경남의 농민후계자 육성사업 실태분석

김후근 경상대학교 경남문화연구소 1984 慶南文化硏究 Vol.7 No.1

The government has enforced a strong inducement to establishment in farming for the prospective farmers since 1981 to meet the shortage of them expected to be caused by economic development or by changes in economic structure. Accordingly, the present study review the current situations regarding establishment in farming for the prospective farmers in Gyeongnam province and seeks to explore improvement on training them. Hence the study based on reports on the enforcement policy of the prospective farmers in Gyeongnam province the three years (from 1981 to 1983), the questionnaires put to a total of 133 prospective farmers, who was about a half of total numbers of prospective farmers selected in 1982, and several other related references. The main findings of the study were as follows; 1. Out of the prospective farmers, 69% failed on an age group of 26 to 30 years of age, 66% were schooled in high school and upward, 84.4% turned out to be the former Saemaull Young Farmer Association members, 84.6% had farming experience more than three years, and 66.2% were the married. 2. From a total of 744 prospective farmers, 55.9% were engaged in livestock, to subdivide, 47.2% were involved in korean native cattle breeding, 6.8% in milk cow breeding, 1.1% in swine breeding, 0.1% in chicken breeding, and 0.7% in goat breeding. Out of them 16.5% were engaged in vinyl-house horticulture, 12.8% in diversified farming, 8.1% in grain farming, 5.0% in fruit cultivating, and 0.5% in the other parts. 3. Funds per capita for the prospective farmers was 6,615 thousand won, and self-incidence turned out to be 2,083 thousand won by the end of 1983. Average income per farmer was estimated to be 2,268 thousand won in 1983, which showed an increase by 65.7% compared with that of 1,369 thousand won in 1981. And, out of the prospective farmers, 44.3% showed to regard themselves to have turned out well, 54.8% to maintain as it was, 0.9% to have meet with failure. 4. Out of the questioned prospective farmers, 52.6% answered its selection was too difficult, of which 61.4% considered the reason lay in heavy competition. Only 49.6% of them turned out to apply for it with a firm faith in rural development. 38.3% of them insisted that the married be given preference of its selection, and 45.9% were against it. 5. Out of them, 51.8% answered that advance of funds was unsatisfactory. As for the additional financing desired, 52% of them answered 1,000 thousand won was appropriate. Most of the questioned agreed that funding procedure got more expedient than before. But 13.5% of them took it still hard, of whom 88.9% considered it complicate and much time-consuming. 6. The prospective farmers supported that too persistent administrative management aimed mainly at the attainment of the planned policy target gave too much burdens to them. 54.9% of them complained that it was too strict to make even a slight change of the fixed plan. 65.4% of them made a complain that too many administrative stations had intervened their undertakings. On the other hams, 58.6% of them answered that they carried on the undertaking single-hand. Most of prospective farmers who wanted to changed their undertaking plans turned out to desired to conduct the diversified farming centered on livestock. 7. Out of the questioned, 66.2% answered that the post training for the prospective farmers should be centralized and carried out through the full-time extension workers. Many prospective farmers wanted to have training and education. Particularly, they regarded that the governmental made-up training and education was very instructive and helpful for technical improvement. 8. The training policy of the prospective farmers could be estimated to be successful considering 65.4% of the questioned regarded it successful and 27.85, as ever. Meanwhile, when asked to list what they wanted the government to do to support them, they insisted on having medical insurance, tuition subsidy for their children, exemption of reserve army training, and education of their children in urban area, in order. 59.2% of the questioned who was married answered that they couldnot marry yet due to the fact that young women were getting hesitant to marry to bacherlors in rural area. On the whole, the majority of government-supported prospective farmers turned out to have kept successful establishment in farming with their income increasing. However, for this training policy of the prospective farmers to make a continuous further development, following problems should be solved. 1. The present selection method for the prospective farmers should be improved for firmly-motivated farm settlers and to be conducted through some objective standards. 2. Funds for farming should be additionally made available if necessary, and proper extension of payment period should be selectively allowed by type of farming. Also, funding procedure should be simplified for easier access to the fund. 3. It is required that the procedure of changing undertaking plan be simplified and all the extension works be carried out through the full-time extension workers who are in charge of technical guide and managerial advice. 4. It is absolutely required to give them spiritual and technical education when selecting them. Also, it is important to enlarged the post training and education for them to make technical improvements. 5. It is most important to prepare environments for the policy to succeed by providing economic security such as price stability of farm products, improvement of farm marketing, and social securities such as medical insurance, and tuition subsidy for the prospective farmers' children, and so on.

