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강덕수 한국외국어대학교 외국어 종합연구센터 언어연구소 2004 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.33
This paper purposes to analyze phonemic status of nasal vowels e. a. in Polish. Polish nasal vowels e, a are considered vocalic phonemes, but nasality is allowed only before fricatives and a t the end of a word for a. Nasal vowels are divided into oral vowels and nasal tautosyllabic consonants before other than fricatives:labial [m] before labials, /p/, /b/, dental [n] before dentals /t/, /d/, /c/, /??/, alveolar [n´] before alveolars /c´/, /??/, palatal [n] before palatals /cˇ/, /??ˇ/, velar[n] before /k/, /g/. And nasality is lost before /l/ and /w/, converted to oral vowels /e/, /o/. This disintegration of nasality is related with the feature of fricatives, [+continuant]. This feature has been a significant constraint in disintegrating nasality. Koneczna (1965: 122) describes nasal vowels as falling diphthongs. This tip provides a starting point to question about the integrity of Polish nasal vowels. This assumes that Polish nasality can be identified as /VN/ 'This syllable is realized by constraints, according to Optimality theory: Ident-PreCont(nas), Share(place), *[-continuant][+continuant], *jj, Ident-IO(high), Ident-IO(u), *[nasal][+round], *[-round][+round]. In Polish consonantal system new phonemes /w~/, /j~/ appear, instead of vocalic nasals.
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姜德壽 제주대학교 1984 논문집 Vol.18 No.2
There are at least three kinds of situations in which the knowledge of the anthropologist has been employed in marketing: specific knowledge; awareness of themes of a culture; sensitivity to taboos. A manufacturer of central heating equipment was planning to introduce central heating to an area which previously had used other heating. Since people generally grow up to acdept a certain approach to heating which they take for granted, introduction of the new central heating posed marketing problems in coping with deeply imbedded consumer resistance to what would be a major innovation. An anthropologist was able to draw on his knowledge of the folklore of heat and fire in order to suggest methods of presenting the new system, so as to make it as consonant as possible with the connotation of heat, even though the nature of the heating method had changed radically. Marketers may unwittingly violate a taboo, whethere cultural, religious, or political, especially in selling overseas. Blue, for example, is the color for mourning in Iran and is not likely to be favorably received on a commercial Product. Green is the nationalist colour of Egypt and Syria and is frowned on for use in packages. Showing pairs of anything on the Gold Coast of Africa is disapproved. White is the color of mourning in Japan and, therefore, not likely to be popular on a product. Brown and gray are disapproved colors in Nicaragua. The anthropologist can cast light on taboos and on their opposite: favoured colors and symbols. The reason for the people in a country or an area liking or not liking a particular colour or symbol may be a function of political, religious, cultural, or other reasons. A sociologist is a social scientist who undertake to issolate, define, and describe human behaviour in grups and social settings. He seeks to formulate valid laws and generalizations about human nature, social interaction, and social organization, and culture. Anyone who engages in such activity, seeks such ends, and who in the eyes of other sociologists contributes to these fuctions is practicing sociology. Therefore, a sociological contribution to marketing is anything done by a recognized sociologist that leads to better understanding of the nature, functions, and processes of marketing. In what areas and in what ways have sociologists and anthropologists developed materials significant for marketing? And what impact has this knowledge had on marketing, and through what channels has this impact been transmitted? This article gives some of the answers.
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A Review on the Ambiguities of the Predicates in Yakut Language
강덕수 한국언어학회 2013 언어 Vol.38 No.4
This paper tries to examine the syntactic property of the converb system. It finds inconsistency and contradiction in the traditional viewpoint on the converb. Especially, it points out that there is a misconception in perceiving the construction of the converb plus the predicate verb in the final place of a sentence. This paper introduces the construction of the compound predicate in the Yakut grammar. It shows how the fixed concept of the converb functions as a main verbal component in the compound predicate. This argument is justified by tree diagrams of Yakut sentences with two verbs in the final: the main verb plus the auxiliary instead the converb plus the main verb. It clears away the problem of the semantic ambiguities, unsolved by the traditional grammar. In conclusion, this paper suggests the revised category of the verbal suffixes of Yakut language.
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강덕수 한국외국어대학교 외국어 종합연구센터 언어연구소 2003 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.31
In Russian impersonal and generalized personal sentences a subject does not appear or its grammatical role is very limited. Such sentences are used as often as personal ones. We can even find personal sentences without an subject in accordance with contexts. It is because in Russian utterances a listener is conceptually superior to a speader in the hierarchy of constituents. And an act is considered a starting point of forming an utterance. In Russian utterances tend to be objectified. Thus it is more important to analyze the semantic relations among constituents than the schematic relations between a subject and an object in order to understand the characteristics of Russian sentences. For example, the sentence ˝*ruka lomit˝ is grammatically right, but is regarded wrong. But the sentence without a subject ˝ruku lomit˝ is right in a meaning ˝I feel a pain in my arm.˝ Russian sentences are constructed with a verb-predicate as the central constituent so that it may be better to analyze sentences by the Dependency Grammar Theory. The theory puts a verb on the initiating node of an utterance. (원문참조) The scheme (b) by the theory of Dependency Grammar displays the relations of constituents more clearly and concisely than (a) by the theory Generative Grammar. It presents an utterance with a verb on the pivot as an organic unit.
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