유토피아的 都市計劃에 있어서 共同體의 理想과 實際

朴好江(Park Ho-gang) 한국사회학회 1984 韓國社會學 Vol.18 No.SM

現代都市의 Community 性格과 變化 方向

박호강 한사대학 지역사회개발연구소 1981 地域社會開發論叢 Vol.4 No.-

One of the main purposes of this study is to clarify the meaning of community which is highly relevant to the modern urban society as a unit environment of modern man. Technological change in transportation and communication over the period from nineteenth century to twentieth century brought about the rising of industrialization and urbanization together with the shrinkage of space and time which is a decisive causeof urban change. In this development of urbanization three major stages can be identified. Firstly the urban area expanded spatially causing the concentration of population, i.e., centripetal movement, so that urban society has transformed itself into a pluralistic, communal civilization as well as metropolitan community of daily system of interdependence. Modern metropolitan community includes local areas or local urban communities and residential neighborhoods and all sorts of nonterritorial networks, such as functional or interest communities which are based not on habit or tradition, but on interests or contracts. In other words, the locality, as a basis of community is gradually becoming weaker as time goes on. Secondly, the process of further urbanization is manifested in urban sprawl and deconcentration, i.e., centrifugal movement, due in large measure to the progressive time-space convergence resulting from the improved communication and transportation, and due in part to the desires of urban residents who need stimuli-free community and seek more secure place without urban pathologies. Thirdly, the urbanization of rural areas has proceeded beginning from the subsurban rural areas to far remote countryside, finally creating national community. Now the time came when city and country are not fundamentally and necessarily different. The increasingly specialized parts are kept in co-ordination and are interdependent on a nation-wide basis. Accordingly the rural-urban dichotomy or continuum could only be the ideal type construct for the study of social change in modern society.

英國의 New Towns 形成과 都市地域社會開發

박호강 대구대학교 새마을 . 지역사회개발연구소 1983 地域社會開發論叢 Vol.5 No.-

The idea of the New Towns was originated with Ebenezer Howard who embodied the concept of the garden city and initiated the New Towns Movements through publishing books and organizing associations for it and by establishing two experimental New Towns, Letchworth and welwyn. Prominent among the objectives of the New Towns is the creation of well-integrated and socially balanced communities to meet urban dispersal and to amenities and health resulting in virtuout social environment around the end of the nineteenth century when the various social upheavals including the physical repercussions upon urban form and the working class conditions were great concerns. The nature of the New Towns is accordingly a sort of ideal urban community in the sense that it is designed to be humane, self-sufficient (or self-contained), and pollution free town having both advantages of energetic urban life and peaceful country life. This characteristic is derived from the Greco-Roman city pattern and from the ideals of the nineteenth century reformers. The tradition of the New Towns Movements couled be traced to the moverments of utopian socialists and idealistic community movements developed from the sixteenth century to the nineteenth century. The nineteenth century British urban sociological studies and sociology of town planning are also responsible to the rise of the movements. The principle of the New Towns was drawn from the ideas of green belt, optimal normal range of population, colonization redistribution, and integration within a relatively larger spatial and functional unit. Following Howurd's success, the New Towns policy was not only accepted and realized as one of the British town planning or regional planning system, but since World War Two it gained a wide recognition in the area of modern urban developments as an decisive inventive model for the solution to urban sprawl and housing shortage throughout the West though it has been modified when adopted. Its variations include suburban garden cities, satellite towns, dormitory subdivisions, new communities and self-contained neighborhood units. Several points should be noted in assessing the New Towns entity regarding its place in modern urban development planning. Firstly it must be admitted that the prototype New Towns is not the only and best pattern for the general urban community developments. In other words, many factors such as financial provision, planning policies, national ideologies and respective regional problems could be determinants for choosing the appropriate pattern even though it is chosen as a desirable pattern. The realization of the idea into a live entity requires a considerable amount of resources at both economic and technological levels. Secondly, the New Towns design may not be applicable to every country other than Britain precisely because the very idea should be understood in the light of a long sociohistorical context and particular British national sentiments and situation. In other words, The principle of the New Towns may be realized in and applied flexibly to countries udner similar conditions as Britain's. Yet despite the variations and defects of the New Towns plan, it might be maintained that it will continue to play an important part in urban and regional planning or developments in terms of an examplary realization of a balanced society.

