연암(燕巖) 박지원(朴趾源)의 천주교 인식과 대응 양상

趙志衡 ( Cho Ji-hyoung ) 성균관대학교 대동문화연구원 2020 大東文化硏究 Vol.110 No.-

본고는 燕巖 朴趾源의 천주교에 대한 인식과 대응의 면모를 살펴보았다. 이와 함께 연암의 천주교에 대한 인식과 대응 방식이 그의 손자 瓛齋 朴珪壽에게 계승·확장되는 양상을 탐색하였다. 연암이 지닌 천주교 인식과 대응의 양상을 살피는 것은 18세기 노론 인사들의 서학-서교에 대한 인식이 어떠하였는가 하는 점을 살피는 데 그 의의가 있다. 연암은 노론 핵심인 반남박씨 가문 출신으로 北學派를 대표하는 문인이었다. 북학파 문인들은 일찍부터 서양의 과학기술과 자연과학에 큰 관심을 보였으며, 燕行을 통해서 자신들의 학문적 논의를 진전시켜 나갔다. 하지만 북학파 문인들은 종교적인 부분에는 전혀 관심을 보이지 않았다. 다른 북학파 문인들과는 달리, 연암은 천주교에 대해서 허황된 학설이라는 부정적인 인식을 지니고 있었다. 즉 연암은 서양의 과학기술에 대해서는 긍정적이었지만 천주교에 대해서는 부정적인 친서학-반서교의 입장을 취하고 있었다. 연암의 천주교에 대한 구체적인 대응 양상은 沔川郡守 재임 시기의 행적에서 잘드러난다. 이 시기 연암에게 천주교는 어리석은 백성들을 꾀어내어 비루한 습성들을 지니게 하는 매우 위험한 사상으로 인식되었다. 하지만 천주교에 대한 대응 방식에 있어서는, 천주교도들을 붙잡아 형벌을 가하고 배교를 강요하는 등의 강력한 대응 방식에 문제를 제기하고, 대신에 수령이 지극한 정성과 진실된 마음으로 백성들에게 신뢰와 감동을 주어 교화시켜야 한다고 주장하였다. 실제로 연암은 이러한 방식을 직접실행에 옮겨, 천주교에 빠진 백성들의 마음을 돌리고 배교시키는 데 일정한 성과를 거두었다. 이 같은 연암의 천주교에 대한 인식과 대응 방식은 가문 내 후손들에게 계승·확장되었으며, 연암의 손자였던 박규수가 남긴 「闢衛新編評語」에서 이러한 점을 확인할 수 있다. 박규수는 몇 차례 진행된 국가적인 천주교 박해가 실효성이 없었음을 강변하는 한편, 천주교의 확산을 막고 천주교도들을 회유하기 위해 천주교 관련 서적들을 적극적으로 수용하고 연구하여 그 모순점을 비판할 것을 주장하였다. 또한 1866년 병인박해 당시 평안도관찰사로 나아가서는 백성들을 교화하는 데 주력하며 천주교도를 한 사람도 처형하지 않았다. 이러한 천주교에 대한 대응 방식은 조부 연암이 보여준 모습과 상호 참조가 된다. This paper examined the perception of the Catholic and the aspect of correspondence of Park Ji-won. In addition, it has been looked into how Park Ji-won's perception and correspondence to Catholicism were inherited and extended to his grandson Park Kyu-su. This study has its significance in examining one aspect of the Catholic and Western learning perceptions that the Noron scholars had in the 18th century. Park Ji-won was from a core family of Noron and a representative literary person of Northern Studies. The scholars of Northern studies were very interested in Western science and technology and natural science, and they advanced their academic discussions through history travels to Chinese. Park Ji-won had a negative perception of the Catholic and thought it's an absurd theory. In other words, Park Ji-won was taking the position of ‘pro-Western learning, anti-the Catholic’ that was positive about Western science and technology, but negative about Catholicism During his tenure as a Myeoncheon governor, Catholicism to Park Ji-won was recognized as a very dangerous idea that enticed foolish people to have poor habits. However, when it comes to the way of corresponding Catholicism, he raised the problems of a strong response to arrest and penalize Catholics, and instead insisted that Suryeong should be moved and taught the people with sincerity and trust. In fact, he put this in practice by himseld and made good results. Park Ji-won's perception of and correspondence to Catholicism were inherited by his grandson, Park Gyu-su. Park Gyu-su argued that the several Catholic persecutions at 『Byeokwuisinpyeongeo』 were ineffective, while he insisted that actively accepting and studying Catholic books and criticizing its inconsistency to prevent the spread of Catholicism. Also, at the time of the Byeongin Catholic Perceptions in 1866, he focused on educating the people as a Pyeongan-do governor and did not execute even a single Catholic. Such correspondence to Catholicism was similar to his grandfather, Park Ji-won.