農地流動과 賃借料 形成에 관한 硏究(Ⅱ) : 慶南의 3個 水稻作 地域을 中心으로 An Empirical of Three Different Rice Producing Areas in the Province of Gyeongsangnam-Do in Korea

金厚根 慶尙大學校 1987 論文集 Vol.26 No.2

1)Shadow prices (marginal value product) of paddy land at various groups of farm size were assessed by quantitative model of a translog variable profit function. In the less developedd area, the highest shadow price of land was calculated for the group of medium size farms.But the highest mariginal value product of land was observed in te large scale farms in the other two deveeloping areas (Uhichang and Kimhae). 2)Inability of farming caused by old age or increasing opportunity of off-farm employment of farm labor can be defined as the most important factors of promoting land leasing. Opportunity cost obtainable by paddy land owned by these farmers is generally higher than shadow price obtainable from farmong entire acreage of their land. Conclusions: In the traditional farming area where a slow process of machanization is being experienced, direction of land flow concentrating to medium size farms is a distinctive phenomena of stratification of farms by size of farmland, In the moderately developin area, changes of farm size are being experienced in the direction to the polarization as partial tenant farming by large size farms has already emerged. As a result, it can be concluded that direction of change in farming size will be differ by farming regions as affected by the changes in economic conditions such as opportunity for off-farm employment and paddy land conditions for mechanization, Most farms are in the situation of expanding their farm size solely by leasing agreement. Tenacy is prevailing and necessary practices for expanding farm size in spite of current law in which tenancy is regulated. It was generally observed that as the size of farming increases, eficiency in rice production in terms of reduction of cost can be brought out. Expan sion of size of farming by purchasing land is very restrictive under expected price of farm land is very restrictive under expected price of farm land and farmer's income. In light wth the result of this study, it can be described that the quidelines defined in the Land Refrom Act of 1950 prohibition land ownership other than farmer, tenancy of farmer, tenancy of farmland, and right of ownership not exceeding 3 hectares, must be reexamined with respect to the changing conditions of farming. Tenancy of farm land is the usual practice for expanding size of farming and it is realied that in the area near urban,more than 80 percent of tenanted land has been originated from off-farm landlords. For expected price of land and land rental rates are ordinally maintained high, purchase of farmland by tenant is becoming almost difficult. This situation implies that tremendeous amount of rental that otherwise should be reinvested in agriculture runs away to off-farm land lords. The acute problem we must slove is how to accelerate redistribution these tenanted farm land owned by off-farm landlords to the farmers. A tax policy for farm land can be rather considered to be reasonable to accelerate redistribution of tenanted land owned by off-farm landlors to farmers. It is necessary to set up an effective farm land tenure system to promote moblity of farm land in which efficiency in farming may be brought out. This study implies that as longn as an efficient land tenure system in set up, expansion of farm size by renting farmland is becoming easier under rational rent rates. The study also implies that 3 hectares of upper ceilling of land holding will be no larger meaningful, because transaction of farmland among farmers at expected price will not be ordinal means of expanding farm size. The study reached the conclusion that any effort for institutional control of upper ceiling of rent rates is considered to be not helpful for tenant farmers in expanding their farm size. It is considered to be rather plausible to let land rates be formulated on the ground of equating at quantity of demand and supply.

