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박춘화(Park Choon-Hwa),박금자(Park Geum-Ja) 고신대학교 전인간호과학연구소 2002 전인간호과학학술지 Vol.1 No.-
The purpose of this study was to identify the need for sex education in middle school students Research subjects were 194 students who attended at 1 seminary in B city. The period of data collection was from July to August,2001. Research instrument as composed of 61 structured items : 17 items related to demographics and sex, 44 items related to the need of sex education. Data were collected through the self-report method by the researcher and one trained assistant. The instrument developed by the researchers was employed to measure the need of sex education and it s Cronbach s a = 0.9349 in this research. Data were analyzed by frequency, percentage, factor analysis and t-test using SPSS WIN Program. The findings of this study are summarized as follows : 1. The highest score among characteristics of sex was less interest about sex(42.6% ) ,39.0% of subjects got information about sex from friends or elders. 52.3% of subjects consulted friends or elders about sex problems. The number of sex education lessons was 1-2 times in school during last semester(61.0%). Education by the school nurse was 35.9% to students. 43.1% of subjects announced moderate satisfaction on sex education. 2. The mean score of the need for sex education was 2.88±0.47 (lowest value 1,highest 4). The most wanted sex education factor was chastity and sexual responsibility (3.33 ±0.67) and followed by family and marriage(3.26± 0.62) and considerations of sex(3.07±0.69) . Meanwhile, the lowest wanted sex education factor is physiological characteristics of male(2.47 土 0.72) , followed by sexual behavior(2.49±0.75) . The most wanted sex education item was the meaning of family(3.54±0.75) and followed by the cautions to prevention from sexual abuse(3.49±0.78) and sexual activity and responsibility(3.43±0.77) . Meanwhile, the lowest wanted sex education item is masturbation(2.16 土0.97) , followed by circumcision(2.32±0.97) . 3. There is no significant difference between boys and girls in mean score about the need for sex education(t=- .715,p= .476). Sex education factor that girl-students wanted was physiological caracteristics of female . Sex education factor that boy-students wanted was family and marriage . Sex education items that girl-students wanted were cautions during menstruation , the relation of ovulation and pregnancy , caution to prevention from sexual abuse and sexual behavior and responsibility . Sex education items that boy-students wanted were the meaning of family , the importance of marriage , male s sex organs , a wet dream , the method to resolve sexual curiosity , sexual intercourse and the connection w ith the other sex . In conclusion, the mean score of the need for sex education is medium. The route to attain knowledge about sex and sexual problem is through consulting friends and elders. Therefore, it is necessary to give sex education that is suitable to the subject s needs and methods. Also, it is necessary to give differently strong point about sex education between female and male students
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박춘화,박금자,Park, Choon-Hwa,Park, Geum-Ja 한국여성건강간호학회 2002 여성건강간호학회지 Vol.8 No.1
The purpose of this study was to identify the need for sex education in middle school students Research subjects were 194 students who attended at I seminary in B city. The period of data collection was from July to August, 2001. Research instrument was composed of 61 structured items 17 items related to demographics and sex, 44 items related to the need of sex education. Data were collected through the self-report method by the researcher and one trained assistant. The instrument developed by the researchers was employed to measure the need of sex education and it's Cronbach's $\alpha$ = 0.9349 in this research. Data were analyzed by frequency, percentage factor analysis and t-test using SPSS WIN Program. The findings of this study are summarized as follows : 1. The highest score among characteristics of sex was 'less interest about sex(42.6%)', 39.0% of subjects got information about sex from friends or elders. 52.3% of subjects consulted friends or elders about sex problems. The number of sex education lessons was 1-2 times in school during last semester (61.0%). Education by the school nurse was 35.9% to students. 43.1% of subjects announced moderate satisfaction on sex education. 2. The mean score of the need for sex education was $2.88{\pm}0.47$ (lowest value 1, highest 4). The most wanted sex education factor was 'chastity and sexual responsibility($3.33{\pm}0.67$)' and followed by 'family and marriage ($3.26{\pm}0.62$)' and 'considerations of sex($3.07{\pm}0.69$)'. Meanwhile, the lowest wanted sex education factor is 'physiological characteristics of male ($2.47{\pm}0.72$)', followed by 'sexual behavior ($2.49{\pm}0.75$)'. The most wanted sex education item was 'the meaning of family ($3.54{\pm}0.75$)' and followed by 'the cautions to prevention from sexual abuse ($3.49{\pm}0.78$)' and sexual activity and responsibility($3.43{\pm}0.77$)'. Meanwhile, the lowest wanted sex education item is 'masturbation ($2.16{\pm}0.97$)', followed by 'circumcision($2.32{\pm}0.97$)'. 3. There is no significant difference between boys and girls in mean score about the need for sex education(t=-.715, p=.476). Sex education factor that girl-students wanted was 'physiological characteristics of female'. Sex education factor that boy-students wanted was 'family and marriage'. Sex education items that girl-students wanted were 'cautions during menstruation', the relation of ovulation and pregnancy', caution to prevention from sexual abuse' and sexual behavior and responsibility'. Sex education items that boy-students wanted were 'the meaning of family', 'the importance of marriage', 'male's sex organs', 'a wet dream', 'the method to resolve sexual curiosity', 'sexual intercourse' and 'the connection with the other sex'. In conclusion, the mean score of the need for sex education is medium. The route to attain knowledge about sex and sexual problem is through consulting friends and elders. Therefore, it is necessary to give sex education that is suitable to the subject's needs and methods. Also, it is necessary to give differently strong point about sex education between female and male students.
