대한국제법학회의 독도학술연구조사에 의한 한국의 독도에 대한 실효적 지배

김명기(Myung-Ki Kim) 대한국제법학회 2018 國際法學會論叢 Vol.63 No.1

1979년 대한국제법학회는 “독도학술연구조사단”을 구성하여 한국해양대학의 “한바다호”편으로 독도에 상륙하여 독도학술연구조사활동을 실행한바 있다. 대한국제법학회는 대한민국의 국가기관이 아니고, 민법상 사단법인에 불과하다. 따라서, 대한국제법학회가 독도에 상륙하여 행한 학술연구조사활동은 대한민국의 독도에 대한 실효적 지배의 효력이 인정되지 아니한다고 보기 쉽다. 그러나, 사적인 개인이나 단체의 행위가 국가기관의 사전적인 허가 혹은 협조로 행하여 진 경우는 그 사적 단체의 행위는 국가기관의 행위로 인정되어 위 독도학술연구조사 활동은 당시 치안본부의 사전허가와 한국해양대학의 사전협조로 독도에 상륙하여 학문적 연구와 조사활동을 실행한 것은 대한민국의 독도에 대한 실효적 지배로 인정된다. 그리고, 김대령의 행위도 대한민국의 국가기관의 행위로 인정된다. 대한국제법학회와김대령의 독도에서의 학문적인 조사와 연구활동이 있었다는 사실을 입증하기 위한 증거를 보관해야 할 것이 오늘의 과제이다. On March 26, 1979 the Korean Society of International law organized a Group of the Academic Study and Research over Dokdo constituted 28 persons and the society landed on Dokdo studied and researched over Dokdo, However the society was not a organ of the ROK as a state but a private person. Therefore the study activities of the Society did not constitute the effective control over Dokdo by the ROK. However the Society attained the authorized Permission landing on Dokdo by the headquarters of National Policy one of the organ of the ROK as a state in advance. And attained the cooperation of the National Maritime Academy to use the training ship named “Hanbadaho”. The Permission and the cooperation of national organ of the ROK in advance the studies and researches of the Society on the Dokdo were recognizes the effective control over Dokdo by the ROK. For the purpose of maintenance of Korean territorial title of Dokdo, It is necessary for the Government and the Society to preserve the evidences that the society and colonel Kim’s academic activities to study and research on Dokdo were constitutes the effective control over Dokdo. it’s obvious fact that Korean territorial severity over Dokdo under control of Korean government the fact was confirmed by the colonel Kim’s landing on Dokdo for academic study and researches over Dokdo.

DQSM 알고리즘을 이용한 FIR 디지털 필터의 구성

김명기,임영도 동아대학교 공과대학 부설 한국자원개발연구소 1986 硏究報告 Vol.10 No.1

A method on the hardware implementation of the Finite Impulse Response (FIR) digital filter using Digital Quarter Square Multiphcation (DQSM) algorithm is proposed. ROM requirement can be reduced by using the double precision algorithm and the absolute value circuit, and also execution speed can be improved by reducing logic level steps of absolute value circuit. The frequency response of FIR digital filter implemented by the above method is quite agreeable with the frequency response simulated by Remez exchange algorithm. If coefficients should be stored in the RAM instead of the ROM, this method is especially useful in the case of FIR digital filter with time varying coefficients.