나무딸기 經營調査報告

金厚根 진주농과대학 1971 진주농과대학 연구논문집 Vol.- No.10

Raspberry farming is booming now in Chinyoung County, and the number of raspberry farms has been increased rapidly since 1966. However, only a limited number of economic analysis the on raspberry farm management have been done. The purpose of this study was to find out the ownership of agricultural resources and farm income of raspberry farms in Chinyoung County. The result of this study will contribute to the decision making, beth of individual farmers and of policy makers for raspberry production. The result obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The average age of farm operator was 43.3 years old and the average size of farm family was 7.5 persons. 2. The farm operators educated from middle school and above level were 42.1 per cent, while the farm operators educated from primary school and without school education were 57.9 per cent. 3. The average area of raspberry land per farm was 3.9 tanbo, and most farmers operated with less than 3 tanbo. 4. The seasonal fluctuation of labor requirement is high in raspberry production. The forty four days of labor input per tanbo were required for harvesting and of which 58.9 per cent were family labor. 5. As the area of raspberry land increases, shortage of family labor must be off set by hired labor in order to harvesting. In present types of farming, optimum size of raspberry farm by family labor is about 1.5 tanbo. 6. The commerical index was 92.3 per cent. 7. Gross income were 51,779 won per tanbo. 8. Production cost and expenses averaged respectively, 29,952 won and 16,781 won per tanbo. 9. Farm income and net profit averaged respectively, 34,998 won and 21,827 won per tanbo.

우리나라 農家所得의 分析

金厚根 진주산업대학교 1970 論文集 Vol.4 No.-

Economic development in agriculture can be stated one of the main goals of our national policy. A number of political measurements is performed in order to increase farm family earning level. so that equilibrium between farm and non-farm sectors can be achieved. Indeed it is well known fact that backwardness in agriculture is the critical factor limiting the over-all economic growth, especially, in the developing countries like as Korea. Income gap between industries principally rests in disequilibrium of factor productivities. In nature the this gap can be corrected through achievement of resource allocative efficiency between industries, on other hand, allocative efficiency in intra-industry can be serve for the same goal in the short-run. Hence, in this paper, we will investigate the present state of farm family earning and examine its composition to find out same possible suggestions for the sake of equilibrium achievement. 1. The farm family earning level is tended to increase but is still being low as compared to the wage earning in the non-farm sector as shown in Table (5).The former amounts, on the average,178,959 won ln 1968, 75 percent of which comes from agricultural production, and the rests from off-farm employment or others(off-farm income). 2. Of the gross farm receipts, revenue from crop production amounts to 75 percent,57 percent of which is those of rice and barley. Thus farm family earning can be said to be influenced by the price variation of rice and barley. Hence we can conclude that price supporting program is of importance to maintain farm income at a desired level. 3. On the other hand, the farm family earning can be increased by achieving allocative efficiency or altering the farm type as suggested in Table(9),or by stimulating the ratio of double-crop land Table(10), especially in a country where crop land is the most limiting factor of agricultural production.

殼物의 適正販賣時期

李正漢,金正夫,金厚根 진주농과대학 1971 진주농과대학 연구논문집 Vol.- No.10

This study is intended to determine the optimum marketing time for grain products; rice and barley. The farmer has been faced apparently uncertainty caused by weather variation, price fluctuation and technological changes. Hence, one of the most important functions of individual farmer is to set up an optimum strategy for marketing time for the products they produce. Moreover, nonsystematic price variation over season is found especially in the case of grain products, in the short run are affected by the time and amount of grain import, price policy, expectation of the coming products, and so on. Thus, this study is decided to provide farmers as well as grain dealers with some information about the optimum marketing time which secures a maximum profit as greatly as possible, when price uncertainty has been taken into account, under assumption of several storage cost levels including the interest, risk, and the like. In other words, the game theory models have been applied to the monthly time series data of rice and barley prices for this objective. All price series are expressed in 1965 constant price, and are converted into November and July present price for rice and barley, respectively, when the storage costs have been considered. The results can be summaried as follows; 1. Rice marketing strategy a) Maximin criterion Interest rate Strategy selected (%) Single strategy Mixed strategy 0 Sell in Aug. Sell in Aug. 1.5 Sell in Aug. Sell in Nov., Feb., Aug., Sep. 2 Sell in Nov. Sell in Nov., Aug. 3 Sell in Nov. Sell in Nov., Dec. b) Benefit criterion Interest rate Strategy selected (%) Single strategy Mixed strategy 0 Sell in May, Jun. Sell in Nov., May, Jun., Aug., Oct. 1.5 Sell in Nov., Feb. Sell in Nov., Jan., Aug., Sep. 2 Sell in Nov. Sell in Nov., Feb., May 3 Sell in Nov. Sell in Nov., Dec. c) Regret criterion Interest rate(%) Strategy selected 0 Sell in Jun. 1.5 Sell in May 2 Sell in May 3 Sell in Nov. d) Laplace's criterion Interest rate Strategy selected (%) 0 Sell in Jul. 1.5 Sell in Jul. 2 Sell in Jul. 3 Sell in Nov. 2. Barley marketing strategy a) Maximin criterion Interest rate Strategy selected (%) Single strategy Mixed strategy 0 Sell in Apr. Sell in Dec., Mar., Apr. 1.5 Sell in Dec. Sell in Dec., Feb., Apr. 2 Sell in Dec. Sell in Dec., Feb., Apr. 3 Sell in Dec. Sell in Dec., Feb., Apr. b) Benefit criterion Interest rate Strategy selected (%) Single strategy Mixed strategy 0 Sell in Apr. Sell in Dec., Mar., Apr. 1.5 Sell in Apr. Sell in Dec., Jan., May 2 Sell in Apr., Jul Sell in Jul., Dec., Jan., Apr. 3 Sell in Jul. Sell in Jul., Dec., Apr. c) Regret criterion Interest rate(%) Strategy selected 0 Sell in May 1.5 Sell in Apr. 2 Sell in Apr. 3 Sell in Apr. d) Laplace's criterion Interest rate(%) Strategy selected 0 Sell in May 1.5 Sell in Apr. 2 Sell in Apr. 3 Sell in Jul. These results are suggest that the governments purchasing policy is effective in the sense that price is comparatively equalized to season for rice. However, barley puchasing policy seems to weak to equalized the price level over season thus far. Moreover, rice price control policy by government caused a destruction of marketing channel which is function of merchant under the society of capitalism. As mentioned above, it would be too sweeping to say that the results are always proper to every individual farm, because selection of the strategy for a farmer will likely depend on his psychological make-up.