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한국 승려 ⻑衫에 관한 연구 - 현대 조계종과 태고종 장삼을 중심으로 -
박춘화,김도공,남경미 한국불교학회 2018 韓國佛敎學 Vol.88 No.-
불교 복식에 관한 선행연구는 가사를 중심으로 이루어졌고, 구체적으로 우리나라 장삼에 관하여 연구가 이루어진 바가 없었다. 이에 본 연구는 한국 장삼의 변화 과정에 대하여 간략히 살펴본 후 근대 이후 종단에 따라 달라진 장삼의 형태에 대하여 고찰하였다. 문헌, 유물, 시각자료 등을 살펴본 후 현대 태고종단과 조계종단 장삼 실물을 조사하여 구성법과 특징을 파악하였다. 삼국시대 한국으로 불교가 전래되면서 불교 복식은 인도식 법의가 한국화되는 과정과 한국 복식을 그대로 수용하는 과정이 중첩되면서 정착하였을 것으로 보인다. 고려시대 승려 장삼은 선 두른 난삼, 또는 직철 등으로 볼 수 있다. 조선 세종이후 승려의 포(袍)를 장삼으로 표기하다가 정착된 것으로 추정된다. 조선시대 장삼은 청색, 회색, 갈색, 녹색 계열이며, 19세기에 넓은 소매의 도포와 두루마기를 합친 포 형태로 정립된 것으로 추측된다. 일제 강점기 사찰과 승려가 국가 관리 체제 내로 편입되면서 장삼에 대한 규제가 이루어지면서 대선사와 대교사 이외의 승직에 있는 승려 장삼은 감청색과 흑색, 회색으로 정해졌다. 현대 태고종단 장삼은 의제법에 의해 전통적 장삼 즉, 소매 넓은 두루마기형이다. 조계종단 장삼은 1962년 의제법 이후 현재까지 회색계열이고, 근대까지 내려오던 장삼의 형태가 아닌 상하가 연결된 직철 형태이다. The purpose of this study was to examine how Buddhist monks’ ceremonial long robes called Jangsam have been transformed and settled down since the introduction of Buddhism into Korea. It appeared that the name of monks’ robes was written as Jangsam and then fixed during and after the King Sejong’s period, and their colors were ascertained to be blue, gray, brown and green. In the 19th century, Jangsam appears to have been defined as the robe with wide sleeves combined with an overcoat which is closed all around it. The Taego Order established and proclaimed its clothing regulations in 1989 and 2002, dictating that monks have to wear the traditional Jangsam. The Jogye Order, according to its clothing regulations enacted and proclaimed in 1962, regulated the color of the Jangsam to be Indian ink color, which has led to the production of the Jangsam in gray until now.
