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The Analysis of 'The Crucifixion for Orchestra' composed by Kim, Ji-Young. The paper is an analysis of the program music, 'The Crucifixion for Orchestra' composed by Ji-Young Kim. The composer tries to express musical components (tempo, meter, beat, pitch material, rhythm etc.) and form in accordance with the religious theme (Crucifixion) The form of this orchestral piece consists of five sections (Introduction-A-B-C-Coda) and each section has its own programmatic titles (Jesus heading for Golgotha, The Cruciferous Jesus, Episode, The Death of Jesus, Prayer and Meditation) to demonstrate a narrative process. The composer makes use of hexatonic scale which consisted of augmented 4th and minor 2nd, chromatic scale, and wholetone scales, specifically, also attempts to quote Gregorian Chant in coda section to depict the religious atmosphere effectively. In sum, 'The Crucifixion for Orchestra' tells how the narrative themes can be expressed in each five sections through various musical elements. 본 논문은 김지영 작곡, 「관현악을 위한 십자가상의 죽음」에 대한 작품 분석이며, 작곡자 의도에 따른 표제음악(Program Music)의 내용을 효과적으로 표현하기 위해 형식 및 구성요소와 부분별 아이디어 등이 어떻게 사용되었는지에 초점을 맞추어 분석한다. 이 곡의 형식은 서주부-A-B-C-종결부로 구성되어 있으며, 각 단락은 예수의 골고타를 향한 행진, 십자가에 못박히신 예수, 에피소드, 예수의 죽음, 기도와 묵상의 표제적 내용전개에 따라 구성되어있다. 이러한 표제적 내용은 빠르기와 박자를 결정짓는 요소가 되며, 표제인 ‘십자가상의 죽음’을 표현하기 위해 증 4도와 단 2도로 구성된 6음음계와 반음계, 온음음계를 주로 사용하고 있다. 종결부에서 단편적으로 그레고리안 성가를 인용하여 종교적인 분위기를 표현하고 각 단락의 여러 가지 색채 대비를 통해 다양한 시도가 이루어진다. 결론적으로, ‘십자가상의 죽음’이라는 표제적 내용이 관현악을 매체로 표현되고,특정한 형식에서 다양한 빠르기와 박자, 그리고 특정한 음고 재료와 리듬을 통해 어떻게 표현될 수 있는가를 분석한다.
김지영 성신여자대학교 대학원 2019 국내석사
ABSTRACT Study on the Relationship Borm in Stone -On The basis of my work- Kim Ji-young Dept. of sculpture Graduate School of Sculpture Sungshin Women's University Human beings live a number of "relationships" with purpose and means of living and living their lives.And the relationship is accidental and sometimes intentional. It is thought that the accidental relationship is formed when the water flows naturally and does not know clearly how and when the relationship is established. And the intentional relationship is obviously a case in which the purpose and means are acted upon.My work begins with the fact that both of the above-mentioned relationships are in line with the nature of nature. I have noticed that it is not about trying to classify and divide something that is specific about such a "relationship," saying something is right and what is not, but about themselves. Whether it is accidental or intentional, we all learn to live through that relationship. And I want to find out why it exists as part of nature. I think it is because not only human beings but also some things in the world go further and the situation exists in correlation with each other. So I made a piece that is related to each other. In other words, the work was completed with a single material, and the artwork that boasted all the charm alone was made, and the shape made up of two or more different materials was created. This thesis is divided into 3 chapters mainly focusing on my work published in 2018.? In Chapter Ⅰ Introduction, I describe the research direction and purpose of my work and explain how to express my work. Chapter Ⅱ describes the formative expression elements of the work and the production method of the work which contains the big theme of "relationship" in addition to the explanation of the "technique of Grengee" which is based on the formation background of the work and the way of expressing the work.?In Chapter Ⅲ conclusions, the contents of this paper are summarized in terms of the work direction and the research tasks of the work that is expressed as a universal and broad topic called "relationship".