山間地帶의 效果的인 土地利用에 關한 硏究

金厚根,徐大振 진주산업대학교 1968 論文集 Vol.1 No.-

Purpose of Study The major purpose of this study was to find out ownership of agricultural production resources and differences in income level between the tobacco-growing farms and sericulture farms in the mountain area, and to find out which crop is more profitable to be planted, tobacco or sericulture. The results obtained are as follows: 1.The average area of crop land per farm was 6.68 tanbo in tobacco farms, 10.24 tanbo in sericulture farms. 2.The average man-e??uivalents of family labor were 2.47 men in tobacco farms, 3.28 men in sericulture farms. 3.Farm assets per farm were 578,772 won in tobacco farms, 686,060 won in sericulture farms. The value of fixed assets covered about 96.4 per cent of the total asset value in tobacco farms, 93.8 per cent in sericulture farms. 4.Gross farm reciepts per farm was 127,921 won in tobacco farms, 205,775 won in sericulture farms. About 71.3 per cent of the gross farm reciepts was obtained from crop production, about 8.2 per cent from livestock production, and about 3.3 per cent from off-farm work in tobacco farms, while sericulture farm, about 66.9 per cent from crop production, about 29.2 per cent from livestock production, and 5.6 percent from off farm work in sericulture farms. 5.Farm expenses were 44,040 won in tobacco farms, 35,818 won in sericulture farms, and those for wages and fertilizer was highest in tobacco and sericulture farms. 6.Farm income was 83,881 won in tobacco farms, 169,957 won in sericulture farms. Farm income per tanbo was 12,558 won in tobacco farms, 16,597 won in sericulture farms. Farm income per M.E. was 33.964 won in tobacco farms, 51,816 won in sericulture farms. 7.Reciepts per dollor expense was 65.5won in tobacco farms, 82.5won in sericulture farms. 8.Proportion of cash income to gross farm reciepts was 50.4 per cent in tobacco farms, 56.6 per cent in sericulture farms. And proportion of cash income of tobacco to total reciepts was 20.3 per cent, and 6.9 per cent in sericulture farms. 9.Coefficent of variation of gross receipts per tanbo of the cocoon was higher than that of tobacco, while coefficient of variation of cocoon per box was lower than that of tobacco. 10.It is evident through the study that sericulture farms were enable to cultivate crop land more than tobacco farms did, and also that the possibility to enlarge the size of sericulture farms was greater than that of tobacco farms.