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PCB 제조시설 에칭공정 화학사고 조사를 통한 안전관리 방안 연구
박춘화(Choon-Hwa Park),김현섭(Hyun-Sub Kim),전병한(Byeong-Han Jeon),김덕현(Duk-Hyun Kim) 한국산학기술학회 2018 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.19 No.4
2015년 화학물질관리법 시행 이후 화학 사고 발생 수는 감소 추세에 있으나, 최근 인쇄회로기판(PCB) 제조시설에서 유사한 유형의 사고가 반복적으로 발생함에 따라 실험을 통해 사고 원인을 조사 분석하였다. 해당 사고는 인쇄회로기판 제조공정 내 에칭용액으로 사용한 유해화학물질인 염산과 과산화수소가 월류하여 발생한 사고로 작업자 부주의와 시설 관리 미흡이 주된 사고 원인으로 조사되었다. 사고 원인을 규명하기 위해 실시한 Cl-의 함량 분석 결과 과산화수소 시료에서 66.85ppm로 측정되어 사고 물질인 염산과 과산화수소의 혼합경로를 확인할 수 있었으며, 반응실험을 통해 반응열이 50.5 ℃까지 발생함에 따라 PVC 저장탱크의 변형과 유독가스인 염소가스 발생을 확인하였다. 본 연구를 통해 인쇄회로기판 제조시설의 에칭공정에서의 과충전, 역류방지, 누출감지장치와 혼합방지를 위한 저장탱크 분리 설계 등 시설 안전 관리 방안과 해당 장치의 장외영향평가 검토 필요성을 제시하고자 하였다. 또한 동일 유형의 사고 재발 방지를 위하여 주기적인 시설 안전점검과 작업자의 안전교육 강화의 필요성에 대하여 논의하였다. Although the number of chemical accidents has been declining since the Chemical Control Act of 2015, there have been repeated occurrences of similar types of accidents at printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing facilities. These accidents were caused by the overflow of hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide, which are toxic chemicals used in the printed circuit board manufacturing process. An analysis of the Cl<SUP>-</SUP> content to identify the cause of the accident showed that in the mixed route of hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide, which are accidental substances, the Cl<SUP>-</SUP> concentration was 66.85 ppm in the hydrogen peroxide sample. Through reaction experiments, it was confirmed that the deformation of a PVC storage tank and generation of chlorine gas, which is a toxic gas, occurred due to reaction heat occurring up to 50.5 ℃. This paper proposes a facility safety management plan, including overcharge, overflow prevention, leak detection device, and separation tank design for mixing prevention in printed circuit board manufacturing facility etch process. To prevent the recurrence of accidents of the same type, the necessity of a periodic facility safety inspection and strengthening of the safety education of workers was discussed.
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박춘화,배경의,정진희,강혜원,조은아,윤인정,양상정 고신대학교 전인간호과학연구소 2008 전인간호과학학술지 Vol.3 No.-
Purpose: A phenomenological study was conducted to investigate the experiences of infertile women who had an artificial insemination attempt and the structure of these experiences was identified in a socio-cultural context. Method: In depth interview were done with seven participants from June 2005 to Sept. 2005. Data was recorded and analysed by Colazzi S method. Result: Significant statements were extracted from the data resulting in 5 themes and 17 concepts. The concepts were : envying , waiting hope , anxiety , blaming oneself or God , sorrowing , burden , ’tiring’, life a hall , ’work out ones own salvation ,‘realization of self ,‘empty of mind , patient , support , lonely ,‘bring not cheer to ,‘attempt . The significant themes of participants experiences with artificial insemination emerged as: “expectation”, “difficulty”, “conquering”, “isolation”, frustration Conclusion: The results indicate that the care of infertile women with an unsuccessful artificial insemination attempt should be based on a deep understanding of their personal experiences. Also, information on alternative choice should be offered and supported.
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응급실 간호사의 근무중 스트레스와 간호업무 수행과의 관계
박춘화,고효정 성인간호학회 1999 성인간호학회지 Vol.11 No.1
The purpose of this study was to assess how job stress affects the nursing performance of emergency room nurses. Data were collected from 210 emergency room nurses at 20 general hospitals, with more than 200 beds, in Pusan, Taegu and Kungbuk province, between October 5 and October 15, 1998. The instruments used for this study were the job stress scale which was developed by Mae Ja, Kim and Mi Ok, Gu(1984), and nursing performance of nurses scale developed by Ki Ae, chung(1989). Data Analysis was done using t-test, ANOVA, Tukey test, and Pearson Correlation. The result were as follows : 1. The highest rank of job stress items emergency room nursing were as follows with lessening order : when physicians delegate their clinical responsibilities to nurses(M=3.12±0.69). The most stressed factor among the nursing works was reported as night duty(M=2.99±0.87). 2. The mean score of nursing performance items, to prevent patient from falling or other injury(M=3.69±0.50). 3. Our study reveals that there was statistically significant negative correlation relationship between stress level and emergency room nursing performance(r=-0.14, p=0.0454), in other words, the more stress the nurses experienced, the weaker their nursing performance became. Two factors, heavy work load(r=0.30, p=0.0001), and poor compensation(r=0.15, p=0.031), were negatively related to nursing performance. 4. The study revealed that the group withy monthly income experienced less stress(F=2.71, p=0.0461). Also, the degree of stress was significantly lower in the group with work experience(F=3.01, p=0.0313). Stress varied according to position : superintendent nurse showed a lower level of stress than lay nurses and change nurses (F=2.93, p=0.0349). 5. There was significant difference in the degree of nursing performance according to religion(F=3.97, p=0.0088). In conclusion, there was statistically significant negative correlations between job stress and nursing performance. so there is need for special consideration in nursing administration in terms of reducing the job stress in emergency nursing. Suggestions based on this study as follows. 1. Further study is necessary to examine variables that influence job stress and nursing performance. 2. The expermental study is needed for an effectiveness of systematic and individual effort in order to reduce or manage nurses' stress in the emergency room.
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