in the NOWPAP waters. Therefore, in this study, the characteristics of marine pollution accidents occurring in NOWPAP waters were identified through statistical analysis of marine pollution accident information that had been collected since 1990. From 1990 to 2020, 385 oil pollution incidents and 52 HNS pollution incidents occurred in NOWPAP Region, and a total of 437 marine pollution incident information was collected from NOWPAP member countries. Among member states, Korea accounted for about 40% of all pollution incidents and reported the most information on marine pollution incidents. The most frequent incident type was a collision, accounting for the largest proportion, about 40%. The type of vessel that caused the most frequent marine pollution incidents was tankers, which accounted for about 31% of the number of incidents, and spill amount from tankers accounted for about 88% of the total pollutants spilled since 1990. It was identified as the type of ship that has relatively greatly polluted marine environment per number of cases. As described above, the characteristics of marine pollution incidents in NOWPAP Region could be identified through statistical analysis of each accident information, and based on this, we would like to suggest directions for effectively preventing and responding to marine pollution incidents in NOWPAP Region in the future.