식물 추출물과 사람 케모카인 CCL23 가 포유동물 세포에 미치는 염증 반응과 증식 효과
천연소재로부터 항 알러지, 항암작용, 항 염증 등 약물학적 특성에 대해 많은 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 이러한 식물들로부터의 항 염증활성은 염증에 있어 조절인자 중 산화질소 (NO) 를 생성하는 iNOS를 억제함으로써 작용한다고 보고 되고 있다. 본 연구진은 새로운 항 염증을 갖는 천연소재를 찾기 위하여 윤판나물 추출물을 이용해 LPS에 유도된 마우스 RAW 264.7 대식세포에서 염증 반응 기전에 미치는 영향에 대하여 조사하였다. 본 연구에서는 LPS로 염증 반응이 유도된 RAW 264.7 대식세포에서 윤판나물 추출물이 산화질소 생산량을 저해하는 효능을 측정하였다. 본 연구 결과에 따르면, 윤판나물 추출물은 100 g/ml 농도까지 산화질소 생성을 농도의존적으로 저해하였으며 세포 독성은 전혀 나타나지 않았다. 윤판나물 (Disporum sessile D.Don) 추출물은 대표적인 염증 반응 매개자인 iNOS와 COX-2의 mRNA 발현 및 단백질 발현 양을 현저하게 감소시켰다. 또한 초기 염증 반응에 관여한다고 알려진 여러 사이토카인의 mRNA양을 측정하였을 때도 마찬가지로 농도 의존적으로 저해하는 활성을 보였다. 윤판나물 추출물은 LPS에 의해 유도된 RAW 264.7 세포에서 염증 반응을 조절하는 주요한 인자인 NF-κB의 발현을 저해할 뿐만 아니라 NF-κB의 활성을 감소시키는 효과를 나타냈다. 이러한 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 윤판나물 추출물은 아마도 염증에 관련된 질병을 예방할 수 있는 천연소재로 개발될 수 있을 것이다. In an attempt to find new anti-inflammatory agents from natural products, this study examined whether the crude methanol extract of Disporum sessile D.Don has a suppressive effect on inducible enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway in LPS-stimulated macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. The cells were pretreated with the indicated concentrations of Disporum sessile D.Don extract (12.5, 25, 50, and 100 ㎍/㎖) and then treated with LPS (1 ㎍/㎖). The results showed that Disporum sessile D.Don extract inhibited the LPS-induced mRNA and protein expression of iNOS in macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, the expression of COX-2 was significantly inhibited at the mRNA and protein levels by Disporum sessile D.Don extract. The mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, were markedly reduced by Disporum sessile D.Don extract. Moreover, Disporum sessile D.Don extract suppressed the nuclear translocation of the NF-κB subunits, which was correlated with its inhibitory effect on I-κB phosphorylation. These results suggest that Disporum sessile D.Don has anti-inflammatory properties by modulating the expression of iNOS, COX-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophage RAW 264.7 cells via the NF-κB pathway.The present results show that the extract of Disporum sessile D.Don exerting strong anti-inflammatory activity which may prove beneficial with regard to the development of a therapeutic agent for prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases. 최근 연구 결과에 의하면 인간 케모카인 중 하나인 CCL23 (MPIF-1, MIP3, CKβ8) 는 인간 혈관 내피세포의 이동, tube 형성 그리고 matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 에 의해서 혈관 신생을 증진시킨다고 알려져 있다. 이전에 수행 했었던 microarray 분석에 의하면, CCL23 에 의하여 다양한 종류의 유전자들의 전사가 조절됨을 알 수 있었다. 특히 그 중에서도 세포의 성장과 유지에 관련된 유전자가 조절 되었고, 이를 통해서 세포의 성장과 관련된 단백질의 수용체 단백질들도 증가 될 것이라는 것을 예상할 수 있었다. 그 중에서도 CCL23 의 농도가 증가할수록 (0.1 ~ 10 ng/㎖) 표피생장인자 수용체 (Epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR) 의 발현이 증가한다는 결과를 기존 연구를 통해 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 인간 혈관 내피 세포에 CCL23 를 처리하여 EGFR 의 발현을 증가시킨 뒤 표피 생장 인자 (EGF) 를 처리하여 세포 내에서 일어나는 세포의 생장 및 생존 기작에 대해 연구를 수행하였다. 인간 혈관 내피 세포에서 CCL23 만 단독으로 처리하였을 때 비처리 군에 비하여 생장에 미치는 효과가 큰 차이가 없음을 확인할 수 있었다. 반면에 EGF 가 처리된 그룹에서는 세포의 대사 활성 및 세포수가 크게 증가하는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. 이는 CCL23 를 처리함으로써 농도의존적으로 EGF 에 의한 세포 생장이 저해되는 효과를 나타냈다. 이러한 효과는 인간 혈과 내피 세포에서 세포 사멸 (apoptosis) 가 유도되어 일어나는 현상이 아닌, p21 과 p27 유전자의 발현이 유도됨으로 인하여 G1 기에서 S 기로 진행하는 cell cycle 을 arrest 시킴으로써 일어나는 반응이라 사료된다. It has been recently reported that human CCL23 (also known as MPIF1, MIP3, or CK8) promotes endothelial cell migration and tube formation, while it has no effect on proliferation of endothelial cells. In previous study, we conducted DNA microarray analysis to determine gene expression alterations in response to the treatment of HUVECs with CCL23 using 22,000 human genes microarray. We found that the CCL23 dependent modulation in the expression of genes represented a wide variety of functional categories including genes important in the cell growth and maintenance. Based on the micro array analysis data, we focused on up-regulation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) by CCL23. EGF stimulated proliferation of HUVECs, which was significantly inhibited by pretreatment of CCL23 In dose-dependent manner. EGF-stimulated phosphorylation of ERK was reduced in CCL23-treated cells, while phosphorylation of STAT1 was increased by CCL23, indicating that STAT1 is involved in the inhibition of EGF-induced proliferation of endothelial cells by CCL23.
