Ernest Hemingway 미공개 단편의 位相

金有祚 건국대학교 1989 學術誌 Vol.33 No.1

The Scribner's issued Ernest Hemingway's unpublished seven short stories in the 3rd part of The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway in 1987. The six of them could be considered as an independent whole short story each and the last one must have been one part of his posthumous work, Island in the Stream. This study has been concentrated on the former six stories in the light of the initiation theme which flows through most of his short stories. The approaching method has to be directed to inquire into the interrelation of them wish the already published works of his in plots, styles, descripting techniques, symbols, etc. It has been, in effect, a kind of inductive progress. "A Train Trip" and "The Porter" have their scenes on railroads. Railroads represent a journey and a journey can be related to "the rite of passage". In this passage progress, the hero Jimmy experiences all sorts of ritualistic things and opens his eyes to the violence, vice and at last to a kind of shapeless form to overcome the meaningless worldliness. In "Black Ass at the Cross Roads" and "Landscape with Figures", the heroes and heroine suffer the nothingness or nada and the misery of war. However, they might have conquered the distress of their new but stale experiences through a kind of baptism ritual performed in the war background. "I Guess Everything Reminds You of Something" and "Great News from the Mainland" suggest prodigal sons and returned sons. The prodigal sons in the stories undergo all sorts of corruption and decadence; neverthless, they inform their reform, or rebirth and show their hard-won initiation in a way or so at last.

버나드 맬러머드의 초기작 The Assistant 연구

김유조 건국대학교 인문과학연구소 1999 인문과학논총 Vol.33 No.-

In The Assistant, Bernard Malamud achieves an integration of certain Christian and Jewish concepts to explain and support the behavior and motivations of his central characters and the truths of life as they see them. The co-protagonists, Morris Bober and Frank Alpine, represent an amalgam of Moses and Saint Francis of Assisi, creating a unique view of humanity's dilemmas, trial, and solutions in the modern world. The novel examined the problems of how individuals confront life, what code they live by, what choices they make, and how they react to the consequences of their choices. It focuses on the moral dilemma that Christians and Jews confront daily-the pursuit of material success or of spiritual aspiration. Through the experience and challenge of suffering the characters attain self-knowledge and redemption.

動物心像을 中心으로 한 「붉은 武功勳章」考察

金有祚 건국대학교 1982 論文集 Vol.15 No.1

Through the stuffy, The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane has been interpreted in the light of the animal imagery. It is rather natural that the anmal imagery should make frequent apperances in the form of simile and metaphor during the process because he wrote many poems and paid a keen attention to the poetic imagery. There is, however, no definite reason why he uses animals, though a few exceptions such as flags, forests, demons, and gods play significant roles of symbolism. The reason may he originated from the feeling of alienation between his identity and the outside world. As the world is recognized in the shape of animals, the Youth (or Stephen Crane) can not communicate with them. Above all, animals, which should have their bestiality, or animal fierceness, are the best media to symbolize and convey the war situation and they are able to make the readers perceive the pride, heroism and the following anxiety, terror, frustration, and conflicts underlying in Henry's mind, not in abstract forms but in concrete forms vividly. Crane has never been engaged in or seen a war until he writes this novel hut he describes the war in a real touch. Using the animalism as metaphoric and symbolic instruments, he introduces animation to the novel compensating his inexperience in a war and in consequence it contributes to the description of Henry's inner struggle to be a man at last.

The Sun Also Rises에 關한 小考 : 「價値의 交煥」意識을 中心으로 Centered on the Awareness of 「Exchange of Values」

金有祚 건국대학교 1984 論文集 Vol.18 No.1

The title of the work, The Sun Also Rises, is taken from the first chapter of Ecclesiastes, the emphatic sermon of the Preacher as he contemplates the tragedy of man's brief life on earth. The epigraphs of the work adopted from Gertrude Stein's conversation and Ecclesiastes also lay emphasis on the sterility and the futility of the life. Thi9 study started with a qutestion on the above generally admitted view and to draw a real meaning of the work. Of course, the primary subject of Ecclesiastes is to preach the vanities of searching wisdom, enjoying pleasure, taking all the labour, etc. But the real biblical meaning of the Scripture cannot be the nihilistic substance. As it is rather to lead the congregation to the eternal salvation revealed in the last chapter, 12 : 13, so doers seem the main stream-of this work, through "the exchange of values." Symbolically enough, the hero, Jake Barnes who has lost "Freudian id" but tries to fulfill "Jungian Primary need" gets a chance to be immersed to achieve a re-birth in a stream of Burguete, the high land, with his prophetic friend, Bill Gorton. However, Brett Ashley and the surrounding people are not permitted to have the similar baptism. There may be a lost generation but real pursuit of the work is how to overcome the forlorness, or the lostness of this generation and "how to live in it". One generation passeth away, but the earth abideth forever.