미국의 근교화와 도시공간 변화

박호강 서울대학교 사회과학연구원 1997 한국사회과학 Vol.19 No.2

現代都市의 Community 性格과 變化 方向

박호강 대구대학교 새마을지역사회개발연구소 1981 지역사회개발논총(地域社會開發論叢) Vol.4 No.-

One of the main purposes of this study is to clarify the meaning of community which is highly relevant to the modern urban society as a unit environment of modern man. Technological change in transportation and communication over the period from nineteenth century to twentieth century brought about the rising of industrialization and urbanization together with the shrinkage of space and time which is a decisive causeof urban change. In this development of urbanization three major stages can be identified. Firstly the urban area expanded spatially causing the concentration of population, i.e., centripetal movement, so that urban society has transformed itself into a pluralistic, communal civilization as well as metropolitan community of daily system of interdependence. Modern metropolitan community includes local areas or local urban communities and residential neighborhoods and all sorts of nonterritorial networks, such as functional or interest communities which are based not on habit or tradition, but on interests or contracts. In other words, the locality, as a basis of community is gradually becoming weaker as time goes on. Secondly, the process of further urbanization is manifested in urban sprawl and deconcentration, i.e., centrifugal movement, due in large measure to the progressive time-space convergence resulting from the improved communication and transportation, and due in part to the desires of urban residents who need stimuli-free community and seek more secure place without urban pathologies. Thirdly, the urbanization of rural areas has proceeded beginning from the subsurban rural areas to far remote countryside, finally creating national community. Now the time came when city and country are not fundamentally and necessarily different. The increasingly specialized parts are kept in co-ordination and are interdependent on a nation-wide basis. Accordingly the rural-urban dichotomy or continuum could only be the ideal type construct for the study of social change in modern society.

젠더정체성의 사회적 구성과 젠더이데올로기

박호강 大邱大學校 社會科學硏究所 1999 社會科學硏究 Vol.7 No.1

본 연구는 포스트모더니티와 세계화의 시대에 즈음하여 다원주의와 개별화라는 시대적 특징과 결부되는 사회현상 중에서 현대인의 정체성 문제, 구체적으로는 젠더정체성을 연구대상으로 한다. 오늘날 인간의 자아나 정체성은 선택적·반성적·존재구속적인 것으로 성격규정되며, 특히 젠더정체성은 사회적으로 구성되는 모든 사회적 정체성의 가장 원초적인 형태로 분류될 수 있다. 본 연구는 젠더정체성의 탄력성 ·개별성·복합성에 대한 관심이 고조되고 있을 뿐만 아니라 사회적 구성주의의 주요 논의 대상이 되고 있는 점에 착안하고 있다. 이 연구의 내용은 젠더정체성의 사회적 구성과 관련하여 다음의 두 맥락의 연구로 연계되고 있다. 첫째, 젠더정체성은 유아기부터 타인들과의 상호작용의 틀속에서 구성되는 사회적 구성을 통해 개별적 정체성이 발달하는 한편, 생물적 성차이를 근거로 타인들에 비해 외부적으로 사회적 범주화를 통해 규정되는 집합적 정체성을 동시에 지닌다는 점을 확인, 강조한다. 다음으로 젠더의 사회적 구성에 영향을 미치는 가치체계로서 젠더의 이원적 사고를 지배해온 동서양의 주요 이원론적 관념체계를 젠더이데올로기로 규정, 그 기원, 의미, 이데올로기적 왜곡 및 기능 등을 추적 확인한다. 결론적으로 이 연구는 생물적·생래적·자연적 - 고정적인 것으로 당연시되거나 자칫 잘못 인식될 수도 있을 젠더정체성의 본질과 구성원리에 대한 이해를 돕고, 다양한 가치체계가 공존하는 포스트모던시대에 젠더정체성에 대한 본질주의적 사고방식을 탈피하고 사회적 재구성의 가능성을 확인하는 데 목적이 있다.