With the development of medical technology, the application of epidural anesthesia is increasing as a method to control labor pain. However, researchers have often reported conflicting results with regard to the effect of epidural anesthesia on delivery and there has not been an exhaustive survey on pregnant women’s perception of epidural anesthesia. Thus, this study was conducted in order to survey pregnant women’s perception and intention of epidural anesthesia and to compare delivery outcomes and labor pain according to the application of epidural anesthesia, and ultimately to provide useful information to pregnant women in the field of childbirth and support their decision making. The subjects of this study were 117 pregnant women who had been over 36 weeks of pregnancy, were under prenatal care at a metropolitan hospital in Seoul, and had natural childbirth ahead, and data were collected from December 2, 2013 to May 31, 2014. Each participant was asked to filled out a structured questionnaire two times, first at 36weeks of pregnancy while visiting obstetric outpatient clinic, second at 2 days after childbirth at obstetric ward. The questionnaire included the beliefs about epidural analgesia and the childbirth experience questionnaire developed by Bussed et al.,(2007) and the pregnant women’s general and obstetric characteristics were surveyed through interviews and electronic medical records. Data were analyzed through t-test, χ2-test, Pearson’s correlation analysis, and ANOVA using SPSS Win 20.0. The findings were as follow: 1) During pregnancy, 62.4% of the women were planning to use epidural anesthesia, 15.4% did not intend it and about 22.2% had not made any decision yet. 2) The mean score of perception of epidural anesthesia was 59.90 in pregnant women who had epidural anesthesia, and 54.48 in those who did not (t=3.68, p<.001). Thus, women who had the positive perception of epidural anesthesia were more likely to receive it. 3) The incidence of getting an actual epidural anesthesia was significantly different according to whether the pregnant women had an intention of epidural anesthesia or not(χ2=10.87, p=.004). 4) In the results of examining the perception of epidural anesthesia according to pregnant women’s general and obstetric characteristics, multiparous experience in epidural anesthesia in previous childbirth had a positive effect on their perception of epidural anesthesia (t=6.16, p=<.001), but no other characteristic made a difference in the perception. 5) Difference were found in delivery type(χ2=8.64, p=.01), duration of 2nd stage labor(t=3.70, p=<.001), oxygen apply(χ2=5.01, p=.03) and arterial cord blood pH(t=2.64, p=.01) between the women with epidural anesthesia and the women without. 6) Whether the women had epidural anesthesia or not according to their initial intention were not associated with perceived labor pain. 7) Pregnant women with a positive perception of epidural anesthesia tended to think labor pain negatively(r=.32, p=.02), and those with high anxiety about pain also thought labor pain negatively(r=.30, p=.001). According to the results of this study, pregnant women’s perception of epidural anesthesia was positive, and when they expected a pain control effect they showed an intention to have epidural anesthesia and their performance rate in actual childbirth was also significantly high. Despite the expected effect of epidural anesthesia, however, labor pain experienced by pregnant women was not different according to whether to have epidural anesthesia, and rather the group with epidural anesthesia showed a significantly increased frequency of Caesarean section and vacuum extraction and a significantly extended duration of 2nd stage labor. Healthcare professionals need to provide education and information about epidural anesthesia with evidences, and also each woman’s intention and decision to take epidural anesthesia should be considered for best outcomes of childbirth. 의료기술의 발달과 더불어 분만통증 조절의 방법으로 경막외마취 시행이 증가하고 있다. 그러나 경막외마취가 분만에 미치는 영향에 대한 결과는 종종 상반되고 경막외마취에 대한 산모들의 인식은 충분히 조사된 바 없다. 