일본 자위대의 독도상륙은 국제인도법상 허용되는가

김명기(Myung-Ki Kim) 대한적십자사 인도법연구소 2016 人道法論叢 Vol.- No.36

한국과 일본은 1949년 제네바협약 “제1추가의정서”의 체약당사자이므로 “제1추가의정서”의 인적 적용범위는 한국과 일본에 미친다. “제1추가의정서” 의 무력충돌법의 물적 적용범위는 전쟁법보다 광범위하다. 타국가에 대한 적대행위는 비록 충돌당사자의 일방이 전쟁상태의 존재를 부인한다 할지라도 “제1추가의정서” 제1조 제3항의 국제적 무력충돌을 구성한다. 충돌이 얼마나 길게 지속되느냐, 얼마나 많은 학살자가 가담하느냐, 얼마나 많은 희생자가 발생하느냐에 관계없이 무력충돌을 구성한다. 단 한명의 부상자만 발생되어도 “제1추가의정서”는 적용된다. 따라서 일본 자위대에 의한 독도상륙작전의 적대행위에 대해 무력충돌이 1개 소대에 의해, 1일간, 단 한명의 부상자만 발생해도 “제1추가의정서”는 적용되는 것이다. “제1추가의정서” 제52조 제1항의 규정에 따라 민간목표는 공격목표가 될 수 없다. 민간목표는 군사목표가 아닌 모든 목표이다. “제1추가의정서” 제85조 제3항 (a)에서는 민간주민을 공격의 대상으로 하는 것은 “제1추가의정서”의 중대한 위반행위로 간주한다고 규정하고 있으며, 제85조 제5항에서는 중대한 위반행위는 전쟁범죄로 간주된다고 규정하고 있다. 한국 독도경비대는 “제1추가의정서” 제43조 제3항에 규정된 병력에 의해 구성된 것이 아니다. 따라서 동 경비대의 구성원도 병력의 구성원이 아니다. “제1추가의정서” 제50조 제1항의 규정에 따라 그들은 민간인이다. 그러므로 일본자위대가 동 경비대의 구성원을 공격하는 것은 민간인에 대한 공격을 금지한 “제1추가의정서” 제52조의 규정을 위반하는 것이다. 그리고 민간인에 대한 공격은 “제1추가의정서”의 중대한 위반행위로 간주되고 또 전쟁범죄로 간주된다. On account of Korea and Japan are contracting parties of the Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions of 1949, the field of personal application of the Protocol affects to Korea and Japan. The field of material application of the Protocol, the law of armed conflict is much broader than that of the law of war. A hostile act against another state constitutes international armed conflict within the meaning of Art. (3) of the Protocol, even if one of the conflict parties denies the existence of a state of war. It makes no difference how long the conflict lasts, or how much slaughter takes place, or how many victims resulted. If there is only a single wounded person the Protocol shall be applied as a result. Therefore to the hostile acts of landing operations on Dokdo by the Japanese Self-Defence Corps, the Protocol shall be applied, even if the armed conflict is occurred by one platoon, in a day, only a single wounded person is resulted. According to the provision of Art. 52 (1) of the Protocol, civilian objects shall not be the object of attack. Civilian objects are all objects which are not military object. According to Art. 85(3) (a) of the Protocol the attack shall be regarded as grave breaches. And Art 85(5) stipulates that grave breaches shall be regarded as war crimes. The Korean Dokdo Garrison is not constituted by the armed forces provided in Art.43(3) of the Protocol. Thus the members of the Garrison are not that of armed forces. According to the provision of Art.50(1) of the Protocol they are civilian. Therefore the attacks against the members of the Garrison by the Japanese Sell-Defence Corps violate the provision of Art. 52 of the Protocol condemns the attacks against civilians. And the attacks shall be regarded as grave breaches of the Protocol, and shall be regarded as war crimes in international law.

집단운동에 따른 "파킨슨 가정 운동프로그램"어플리케이션 적용이 파킨슨병 환자의 기능 체력 및 뇌 활성도에 미치는 영향

김명기(Kim, Myung-Ki),조혜영(Cho, Hye-Young),박윤진(Park, Yun-Jin) 한국사회체육학회 2015 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.0 No.59

We investigated the effects of communal exercise intervention no functional fitness and brain activation, for 29 female patients of PD (Parkinson’s disease). The subjects were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group(n=9); communal exercise group using the smart phone application(n=10); and an individual exercise group, also using the smart phone application(n=10). The exercise program consisted of warm up(10 min) , exercise with the smart app.(40 min), and cool down(10 min). The exercise program was performed 3 days a per week for 10 weeks. In the present result, strength of lower limbs were significantly increased among exercise groups and interaction. Flexibility of upper and lower limbs and static balance were significantly increased time and interaction. Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4 of alpha wave were significantly increased among groups, time and interaction. However T3, T4 of alpha wave were significantly increased interaction but P3, P4 of alpha wave were no significantly among groups, time and interaction. These finding indicates that a 10 weeks of group communal exercise program using a smart app. can be effective, in terms of, on improving functional fitness and brain activation, for patient with PD.