成人儀式 이후의 Nick Adams 고찰

金有祚 건국대학교 1993 學術誌 Vol.37 No.1

The later part of The Nick Adams Stories has been discussed in this study. Nick Adams who has already finished his rite of passage in the earlier part of the book reveals his regression and return alternatively many times in the later part. And during the progress, Nick Adams provides us a point of departure for understanding Hemingway's later works : for example, The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, Across the River and into the Trees, The Old Man and the Sea, etc. Most of Hemingway's themes have been formed in embryo as the cycle closed on Nick Adams. Future Hemingway heroes reach back to Nick's genetic and environmental conditioning. It seems that Hemingway presented us with the formation of a man and would like to take that man to present him in some of the possible circumstances that the world presented and see how he would function. As a result of it, Hemingway heroes exhibit many of the character traits that were built into Nick. With the last of the Nick Adams stories, Hemingway formally closes Nick's story. However, it is not until Santiago sleeps on his cot at the end of The Old Man and the Sea, that the writer actually leaves Nick behind.

문학작품 속의 성 담론

김유조 건국대학교 인문과학연구소 2001 인문과학논총 Vol.36 No.-

The paper aims to survey the universal subject of the relationship between man and woman in literature. The viewpoint over the area has long been focused either on the sense of sex or that of sexuality. The angle zoomed on the phase of gender was introduced and acknowledged rather recently. However, it should be of no use to argue that a literary work is only treating the sexual side of a human being or not. In addition, which sense in human desire should rank higher than the other cannot be easily defined in a real life, still less in a literary one. Through the study a lot of tales, mythologies, essays, and fictions which can be usually categorized as sexual discourse have been examined to appreciate what their real messages are. In Korean folk tales, the frequent subjects are oppressed sexuality by traditional and Confucian ideas. Faithful fidelity is esteemed high virtue ; how to release the oppressed desire in a state of keeping honor is another important wish, though. In Greek and Roman myths, the ideal interrelationship between man and woman are revealed throuch the transcendental union of the soul and the body of the opposite sex. There have been various attitude toward the relationships in modern and classic novels such as Bovarism in Madame Bovary and The Return of the Native; the deficient and crooked sexual desire and the characters' hard working recovery in Winesburg, Ohio and Lady Chaterley's Lover; Oedipus complex in Oedipus, the Rex, Hamlet and "The Tell-Tale Heart" ; patriarchical relationship in some tales of Canterbury Tales, matriarchal advocacy in "A Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber"; free sexism in immoral sentiment; the femininity assertion in modern criticism, etc. According to The Symposium by Plate, a human being is told to be divided into two sexes from the original form of androgyny by Zeus who is envious of the completeness of human condition. As a result, two sexes in real life should have been making efforts to find out his/her "better half" as the characters in the above told literary works should have done.