이에 본 연구는 경막외마취에 대한 산모의 인식 및 의도를 알아보고 경막외마취 시행여부에 따른 분만결과 및 분만통증을 비교함으로써 분만현장에서 산모에게 실질적인 정보를 제공하고 그들의 의사결정을 지원하기 위한 근거를 마련하기 위해 시도되었다. 연구대상자는 서울시 소재 일개 시립병원에서 산전관리를 받고 자연분만을 앞둔 36주 이상의 산모 총117명이었고, 자료수집기간은 2013년 12월 2일부터 2014년 5월 31일까지였다. 일차 자료수집은 산부인과 외래에서, 이차 자료수집은 분만 후 2일째 입원병동에서 실시하였다. 구조화된 설문지를 이용하였고 Bussche 등(2007)이 개발한 The Beliefs about Epidural Analgesia Questionnaire와 The Childbirth Experience Questionnaire 및 산모의 일반적, 산과적 특징 등을 면담과 전자의무기록을 통해 조사하였다. 자료분석은 SPSS WIN 20.0통계프로그램을 이용하여 t-test, χ2-test, Pearson’s correlation analysis, 그리고 ANOVA를 이용하여 분석하였으며 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 산전 산모의 62.4%가 경막외마취를 원하였고, 15.4%의 산모는 시행을 원하지 않았으며 22.2%의 산모가 시행여부를 결정하지 않았다. 2) 경막외마취에 대한 인식은 경막외마취를 시행한 산모군과 시행하지 않은 산모군이 각각 59.90점, 54.48점으로 나타나 두 군간의 유의한 차이가 있었다(t=3.68, p<.001). 3) 경막외마취에 대한 의도가 있는지에 따라서 실제 시행에 유의한 차이가 있었다(χ2=10.87, p=.004). 4) 산모의 일반적, 산과적 특성에 따른 경막외마취에 대한 인식을 살펴본 결과 경산모에서 이전 분만시 경막외마취 시행 경험이 경막외마취 인식에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났고(t=6.16, p=<.001) 그 외 특성에 따른 인식의 차이는 없었다. 5) 분만결과에서는 분만형태(χ2=8.64, p=.01), 분만 2기 소요시간(t=3.70, p=<.001), 산소흡입(χ2=5.01, p=.03) 및 제대 동맥혈 pH(t=2.64, p=.01)에서 경막외마취를 시행한 군과 그렇지 않은 군 사이에 유의한 차이가 있었다. 6) 산모의 경막외마취 시행의도가 실현되었는지 여부에 따른 분만통증의 차이는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 7) 경막외마취에 대한 산모의 인식이 긍정적일수록 분만통증에 대해 부정적으로 생각하는 경향이 있으며(r=.23, p=.02), 통증에 대한 불안이 클수록 분만통증에 대해 부정적으로 생각하였다(r=.30, p=.001). 본 연구결과 산모의 경막외마취에 대한 인식이 긍정적이어서 통증조절 효과를 기대하는 경우는 경막외마취를 하겠다는 의도를 보였고 실제 분만에서의 시행률도 유의하게 높았다. 이러한 경막외마취의 기대효과에도 불구하고 그 시행 여부에 따라 산모가 경험한 분만통증에는 차이가 없었던 반면 경막외마취 시행군에서 제왕절개 및 흡입분만 빈도의 증가, 분만 2기 시간의 지연과 같은 분만결과가 유의하게 나타난 점을 고려할 때 경막외마취 시행에 대한 재고가 필요하다. 이에 의료진이 산모의 분만통증 대처능력을 파악하고, 경막외마취에 대한 객관적 정보를 교육한다면 보다 긍정적인 분만결과와 효과적인 분만통증 조절에 기여할 것으로 본다.
Evaluation of Lateral Movement of Abutment Subjected to Repeated Traffic Load by Model Test
An abutment has to be designed and constructed to prevent lateral movement, but recently lateral movement of abutment which has a bad effect on the serviceability of bridges has been reported. The causes of lateral movement of abutments are various such as lateral flow, backfill settlement, and creep, also lots of researches were conducted to study each reason. However, there are few researches to study the effect of repeated traffic load on lateral movement up to now. Therefore, in this study lateral movement of an abutment subjected to cyclic load is evaluated through the experimental method. In this present research, model tests were conducted to evaluate lateral movement of an abutment that is caused by repeated traffic load, thus soil box, model abutment, and loading plate were made for the model test. Also, a triaxial testing system was applied to these model tests. Model tests were conducted with various conditions, thereby changing loading type (static load and cyclic load), loading sizes and loading location, after that, the lateral movement of the abutment was analyzed according to each condition and estimated by qualitative method. From the results of experiments, the proportion between tilt and lateral translation which are the lateral movement’s components is constant, at about 80% and 20%, but in the case of the amount of lateral movement, lateral movement under cyclic load, is more than that under static load in every case. In other words, when lateral movement happens to an abutment, the amount of lateral movement is influenced by the loading type while the proportion between the tilt and lateral translation is independent from the loading type. From this result, considering the characteristics of the traffic load is important to evaluate the exact behavior of lateral movement because the results of static load tests underestimate the amount of lateral movement. When cyclic load is loaded, the behavior of lateral movement of an abutment is the affected by loading sizes, loading locations and number of cycles. Lateral movement of an abutment increases like S shape, with increasing of loading sizes, and decreasing tendency of lateral movement with loading locations depends on the loading size. Also, the increasing rate decreases after 10 cycles, and is affected by loading size.