食糧消費類型에 關한 調査

金厚根 진주산업대학교 1970 論文集 Vol.6 No.-

Objectives of this study The primary purposes of this study were; 1. To discribe the attitudes of consummers regarding food consumption in the households. 2. To analyze the consumption patterns by occupation and income groups. Summary of major findings. 1. The average size of the 50 households surveyed was 6.0 persons. There was not a great difference in size of household among income groups and various occupation. 2. Of the 302 households members, 186 persons were salary man. 3. The average monthly income was 2,528 won per person. The monthly total food expenditure per person was 938 won. 4. The food expense of the survey households averaged 37.1 percent of their disposable income. And thus Engel's ratio of food expenditure to disposable income decreased continuously as the income increased. 5. The average monthly consumption of food grains was 15.7 liters per person. The lower income group ate less rice and more other grains than higher income groups. 6. The most common response (51.2 percent) was that eating rice alone is too expenses. Another common response (39.5 percent) was that other grains swell more than rice in cooking, so that the members of the household can be filled up at less cost. 7. 27.2 per cent of the household members ate lunches away from home. Those who carried lunch from hoem were mostly children who were attending school. It is interesting to note that there was not much difference among income groups in the proportion of household members carring lunches. The frequency of dining out for supper was greater at higher income 8. In comparing household food expenditure by occupation of the head of the household, the average expenditure per person varied directly with the average household income level of the occupation

慶南의 酪農經營 調査報告

金厚根,金順甲 진주산업대학교 1969 論文集 Vol.3 No.-

1. 酪農經營主의 平均年齡은 46歲였으며 全體的으로 볼 때 年齡의 分敢은 30代, 40代, 50代에 均等하게 分布되어 있었고 地域間에 있어서는 多少 差異가 있었다. 2. 酪農經營主의 敎育程度는 中卒以上의 學歷所持者가 82.9%로 나타났으며, 國卒以下는 17.1%에 不過하였다. 그리고 地域別로 본 經營主의 敎育程度에는 뚜렷한 差異가 없었다. 3. 酪農農家의 位置로부터 市場이나 牛乳組合이 있는 곳까지의 平均距離는 8.9㎞이었으나 地域間에 있어서 뚜렷한 差異가 있었다. 또한 運搬方法은 주로 자전거와 뻐스에 의하여 이루어졌다. 4. 酪農農家의 總飼育頭數는 273頭로서 戶當飼育頭數는 3.9頭이었으며 地域別로 多少 差異가 있었다. 그리고 飼育頭數別 調査農家의 分布는 全體的으로 볼 때 4 頭未滿을 飼育하는 農家數가 73.0%였고 10頭以上을 飼育하는 農家數는 7.1%에 不過하였다. 5. 飼育되는 乳牛의 品種을 보면 홀스타인種이 總飼育頭數의 89.0%에 이르고 있으며 이 中 3歲未滿이 58.1%이었다. 그리고 全 乳牛中 암소가 91.6%에 該當하는 250頭이었다. 6. 酪農用 土地面積을 戶當 및 頭當으로 보면 411.1a와 105.4a로 나타났으며 地域間에 있어서 差異는 현저하였으며 酪農外의 土地面積도 地域別 地目別에 따라 뚜렷한 差異를 보였다. 그리고 飼料作物을 전혀 栽培하지 않으면서 酪農經營을 해 나가고 있는 農家가 28.6%나 있었다. 7. 酪農經營으로부터의 粗收益은 戶當平均 377,422원인바 이 가운데서 牛乳生産에서 얻은 收入이 64.9%로서 가장 높았으나 地域間에 있어서 差異가 많았다. 頭當粗收益은 103,894원이었고 地域間에 있어서 多少 差異가 있었다. 8. 戶當平均 經營費 248,966원가운데서 가장 높은 比率을 차지하는 費目은 飼料費로서 38.5%를 차지하고 있었으며 酪農粗收益에서 經營費를 差減한 混合所得의 槪念인 酪農所得은 128,456원으로 算出되었다. 酪農經營所得에서 自家勞賃과 自己資本利子를 費用으로 計上하여 控除한 殘額을 純收益이라 한다면, 이는 77,990원이었으며 地域間에는 뚜렷한 差異가 있었다. 9. 頭當平均所得과 純收益은 各各 76,777원과 63,837원으로 나타났으며 地域間에있어서 多少 差異를 보였다. Dairy farming is booming now and the number of dairy cattle ha increased very rapidly in recent years. However, only a limited number of economic on dairy farm management have been done in Korea. As a fundamental data for the better utilizing the various resources concerned with dairy production, all dairy farms in Kyung-nam province were surveyed from January to February 1968. The purpose of this study was to find out the ownership of agricultural resources and farm in come of dairy farms in Kyung-nam province. The information obtained from this study will contribute to the decision making, both of individual farmers and of policy makers for dairy production. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. The average age of farm operator was 46 of age and variance of operator's age distribute equally in each 30, 40, 50 years of age, but a few differences are appeared among the region. 2. The farm operators educated from middle school and above level was 82.9 percent, while the farm operators educated from primary school and without school education was only 17.1 percent, but any differences are not appeared in the degree of farm operators education. 3. Dairy farm is 8.9㎞ from market or cooperative of milk apart in average, but a very high differences are appeared in regions. The carriage of milk are usually used by bicycle and bus. 4. The number of milk cows per feeding farm was 3.9 head, but a few differences are appeared among the regions. The number of farm which raised more than 4 heads was 73.0 percent, which the number of farm which raised more than 10 heads was 7.1 percent. 5. It was 89.0 percent of all Holstein in Kyung-nam and Holstein which are under 3 year of age was 58.1 percent. Out of 273 head, 250 were female and 23 was male. 6. The average area of land for dairy cattle per farm and head was respectively 163.la and 41.8a, but a very high differences are appeared in regions. 7. Gross farm reciepts per farm was 377,422 won. About 65 percent of the gross farm reciepts was obtained from milk production, but a very high differences are appeared among the regions. Gross farm receipts per head was 103,894 won, but a few differences are appeared among the regions.