금강산 관광객 피격사건과 국제인도법 : 제네바협약 추가의정서를 중심으로

김명기(Myung-Ki Kim) 大韓赤十字社 人道法硏究所 2009 人道法論叢 Vol.- No.29

2008년 7월 11일 금강산관광지구 경계를 넘어간 민간인 관광객이 북한군의 총격으로 사망한 사건이 발생했다 (이하 “금강산관광객피격사건”이라 한다). 이 연구는 북한군의 총격이 한국군사정전협정(이하 “정전협정”이라 한다)의 제 규정과 특히 1949년의 제네바협약에 대한 추가의정서 (이하 “추가의정서”라 한다)의 제 규정을 위반한 것이라는 것을 지적하려 시도된 것이다. Ⅰ. 정전협정의 위반 “정전협정”은 “적대 쌍방 군 사령관들은 육해공군의 모든 부대와 인원을 포함한 그들의 통제 하에 있는 모든 무장 역량이 한국에 있어서의 일체의 적대행위를 완전히 정지할 것을 명하고 또 이를 보장 한다”라고 규정하고 있다(제2조 제12항). “금강산 관광객피격사건”에서 북한군 초병의 총격은 이 규정을 위반한 것이다. 그리고 비무장지대를 향한 적대행위의 금지 규정(제1조 제6항)을 위반한 것이다. Ⅱ. 추가의정서의 위반 1. 추가의정서의 적용성 (ⅰ) 대인적 적용범위 : 북한은 1988년 3월 9일에 “추가의정서”에 가입했으므로 동 의정서 제1조 제1항의 규정에 따라 동 의정서가 북한에 적용됨은 명백하다. (Ⅱ) 대물적 적용범위 : “추가의정서”는 제1조 제3항의 규정에 따라 “제네바협약” 공통 제2조에 규정된 사태에 적용되게 된다. “제네바협약”은 “무력충돌”에 적용된다고 규정하고 있다(제2조 제1항). 무력충돌은 적대행위를 범하는 무력의 행사를 의미하며, 적대행위는 일방의 행위로도 무력충돌이 된다. 그리고 많은 희생자의 발생을 요하지 아니하며, 또 무력 투쟁이 계속됨을 요하는 것도 아니다. 따라서 “추가의정서”는 금강산관광객피격사건에 적용된다. (Ⅲ) 시간적 적용범위 : “추가의정서” 제3항 ⒜는 동 의정서는 “사태의 개시 시로부터” 적용된다고 규정하고 있다. 사태의 개시 시란 첫 폭력행위가 범하자 마자를 의미한다. 따라서 “추가의정서”는 금강산관광객피격사건에 적용되게 된다. 2. 추가의정서의 위반 내용 (ⅰ) 민간인에 대한 공격 금지의 위반 : “추가의정서” 제51조 제2항은 민간인은 공격의 대상이 되지 아니 한다 라고 규정하고, 제85조 제3항은 민간인을 공격의 대상으로 하는 것은 “중대한 위반행위”로 간주 한다라고 규정하고 있다. 동 조 제5항은 중대한 위반행위는 “전쟁범죄”로 간주 한다라고 규정하고 있다. 따라서 북한군의 총격은 “중대한 위반행위”이고 또 “전쟁범죄”인 것이다. (Ⅱ) 공공 양심의 명령 위반 : “추가의정서” 제1조 제2항은 민간인은 공공양심의 명령으로부터 보호 하에 남아 있다 라고 규정하고 있다. 따라서 북한군의 총격은 공공 양심의 명령 위반인 것이다. 3. 추가의정서 위반의 구제 (ⅰ) 형사문제의 상호 공조 (제88조 제1항), (Ⅱ) 범죄인 인도의 상호 공조 (제88조 제2항), (Ⅲ) 배상 책임 (제91조), (Ⅳ) UN과의 협조 (제89조), (ⅴ) 국제적십자 위원회와의 협조 (국제적십자운동 정관. 제5조 제2항⒞) 요컨대, 금강산 사건에서 북한군의 총격은 “전쟁범죄”로 간주되며, 금강산관광객 피격사건의 해결을 위해 정부 당국은 범죄인의 인도, 손해배상의 청구, UN에의 호소 및 국제적십자위원회에의 호소 등의 조치를 고려하고 채택하여야 할 것이다. On July 11, 2008, a incident that a civilian individual tourist at Kumkang Mt. who had crossed over the boundary of the tour area of Kumkang Mt. was killed by the shooting of the North Korea Armed Forces, was occurred (here in after "Kumkang Mt. Incident"). This study is intended to designate that the shooting of the North Korea Armed Forces was constituted the violation of the regulations of the Additional Protocol of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 (here in after "the Protocol"). Ⅰ. Violation of the Armistice Agreement Paragraph 12 of Article 2 of the Armistice Agreement provides: "The Commanders of the opposing sides shall order and enforce a complete cessation of all hostilities in Korea by all armed forces under their control, including all units and personnel of the ground, naval, and air forces." In the incident, the shooting done by the North Korea Armed Forces violated the provision. Ⅱ. Violation of the Protocol 1. Applicability of the Protocol (ⅰ) Personal Field of Application : On March 9, 1988, the North Korea became a contracting party to the Protocol, thus it is obvious that the provisions of the Protocol shall apply to the North Korea in accordance with the Paragraph 1 of Article 1 of the Protocol. (Ⅱ) Material Field of Application : The Protocol shall apply in the situation referred to Article 2 common to the Geneva Conventions in accordance with the Paragraph 3 of Article 1 of the Protocol. The Geneva Conventions provide that the Conventions shall apply to "armed conflict" (Paragraph 1 of Article 2), and "armed conflict" means the use of arms to commit a hostile act, and hostile act on the either side constitutes armed conflict. Nor is it necessary for there to have been many victims and armed struggle did continued. Therefore, the Protocol shall apply to the Kumkang Mt. Incident. (Ⅲ) Temporal Field of Application : Article 3 ⒜ of the Protocol provides that the Protocol shall apply from beginning of any situation. The beginning of any situation means as soon as the first acts of violence were committed. Therefore, the Protocol shall apply to the Kumkang Mt. Incident. 2. Contents of the Violation of the Protocol (ⅰ) Violation of the Prohibition of Attack to Civilian : Paragraph 2 of Article 51 of the Protocol stipulates that the civilian shall not be object of attack, and Paragraph 3 of Article 85 stipulates that making the civilian the object of attack shall be regarded as "grave breaches." And Paragraph 5 of the Article stipulates that grave breaches shall be regarded as "war crimes." Therefore, the shooting done by the North Korea Armed Forces is regarded as "war crime." (Ⅱ) Violation of Dictates of Public Conscience : Paragraph 2 of Article 1 stipulates that civilian remain under the protection from the dictates of public conscience. Therefore, the shooting done by the North Korea Armed Forces violated the dictates of public conscience. 3. Repression of Breaches of the Protocol (ⅰ) Mutual Assistance of Criminal Mattes (Paragraph 1 of Article 88), (Ⅱ) Mutual Assistance of Extradition (Paragraph 2 of Article 88), (iii) Compensation Responsibility (Article 91), (Ⅳ) Cooperation with the UN (Article 89), (ⅴ) Cooperation with the ICRC (Paragraph 2 ⒞ of Article 5 of Statutes of IRM) To sum up, The shooting committed by the North Korea Armed Forces is regarded as war crime in positive international humanitarian law. In order to settle the dispute of the Kumkang Mt. Incident, it is necessary for the authorities of the government to consider and to adopt the measures of the repression such as extradition, compensation and appeal to the UN and the ICRC.