현대중국어 把자문과 使자문의 사동의미 비교 연구 : 老舍 『四世同堂』을 중심으로
目前, “把”字句研究的主流内容为处置意义, 但是对“把”字句的使动意义相关考虑相对较少, 学习和准确使用“把”字句形成了一定的困难。 为此本文将焦点放在表达使动意义的“把”字句上, 通过与最具代表性的使动表现“使”字句的对比, 明确探究两种句型的使动意义。 本文以老舍作品《四世同堂》中出现的具有使动意义的整个“把”字句和“使”字句作为对象, 在意义、 语法、 语用规律层面对比和分析两种句型。 原有研究仅仅停留在单纯地对比两种句型的可视性差异, 本文将进一步在意义上结合语法、 语用规律, 一并考察两种句型产生差异的原因。 本文所获研究结果如下。 第一、 使动意义的“把”字句和“使”字句的意义差异如下。 1)根据原始字形分析, “把”字和“使”字各自具有‘直接控制’和‘能动顺应’的原型意义。 2) 这类原型意义反映在文章中表现出了两种句型的意义特点。 使动意义的“把”字句重点在使动方对被动方的控制, “使”字句重点在于被动方对使动方的顺应和能动行为。 3) 利用Talmy(1988)的力动态模式对比两种句型的使动意义来看, ① 使动意义的“把”字句是反作用体以相对较大力量直接控制主动体的活动及停止的形态。 ② “使”字句是主动体以内在较大力量顺应反作用体影响而能动保持活动及停止的形态。 第二、 两种句型的意义差异反映在语法结构决定文章的结合条件, 分析结果如下。 1) 对主语进行卡方检验结果, 两种句型对主语的有、 无情性显现显著性差异, 互相具有密切相关关系。 ① 使动意义的“把”字句, 作为控制者、 使动方、 反作用体中心的意义特点反映在语法上, 具有更强控制性的有情物或具体事物位于主语。 ② “使”字句的核心是被控制方、 被使动方、 主动体, 相对力量较弱的事件或抽象事物作为宾语使用。 2) 对宾语进行卡方检验结果, 两种句型对宾语的有、 无情性显现显著性差异, 互相具有密切相关关系。 ① 在意义上作为控制方、 使动方、 反作用体中心的使动意义的“把”字句, 很难具有语法上较为强烈的宾语, 因此主要使用无情物宾语。 ② “使”字句在意义上被控制方、 被使动方、 主动体作为核心, 因此宾语为主, 有情物宾语占据优势。 3) 对术语的卡方检验结果, 两种句型对术语的意义及形式显现显著性差异, 相互具有密切相关关系。 ① 在术语的意义层面, 在使动意义的“把”字句, 明确显现控制力的具体行为及动作术语占据优势, 相反, “使”字句常使用能动性更易显露的心理、 感觉术语。 ② 在形式层面, 使动意义的“把”字句以提示控制行为结果的动结式术语、 “使”字句以显露心理、 感觉的单独术语也能充分显示被使动方的能动性, 因此单独式术语占据优势。 第三、 两种句型的意义差异在实际沟通行为中决定说话人的语言组成方式, 分析结构如下。 1) 两种句型用于相互不同的文章, ① 使动意义的“把”字句在文章中设置用于引出主题的条件, 传递营造场景的背景信息。 这源于以使动方(反作用体)的直接控制说明的“把”字原型意义, 被使动方(主动体)不具有制服或抵御反作用体的强烈意志, 导致因控制而变化的结果。 这是使动意义的“把”字句以较弱意志倾向, 作为负责整体文章次要作用的‘背景’存在。 ② “使”字句在篇尾传递用以传达文章核心内容的前景信息。 这源于显现被使动方(主动体)能动顺应性的“使”字, 主动体虽受使动方(反作用体)的控制, 但具有可抵御的强大意志, 因此保持原本倾向性。 这是“使”字句以其强大意志倾向, 作为整个文章核心内容的‘前景’发挥作用。 2) 两种句型同时用于相同文章, ① 两种句型在相继的不同段并列使用时, 传达背景信息的使动意义“把”字句先于显现前景信息的“使”字句出现。 ② 两种句型在相同段中以内含方式使用时, 作为背景的使动意义“把”字句包括在作为前景的“使”字句内使用的形态更为优先。 综合而言,使动意义的“把”字句和“使”字句的意义差异反应在语法及语用规律层上, 直接影响文章成分的组合条件以及说话人的实际语言使用。 即, 两种句型的语法、 语用规律差异是从根源性意义差异引起的妥当结果, 而非源于单纯倾向性的表面现象。 지금까지의 把자문 연구는 ‘처치의미’에 관한 내용이 주를 이룬 반면, ‘사동의미’의 把자문에 대한 고찰은 상대적으로 미비해, 把자문을 정확하게 사용하는 데에 어려움이 있었다. 이에 본고는 사동의미를 나타내는 把자문에 주목하여, 대표적인 사동표현인 使자문과의 비교를 통해 두 문형의 사동의미를 명확하게 밝히고자 한다. 본고는 老舍의 『四世同堂』에 출현하는 사동의미의 把자문과 使자문 전체를 대상으로, 의미⋅통사⋅화용 층위에서 두 문형을 비교 분석한다. 기존의 연구가 두 문형의 가시적인 차이를 단순 비교한 것에서 더 나아가, 의미를 통사⋅화용과 결합하여 두 문형의 차이가 발생하게 된 원인을 함께 고찰하고자 하였다. 본고에서 얻은 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 사동의미의 把자문과 使자문의 의미 차이는 다음과 같다. 1) 원시 자형 분석에 의하면, 把자와 使자는 각각 ‘직접적 통제’와 ‘능동적 순응’이라는 원형적 의미를 갖는다. 2) 이러한 원형적 의미는 문장에 반영되어 두 문형의 의미 특징으로 나타난다. 사동의미의 把자문은 사동자의 피사동자에 대한 통제에, 使자문은 피사동자의 사동자에 대한 순응과 능동적 행위에 중점이 있다. 3) 두 문형의 사동의미를 Talmy(1988)의 힘 역학 도식으로 비교하면, ① 사동의미의 把자문은 반동체가 상대적인 큰 힘으로 주동체의 활동 및 정지를 직접 통제하는 형태이다. ② 使자문은 주동체가 내재적인 큰 힘으로 반동체의 영향에 순응하여 능동적으로 활동 및 정지를 유지하는 형태이다. 둘째, 두 문형의 의미 차이는 통사 구조에 반영되어 문장의 결합조건을 결정하는데, 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 주어부에 대한 카이제곱검정 결과, 두 문형은 주어의 유⋅무정성에 대해 유의미한 차이를 보이고 서로 밀접한 상관관계를 갖는다. ① 사동의미의 把자문은 통제자⋅사동자⋅반동체 중심인 의미 특징이 통사에 반영되어, 보다 강력한 통제성을 갖는 유정물 혹은 구체사물이 주어에 위치한다. ② 使자문은 피통제자⋅피사동자⋅주동체가 핵심이 되어, 상대적으로 힘이 미약한 사건이나 추상사물이 목적어로 사용된다. 2) 목적어부에 대한 카이제곱검정 결과, 두 문형은 목적어의 유⋅무정성에 대해 유의미한 차이를 보이고 서로 밀접한 상관관계를 갖는다. ① 의미상 통제자⋅사동자⋅반동체 중심인 사동의미의 把자문은 통사적으로 강력한 목적어를 갖기 어렵기 때문에 무정물 목적어가 주로 사용된다. ② 使자문은 의미상 피통제자⋅피사동자⋅주동체가 핵심이 되므로 목적어가 중심이 되어 유정물 목적어가 우세한다. 3) 술어부에 대한 카이제곱검정 결과, 두 문형은 술어의 의미 및 형식에 대해 유의미한 차이를 보이고 서로 밀접한 상관관계를 갖는다. ① 술어의 의미 측면에서, 사동의미의 把자문은 통제력이 명확히 드러나는 구체적인 행위 및 동작 술어가 우세한 반면, 使자문은 능동성이 잘 드러나는 심리⋅감각 술어가 자주 사용된다. ② 형식 측면에서, 사동의미의 把자문은 통제 행위의 결과를 제시하는 動結式 술어를, 使자문은 심리⋅감각을 나타내는 단독 술어로도 충분히 피사동자의 능동성을 드러낼 수 있으므로 單獨式 술어를 선호한다. 