短마의 繁殖器官, 栽植距離 및 施肥量이 生育과 收量에 미치는 影響

趙知衡(Ji Hyoung Cho),權泰龍(Tae Ryong Kwon),閔基君(Gi Goon Min),李承弼(Seong Phil Lee),崔富述(Boo Sull Choi) 한국작물학회 1995 한국작물학회지 Vol.40 No.1

[서평] Sara M Evans, Born for Liberth : A History of Women in America (New York : Free Press, 1989), pp,. xii+386.

조지형(Cho Ji-Hyoung) 이화여자대학교 한국여성연구원 1995 여성학논집 Vol.12 No.-

한벽당(寒碧堂) 곽기수(郭期壽)의 국문시가 향유 양상과 시가사적 의미

조지형 ( Cho Ji-hyoung ) 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2017 민족문화연구 Vol.74 No.-

This research aimed at investigating Hanbyeokdang(寒碧堂) Kwak Ki-su(郭期壽)`s major aspects of his life, who was a literary person of Gangjin, Jeollado during mid-Joseon, his enjoyment aspect of Korean poetry, and the historical meaning of his poetry creation·enjoyment. Kwak Ki-su created poetry works under the tradition of creation·enjoyment of Korean poetry that was succeeded in Honam since the 16th century, forming direct friendship with regional famous persons as Im Je(林悌), Kim Eung-jeong(金應鼎), etc., of the same period. Particularly, Kwak Ki-su probably faced poetry works of Yi Whang(李滉), Gwon Ho-mun(權好文), etc. from Yeongnam through Hakbong(鶴峯) Kim Seong-il(金誠一). Kwak Ki-su`s poetry works are 10 Korean translation works of Sijo < Chuiwondangsipgyeongdanga(聚遠堂十景短歌) >, 1 Korean translation work of lyrics, < Bukchangchunmyeonga(北?春眠歌) >, and 3 Korean Sijo < Manheungsamgyeol(漫興三?) >. These poetry works express Kwak Ki-su`s leisurely and optimistic joy of life in easy life maintaining a regular distance from the reality while coming and going around his home and another place in his latter years. This way, Kwak Ki-su`s poetry works share the stream with the context of Kangho Poetry, which revealed beauty of Kangho nature and the elegant(高雅) pleasure therein, accordingly, Kwak Ki-su can be evaluated as a representative poet of Honam in the early 17th century.

18세기 시조사(時調史)의 흐름과 완암(浣巖) 정래교(鄭來僑)의 위상

조지형 ( Ji Hyoung Cho ) 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2015 민족문화연구 Vol.66 No.-