獨島의 領有權에 關한 硏究

金明基(Kim Myung Ki),池奉道(Chee Bong Do),劉夏榮(Yu Ha Young) 대한국제법학회 1997 國際法學會論叢 Vol.42 No.1

民防衛機構 및 要員의 保護

金明基(Kim Myung Ki) 大韓赤十字社 人道法硏究所 1977 人道法論叢 Vol.- No.1

국제법상 중국의 간도불법점거에 대한 대중국 항의의 필요성과 요건에 관한 연구

김명기(Kim, Myung-Ki) 백산학회 2009 白山學報 Vol.- No.85

The Gando Convention concluded between China and Japan in 1909 stipulates that China grants the interests and rights to construct railway and to minie mineral matters in Manchuria to Japan and Japan transfers Gando to China. The Convention was legally based on the Protectorate Treaty between Japan and Korea in 1905 that was concluded by means of Japanese military coercion to the Korean Cabinet members. As a result of the means the treaty was null and vold. So the Gando Convention based on the treaty is null and void too. Therfore Chinese occupation on Gando is unlawful occuprtion on Korean territory in international law. What Korea needs to protest against Chinese unlawful occupation on Gando (ⅰ) for excluding the eftect of acquiescence, (ⅱ) for acquiring the eftect of effective control on Gondo, (ⅲ) for acquiring the relative title of the territorial sovereignty over Gerndo, (ⅳ) for interrupting the Chinese prescription and historical consolidation over Gando, and (ⅴ) for obidencing duty and responsibility of the President to preserve national territory in accordance with the stipulation of the Korean Constitutional law. The protest subject in international law is state as a subject of international law. Therefore the protest subject against the Chinese unlawful occupation on Gando is not the Gando Institute, the Paek-San Society, and the Chern-Jin Sws Paper but the state thpublic of Korea. The he stateorgan of a state in international law is the Head of State, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and the Diplomatic Agcncies. Thus the State organ of the ROK against the Chines unlawful occupation on Gando is not the National Aieembly, the Minister of Education Science and Technology, and the President of the Northeast Asian Mistory Foundation. The he stateForm in international law shoulechn donn by the official diplomatic docurn-Jithrough the diplomatic Channnl. Thus the Korean Governrn-J’s protest agaist Chinese Governrn-J is not effective as protest through a neweweweference, radio broadcast, TV, or a resolution of international eweference. The protest contn-J in international law should be clear. So the Korean protest against China should be effective protest on the clear base. in accordance with the rules of international law. It should be needed the Korean Government’s protest aginst Chinese unlawful occapation on Gando to preserve Korean territorial sovereignty over it as soon as possible.

이중에너지 흡수계측법을 이용한 한국 성인의 성별, 연령별에 따른 근육량 및 근육 분포의 변화

김명기(Myung Ki Kim) 한국사회체육학회 2004 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.0 No.22

This purpose of this study was to examine the influence of age and gender on whole and body regional muscle mass and distribution using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA). The subjects consisted of healthy adult men and women who had participated in body composition studies at Korea University. The subjects varied in age(20~73 yr) and body mass index(15.6~42.5). None of the subjects was taking medications known to affect the study variables. They were divided three groups according to age. The major findings in this study were summarized as follows : 1. Whole and body regional muscle mass in men was greater than in women. 2. The arm muscle mass and distribution in men was greater than in women. 3. The muscle mass in the arms and legs were decreased with age, but the trunk muscle mass was increased with age in both group. 4. The loss of muscle mass was significantly different with age among groups, arm muscle mass were decreased in men and leg muscle mass were decreased in women.

韓ㆍ中 經濟開發合作契約에서 提起되는 法的 紛爭解決에의 適用法에 관한 一般的 考察

金明基(Myung-Ki Kim),金奭賢,車重坤 대한국제법학회 1995 國際法學會論叢 Vol.40 No.1