셋째, 두 문형의 의미 차이는 실제 의사소통 행위에서 화자(話者)의 언어 구성방식을 결정하는데, 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 두 문형이 서로 다른 문장에서 사용되는 경우, ① 사동의미의 把자문은 문장에서 주제를 이끌어내기 위한 조건을 설정하고 장면을 조성하는 배경 정보를 전달한다. 이는 사동자(반동체)의 직접적 통제로 설명되는 把자의 원형적 의미에서 비롯되며, 피사동자(주동체)는 반동체를 제압하거나 저항할만한 강한 의지를 지니지 못해 통제에 의해 변화되는 결과를 맞게 된다. 이는 사동의미의 把자문이 약한 의지로써 문장 전체의 부차적인 역할을 담당하는 ‘배경’으로 존재하게 한다. ② 使자문은 문미에서 문장의 핵심 내용을 전달하는 전경 정보를 전달한다. 이는 피사동자(주동체)의 능동적인 순응성을 나타내는 使자에서 비롯되며, 주동체는 사동자(반동체)의 통제를 받지만 이에 대항할 수 있는 강한 의지를 지녀 본연의 경향성을 유지한다. 이는 使자문이 강한 의지로 문장 전체의 핵심내용이 되는 ‘전경’으로 작용하게 한다. 2) 두 문형이 동일 문장에서 함께 쓰이는 경우, ① 두 문형이 이어지는 서로 다른 절에서 병렬형으로 사용되는 경우에는 배경 정보를 전달하는 사동의미의 把자문이 전경 정보를 나타내는 使자문에 선행하여 출현한다. ② 두 문형이 같은 절에서 내포형으로 사용되는 경우에는 배경인 사동의미의 把자문이 전경인 使자문 안에 포함되어 사용되는 형태가 선호된다. 종합해보면, 사동의미의 把자문과 使자문의 의미 차이는 통사 및 화용 층위에 반영되어 문장 성분의 결합 조건 및 화자의 실제 언어사용에 직접적인 영향을 끼친다. 즉, 두 문형의 통사적⋅화용적 차이는 단순한 경향성에서 비롯되는 표면적인 현상이 아닌, 근원적인 의미 차이에서 비롯되는 合當한 결과이다.
The important role of angiogenesis over the whole process of cancer development has been extensively studied. Conventionally, angiogenesis is defined as a new vessel formation from pre-existing vascular structures and triggered at tumor size of 1-2 mm3 for further growth. A numerous cytokines and growth factors are involved in this process, and thus they are good targets for cancer treatment. Consequently, a number of angiogenesis inhibitors with different mechanisms have been approved and widely used in the clinics. On the other hand, recently, increasing number of preclinical and clinical evidences also shows that angiogenic switch is already turned on in the premalignant stage including hyperplasia and dysplasia, which provides a rationale to target angiogenesis for cancer chemoprevention. Cancer chemoprevention, which is defined as a pharmacological intervention to impede, arrest, or reverse carcinogenesis at its earliest stage, is well-accepted as a promising strategy for cancer controlling strategy. By targeting angiogenesis, not only the transformation from premalignant lesions to malignant tissues, but the further progression of malignant tumors can also be properly prevented and inhibited. In addition, the development of inventive drug delivery systems targeting vascular structures might be required for the further improve the therapeutic efficacy of antiangiogenic drugs while reducing toxicity. Low molecular weight heparin is a polydisperse and highly sulphated glycosaminoglycan with molecular weight about 5000 Daltons. It has been widely used as an anticoagulant drug in the clinics. However, due to electrostatic interactions with various growth factors and cytokines, its application into anticancer therapy also has been extensively studied. In this context, a series of LMWH-bile acid conjugates was synthesized as antiangiogenic