This essay mainly discussed the status of Wanam Chung Rae-Gyo of the 18th century sijo developmental landscape. 18th century in the context of sijo has distinct points : one is the emerging of middle class professional singers, the other is their poems are published. Chung Rae-Gyo, as a member of so-called ‘Baegak poetic circles’, appreciated the new poem writing theory, and searched in earnest to Cheongi discussion along with Hong Se-Tae and obtained a theoretical cause of Yeohang literature. These efforts lead to the compilation of Hong Se-Tae’s Haedongyuju. In particular, looking at Hong Se-Tae’s “the Introduction of Haedongyuju”, it affirms the value of Yeohang literature in a logical system. As it leads to Lee Jung-Sub (李廷燮), and Chung Rae-Gyo, laid the groundwork for the theoretical basis of the sijo, which focused on the Yeohang plebeian’s artistic activities. At the introduction of Chungguyoungun, the affirmative value of Yeohang literature is materialized. Chung Rae-Gyo, with his interests about music, associated with leading ‘Gagaek’ and ‘Arksa’ of 18th sijo context, like Kim Cheon-Tek, Lee Tae-Myeong, Kim Seong-Gi and others. Chung organized various meetings and artistic activities with those people and ultimately started to his creation of sijo. The basis of the Chung Rae-gyo’s sijo creative work is the Yeohang group’s pleasure seeking and materialistic lifestyle and ethos, and is characterized by an appearance of people under a full moon, playing such instruments as the Geomungo (a large Korean stringed instrument) and Tungso (Korean bamboo flute), while engaging in other aloof interests. Meanwhile, the changes of the key and mode in the 18th Century, in other words, the changes of Gojo-Sinjo, Chung Rae-Gyo accepts and supports Sinjo, and he makes a favorable assessment of Kim Cheon-Taek and Kim Seong-Gi, whose music careers also followed by Sinjo tendency. Chung Rae-Gyo, in the 18th century’s current of the sijo, layed the groundwork for a theoretical justification to act to the middle class Yeohang artistic groupe specially who wrote sijo. Also Chung made connection directly with many artists, did various literary activities, and broadened the field of sijo. Furthermore Chung could be said the person taking advantage of changes of music aspect as well.

『관북시선(關北詩選)』의 작품 수록 양상과 지역 문학적 특성

조지형 ( Cho Ji Hyoung ) 한국어문학국제학술포럼 2018 Journal of Korean Culture Vol.41 No.-

This paper examined a composition system and aspect of works in 『Gwanbuksiseon(關北詩選)』 and investigated thematic tendencies of the works. 『Gwanbuksiseon』 is a book compiled by choosing poetry and prose of 62 writers from the Gwanbuk district who were active in the 16th and 17th centuries. It can be the core materials to grasp aspects of literature in Hamgyeong-do. There two kinds of different versions in 『Gwanbuksiseon』. It is judged that the Collection of Dongyangmungo(東洋文庫本) is the first edition and the collection of Kyujanggak(奎章閣本) is the second edition. The unique part in the composition system of 『Gwanbuksiseon』 is the point that there are classical Chinese poetry with prose writings in it despite the title claimed to stand for an anthology of poetry. It is judged that it's because Chinese poems were not enough to fill a book. There are 282 je and 303 su of the classical Chinese poetry works and 22 pieces of prose writings in 『Gwanbuksiseon』. As the classical Chinese poetry concentrates on quatrain and regulated verses and prose just includes 10 kinds of writing styles, the system of the collection can be a bit of an imbalance. An aspect of the works by writer is also an imbalance. All the writers included in 『Gwanbuksiseon』 are the 62 persons. There are a lot of works by partial writers such as Park, Jeeong(朴靖), Han, Gi-baek(韓紀百), Ju, Jeong(朱椗) in it, while for most writers, one or two works are included in it. Thematic tendencies of 『Gwanbuksiseon』 can largely be divided into 4 types. First, it had attractions located in the Gwanbuk district works of art. Second, the writers associated with central figures sent to Hamgyeongdo. Third, the regional writers loved and had close links with one another. Fourth, it's penitent emotions from study and the way into the government service. Especially in this process, the parts that they had the historic sites related to the royal birth of the Joseon Dynasty located in Hamgyeong-do works of art, expressed regional pride, revealed their longing for spreading academic culture to the Hamgyeongdo region, and showed senses of shame from their life as low-ranking government officials can be the unique characteristics of regional literature which is combined with the historical distinct characteristics of the Hamgyeongdo region.