반복적 이미저리와 주제의 관계 고찰

김유조 건국대학교 교육대학원 1996 敎育論叢 Vol.27 No.-

만년이 되면서 헤밍웨이의 예술적 능력도 하강하기 시작하였다. 모험적인 일생을 통하여 겪었던 여러가지 부상과 상처의 후유증, 그리고 젊은날의 축제와 싸움과 과음 등으로 인하여 그는 노년이 되면서 심신이 모두 극도로 쇠락하기 시작하였다. 이에 더하여 그는 신경쇠약까지 겪게 되는데 이를 극복하기 위한 충격요법 때문에 기억력의 감퇴를 염려할 지경이 되었으며 이러한 요소는 자연히 창작력의 급속한 저하를 초래하였다. 만년의 저작에서 예술적 혜안을 통한 영감이 더 이상 엿보이지 않게 된 것도 너무나 당연한 귀결이라고 하겠다. 그리고 정서불안정의 소산으로 주제의 과장과 왜곡도 심화 되었고, 등장인물과 작가의 적절한 거리도 불안전한 양상을 초래하였다. 미완의 유고 상태에서 재정리된 것이라는 단서가 있기는 해도 1970년에 발간된 Islands in the Stream과 The Garden of Eden의 난삽함이 그 절정이 아닐까한다. 그는 T.S. Eliot의 objective correlatives에 버금갈 만하던 자아의 탈각, 몰개성적 어조, 주관적 서술성의 배제와 같은 덕목들도 모두 상실하여갔다. 당연히 이미저리를 통하여 보다 생생하면서도 객관적 거리를 유지시켜주던 기법도 전성기의 추억으로만 남겨지게 되었다. 행동주의적인 그가 자살을 감행한 것은 결코 난해한 대목이 아니다. 그의 수많은 주인공들이 보여 주었던 “파괴될지언정 패배하지 않는” 속성을 작가가 행동으로 실천했을 따름이라고 하겠다.

建國大學校 人文科學硏究所

金有祚 建國大學校 人文科學硏究所 1987 인문과학논총 Vol.19 No.-

It seems that Ernest Hemingway realized the passage of time from the angle of futility in life. His frantic search for the meaning of time endowed him only with the recognition of decay, nothingness or nada, drunkenness, valuelessness and loneliness. He also tried to churn out the meaning of life simply to be exposed to the acknowledgement of death. However, he was not discouraged continuing his struggle for the light against the inevitable darkness of the world. This process of recognition provided him with a superimposing view point on the passage of time. In his early works, he intermingled the different time sequences into one point and telescoped variably the transitions. This attitude toward the time seems to have been rendered surely under the influence of Einstein's Fourth Dimension theory. Furthermore, Hemingway asserted that he had achieved the Fifth Dimension effect in his works. As a matter of course, he realized the stillness of time in his later works, especially in For Whom the Bell Tolls. Aside from physics, the embodiment of human consciousness in this way can be called the conquest of time and the achievement of stillness through the Fifth Dimension.

The Nick Adams Stories에 나타난 "initiation theme" 연구

金有祚 건국대학교 1992 學術誌 Vol.36 No.1

This study is aimed at considering Nick Adams Stories edited by Phillip Young in the light of initiation theme. The book of short stories written by Ernest Hemingway is composed of five chapters, each containing several stories published already or unpublished up to the time. A narrow focus is brought into the first two chapters as they represent most vividly the scheme of "rite of passage" ; departure, initiation and return. The first chapter, "The Northern Woods" deals with the characters in the state of complete ignorance of the vice and terror filled abundantly in the world, while the second chapter, "On His Own" depicts the people who have become more familliar with the vice and terror. The beginning story, "Three Shots" records the earliest step of Nick's experiences in the world. It describes something of fundamental importance that has recently happened to Nick-his realization that he would also die. In "Indian Camp" Nick is confronted with an actual death which intensifies the dread of his own mortality. However, he is transformed by the experience at the center of his journey in the story and enjoys his step of return at last. In "The Doctor and Doctor's Wife", what Nick's choice clearly implies is unwillingness to live in the chokingly-patterned world his mother represents. His choice is more for the free world of nature than for his father himself. While the theme of Nick's family background is still continued in "Ten Indians", the story introduces a new aspect of the hero's character-his adolescent clove affair, and his realization of the loss of the love. In "The Indians Moved Away", the poignancy with which Nick reefs the loss of Indians from his life shows that the need for human ties is a great need of his being. "The Light of the World" introduces Nick without his parents and out of home. Nick's successful journey through the tough and perverse world shows that he does not need the protection his father has been trying to impose on him. In "The Battler", the violence and the sexual perversion are both present. "The Killers" introduces Nick to greater evil than any he has seen ever before. What he is not prepared to face here is not violence but Ole's helplessness before it. In "The Last Good Country", Eden is lost. Childhood and innocence are gone. From here, Nick joins the adult world. He must now forget for himself some order out of a world of chaos. "Crossing the Mississippi" has little action, but serves as a symbolic break to manhood. At this stage, Nick has crossed the ignorant but peaceful state of childhood forever.

나무들의 상형문자

김유조 한국작가교수회 2020 소설시대 Vol.23 No.-