drugs in the previous studies. Through the chemical modification of LMWH, while side effect such as hemorrhage was avoided, the therapeutic efficacy was enhanced. They demonstrated both significant anticancer effects by angiogenesis inhibition and pharmacokinetic properties via different administration routes. In the first part of this research, we introduce a newly developed oral heparin derivative (LHTD4) for use as an inhibitor of angiogenesis and evaluate its antiangiogenic and preventive effects in an animal model of lung cancer. The antiangiogenic activities of LHTD4 were evaluated using tube formation and Matrigel assays. VEGF- and bFGF-induced tube formations were reduced by up to 77.2 and 67.3%, respectively, by LHTD4. Hemoglobin content was also significantly decreased by LHTD4 in the Matrigel plugs that were transplanted into mice. We also observed that the VEGF- and bFGF-mediated phosphorylation of the receptors VEGFR-2 and FGFR-1 was also inhibited by LHTD4. The in vivo anticancer effects of LHTD4 that developed following oral administration were also verified in a tumor xenograft model of human A549 lung cancer cells; most especially, tumor volume (60.2%). The expression of CD34 and Ki-67 in LHTD4-treated group was also affected. Finally, in our chemically induced lung carcinogenesis model, the number and area of each nodule were significantly reduced in the LHTD4-treated groups by 49.2% and 30.1%, respectively. In addition, the degree of angiogenesis in the lung tissue itself was affected in the treatment group. Taken together, these results suggest that LHTD4, which is an orally active heparin derivative, could be a promising candidate for the prevention of cancer by inhibiting angiogenesis. Secondly, the combination effect of celecoxib and newly developed oral angiogenesis inhibitor, LHD4, on chemoprevention was evaluated to achieve a clinically rational regimen for cancer chemoprevention with improved efficacy and safety. The chemopreventive effects of celecoxib, LDH4, and the combination of celecoxib and LHD4 were evaluated in a murine colorectal carcinogenesis model. After 17 experimental weeks, mouse colon tissues were collected and examined in terms of polyp volume and degree of carcinogenesis, inflammation and angiogenesis. Mice in the celecoxib- or LHD4-treated groups bore total polyp volumes of 47.0 ± 9.7 and 120.1 ± 45.2 mm3, respectively, which represented decreases of 65.6% and 22.3% from the control (154.5 ± 33.5 mm3). However, the polyp volume in the combination group was 22.8 ± 9.3 mm3, a decrease of 85.2% from the control. In the comparison of carcinogenesis, the percentage of normal tissue (i.e., excluding proliferative tissue) was found to be 40.6% in the control, 51.7% in the celecoxib, 56.9% in the LHD4, and 81.7% in the combination group. In accordance with attenuated carcinogenesis, both inflammation and angiogenesis were also well controlled. Together, these results suggest that combinatory use of celecoxib and a newly developed oral heparin conjugate could be a promising regimen for