조선시대 관북 지역의 시조 양상과 특징

조지형 ( Cho Ji-hyoung ) 한국고전문학회 2017 고전문학연구 Vol.52 No.-

This article diachronically arranged some pieces of Sijo created in Kwanbuk Region in Joseon Dynasty, and investigated the trends and characteristics of Sijo in this region. The total number of Sijo discovered from the Kwanbuk Region in Joseon Dynasty is 81 pieces. Although most pieces of Sijo created in Kwanbuk Region were created by Yangban, who were appointed, re-appointed to certain positions or be exiled, but there exist some pieces of Sijo written by Gineyo class from the region and Kwankok Kim Gi-Hong’s Sijo works, too. The Sijo works created in Kwanbuk Region in Joseon Dynasty can be summarized into three characteristics. First, the main trend of Sijo in Kwanbuk Region for the period from 15C to 19C was military officers’ writing and Sijo-appreciation, which can be called as ‘Mubyeon Pungryu (Military Officers’ Arts Appreciation). Second, amid the chaotic political situation and political parties’ confrontation during 17~18C, the works of Exile-Sijo type were intensively created. Third, there existed some Sijo works created by some Ginyeo and some local Yangban celebrities, but the class responsible for creating the local Sijo in Kwanbuk Region was absent. As the Kwanbuk Region was recognized as a primitive area and the culture from central government was diffused into the area the latest, so the creation and appreciation of Sijo in Kwanbuk Region can be said as a case proving that the appreciation of Korean Sijo was a nationwide-popular phenomenon.

장서각 소장 『고가잡초(古歌雜抄)』의 특성과 고시조(古時調) 수록 양상

조지형 ( Cho Ji-hyoung ) 한국고전문학교육학회 2024 고전문학과 교육 Vol.55 No.-

This paper reviewed the characteristics of materials of Gogajapcho (古歌雜抄) in the Jangseogak of the Academy of Korean Studies and examines the aspects of the 110 Gosijo works it contains. Gogajapcho is significant in that it is the discovery of new Gosijo literary materials and an example of the flow of sijo history in the 20^th century. Gogajapcho is a collection of traditional Korean songs that, although not intact, includes 3 Gasa works, 110 Gosijo works, and 3 Japga works. The form of a collection encompassing a variety of Korean traditional songs popular at the time of compilation is a long-standing genre that is confirmed by the collection of songs named “Japgajip (雜歌集)” from the 20^th century. The first half of the Gosijo works included in Gogajapcho are of the pattern “Male singer set in Gagok,” while the second half of the works show the “Sijo-chang” pattern. Therefore, it is thought that Gogajapcho’s compiler wanted to organize the Gosijo section in a form that encompasses “Gagok-chang” and “Sijo-chang.” However, the second half of the Sijo works includes many solo and modified heterogeneous works that seem to reflect the actuality of the contemporary performance of the “Sijo-chang.” Gogajapcho has an aspect of the “collection of songs,” in which songs from various genres are collected, and its formation can be dated to the late 1910s.

Lincoln , the South , and Slavery : The Political Dimension . By Robert W . Johannsen

조지형 ( Ji Hyoung Cho ) 한국서양사학회 1992 서양사론 Vol.38 No.1

『서경시화(西京詩話)』의 편찬 과정과 인용 서목(書目) 연구

조지형 ( 43)cho¸ Ji-hyoung ) 한민족문화학회 2020 한민족문화연구 Vol.70 No.-

This study aimed to empirically explore various lists of books and literature materials used by Kim Jeom, a writer from Pyongyang in the 18th century, in the compilation process of 『Seogyeongsihwa』. In compiling 『Seogyeongsihwa』, Kim Jeom tried to combine the long time axis of time from ancient times to the early 18th century with the spatial axis of the Pyeongan-do area to oversee all the literary heritages related it. In addition, it can be assumed that he referred and ranged over various literature materials, as it took more than a decade to compile, As a result of the research, it was confirmed that Kim Jeom extensively referred to a total of 58 kinds of domestic and foreign literature such as ① 6 kinds of geography and official document, ② 18 kinds of literary works and writings by writers in the Pyeongan-do area, ③ 8 kinds of historical documents, ④ 10 kinds of poetry and miscellanea, ⑤ 10 kinds of personal anthology, and ⑥ 6 kinds of materials related to Chinese poetry and prose, in the process of compiling 『Seogyeongsihwa』 After all, the scope of the bibliography showed the literary competence and level of the compiler, Kim Jeom, and at the same time, it can be confirmed his efforts to compile 『Seogyeongsihwa』.