경남의 5 개 농사조합경영실태분석

김후근 경상대학교 경남문화연구소 1983 慶南文化硏究 Vol.6 No.1

In order to resolve the shortage of labor force and disadvantage of management occurring in small scale farming through promoting agricultural productivity by mechanization and cooperative farming, the cooperative rice production association (C.R.P.A) had been established firstly in Gyeongsang Nam-Do in 1980. Hence, analyzing several problems rising in the organization, operation, economic efficiency of the association, some proposal to resolving the problems and improvement issue have been documented in the present paper. The important findings are summarized as follows: 1. The rice yield for member farms is a little farms in 1982 is 469.2㎏ and 451.1㎏ per tanbo, the farmer is 4 percent higher than the latter. 2. The cash expenses per hector for member and non-member farms in 1982 is 681,500 won and 935,800 won respectively. 3. The gross revenue per hector for member and non-member farms in 1982 is 3,299,000 won and 3,204,400 won when evaluated by the official price level, and the rice income is 2,617,500 won and 2,269,200 won, respectively. 4. The reduction effect of labor force by the mechanization compared with the non-member farms in 1982 was resulted in 48.5 men per hector and the retrenchment of cash expenses was 195,800 won per hecter. As mentioned above, higher rice yield level and the income level turns out to be higher in member farmers seems to stem from two basic factors: that is, on the average, the member farmers are operating farm with a farm mechanization and they seems to use more the so called conventional inputs with a better yield technology and management. Thus we may conclude that it is important to invest for improving resources quality, innovating new yield technology and disseminating the innovation. At the same time, in order to more promote the C.R.P.A, it seems desirable to solve the following problems: 1. Government should supply as an aid to the association an appropriate kind of agricultural machinery enabling balances to using them because several difficulties were found for slashing expenses in farming, which was caused by unbalanced supply and ineffective utilization of the machineries. 2. Even though the membership of the association suceeded in reducing labor forces, the member's income rather would come down when they might lose an opportunity to have outside job. Therefore it was recommended to give the members possible opportunities by expanding outside jobs. In particular, it was most stressed that the members of small scale farmers should be given the opportunities. 3. There were some difficulties to harvest and prepare with the association itself, it was recommended that harvest-threshing procedure should be done individually. 4. There were several difficult problems for the continuation of the management of the association caused by the no or low-payment for persons concerned. Hence it was recommend to realize the payment of the salaries for them. 5. It is also necessary for the government to supply an adequate amount of credit and other administrative support.

농업경영형태별 농업소득의 분석

김후근 ( Hu Kun Kim ) 한국농업경제학회 1967 農業經濟硏究 Vol.9 No.1