chemoprevention by intervening both inflammation and angiogenesis. Third, we have studied the COX-2 inhibition effect on antiangiogneic therapy. In present study, the induction of hypoxia and COX-2 overexpression were observed at tumor tissues that were treated with a multi-targeting angiogenesis inhibitor named as LHT7. In addition, while the recruitment of macrophage was also increased under angiogenesis inhibition, it was well-controlled by combination use of celecoxib and LHT7. On the other hand, the combination effect on tumor vasculature was also studied. The in vitro tube formation was inhibited by either LHT7 or celecoxib, but the inhibition effect was further enhanced by using them together. In addition, the in vivo tumor vessel formation and structure were also altered by treatment with LHT7, celecoxib, and combination use. However, even though the combination therapy was effective enough to inhibit tumor angiogenesis, it did not further enhance the inhibitory effect on tumor growth in terms of volume than single drug use. Moreover, even though this regimen could not significantly increase cellular apoptosis at tumor tissues, it retarded the tumor growth by affecting cell proliferation. Taken all, COX-2 inhibition might enhance the therapeutic effect of antiangiogenic drugs both by inhibiting the inflammatory reactions induced by hypoxia and by altering the vascular stabilization that is mediated by assembly with mural cells. Finally, we have studied on the tumor vascular structure-targeted delivery of antiangiogenic drug. We found that the systemic administration of LHT7 in cationic nanolipoplex could substantially enhance the anticancer effects. Moreover, we found that co-delivery of LHT7 with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, in nanolipoplex could provide synergistic antitumor effect. LHT7/SAHA nanolipoplex was formulated by encapsulating SAHA inside cationic liposomes, followed by complexation of negatively charged LHT7 onto the cationic surfaces of SAHA-loaded liposomes (SAHA-L). The nanolipoplex form of LHT7 could alter its pharmacokinetics with 1.9-fold increased mean residence time compared to the free form of LHT7. LHT7/SAHA nanolipoplex showed highest antitumor efficacy in SCC-bearing mice, compared to LHT7, SAHA-L and sequential co-administration of LHT7 and SAHA-L. Consistent with the enhanced antitumor effect, the reduction of abnormal vessels in the tumor site was also the highest in the LHT7/SAHA nanolipoplex-treated group. These results suggested the potential of LHT7/SAHA nanolipoplex for enhanced tumor vasculature targeting, and the importance of nanolipoplex-mediated co-delivery with a histone deacetylase inhibitor for maximal anticancer effect. In conclusion, a series of LMWH-bile acids conjugates could be promising cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic agents via angiogenesis inhibition in the future. In addition, the antiangiogenic potency might be further improved by utilizing a functionalized drug delivery system such as tumor vascular targeting carrier.