智異山産 구상나무(Abies koreana Wilson)材의 理化學的 性質

文昌國 慶尙大學校 1980 論文集 Vol.19 No.1

韓國의 特産樹種材인 구상나무(Abies koreana Wilson)材에 對한 理化學的 性質을 調査하여 본바 그 結果를 要約하면 아래와 같다. 1. 구상나무는 전나무나 가문비가 갖는 特殊한 芳香이 있고 材色은 흰 편이나 心邊材의 區分이 不明確하며 本質部에 樹脂溝가 없다는 것이 特徵이다. 2. 假導管長은 3,000μ 程度로서 소나무와 비슷한 纖維長을 가졌고 假導管의 幅은 春材 平均 35.6μ, 秋材 平均 11.2μ이었으며, 두께는 春材 平均 1.3μ 秋材 平均 2.8μ이었다. 3. 假導管의 俓斷面上에 나타난 膜孔의 數는 春材部에서 平均 16個 秋材部에서는 平均 5個程度로서 春材部의 幕孔數가 秋材部보다 約 3培 더 많았고 膜孔의 俓은 春材部가 平均 19μ인데 秋材部가 11μ程度였다. 또 觸斷面上에 나타난 放射組織은 單列이며 그 높이는 平均 177μ, 幅 平均 12μ이었다. 4. 生材比重은 平均 0.92, 氣乾比重은 平均 0.43, 全乾比重은 平均 0.35로서 比較的 가벼운 樹種임을 알 수 있었다. 方向別의 吸水量은 俓斷面과 觸斷面에서 0.08g/㎠였는데 橫斷面에서는 0.032g/㎠로 되어 約 4培의 吸水量差를 보였고 吸濕率은 關係濕度 90%인 境遇 75%인 때보다 約 28% 더 높은 값을 나타내었으며 方向別 吸濕率을 比較하면 俓斷 및 觸斷面보다 橫斷面이 約 2.35% 더 높은 吸濕率을 보였다. 5. 氣乾收縮率은 觸斷,徑斷,縱方向別로 69:28:3 全收縮率 59:36:5의 收縮比率이었으며 纖維走向에 따른 收縮率은 緩慢한 曲線을 보여 徑斷方向에 對한 觸斷方向의 收縮率比가 1.63으로 낮은 數値를 나타내고 있음은 이 나무가 가지는 材質的 特徵이라 생각된다. 6. 氣乾狀態에서의 各種 强度値는 다음과 같다. 縱壓縮强度는 平均 291kg/㎠, 橫壓縮强度는 平均 34.5kg/㎠, 部分壓縮强度 平均34kg/㎠로서 縱壓縮强度는 橫壓縮强度의 約 8倍였으며, 縱引張强度는 平均 622kg/㎠, 橫引張强度는 平均 20.5kg/㎠로서 縱引張强度는 橫刃張强度의 約 30倍였다. 그리고 縱壓縮强度와 縱引張强度와의 比는 1:4 關係가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 휨 强度는 平均 550kg/㎠였고 剪斷强度는 觸斷方向이 平均 76kg/㎠ 徑斷方向이 平均 68kg/㎠였으며, 割裂强度는 徑斷方向이 平均 20.7kg/㎠ 觸斷方向이 平均 21.2kg/㎠였다. 硬度는 徑斷方向이 平均 10.7kg/㎠, 橫斷方向이 平均 47.9kg/㎠였으며, 못 引拔抵抗値는 徑斷方向이 平均 15.9kg/㎠, 觸斷方向 平均 15.3kg/㎠, 橫斷方向이 平均 8.1kg/㎠이었다. 特히 衝擊 휨 吸收에너지는 平均 0.61kg/㎠였는데 氣乾比重(Su)과의 사이에는 u=3.1Su²의 關係가 있었다. 以上 各種 强度의 結果로 미루어 구상나무는 針葉樹類中 낮은 强度値를 가지는 樹種에 屬하였다. 7. 一般木材에서와 같이 구상나무도 各種 强度에 있어서 含水率의 影響을 크게 받아 全乾狀態에서 가장 큰 强度値를 나타내나 纖維飽和點에 가까워짐에 따라 低下되어 그 以上 含水率이 增加되더라도 强度에는 變化가 없었다. 다만 剪斷强度에 있어서만은 纖維飽和點 以上에서도 强度的 變化를 보였다. 그림(3,4,5) 8. 化學的 組成分은 灰分 平均 0.56% 冷水抽出物 平均 8.76%, 熱水?出物 平均 10.16%, 鹽基抽出物 平均 14.63%, 有機溶劑抽出物 平均 4.23%, Holocellulose 平均 76.49%, Pentosan 平均 10.44%였다. 9. 以上의 結果를 綜合하면 灰分量과 各種 抽出物 含量은 大體的으로 一般樹種과 비슷하고 Holocellulose含量은 76.49%로서 잣나무 66.72%보다 相當히 높은 數値를 보였으나 소나무 77.3%와는 거의 비슷하였으며, Pentosan과 Lignin 含量은 소나무 보다 낮았다. 한편 本質部에 樹脂溝가 없고 長纖維를 가졌다는 점등으로 미루어 보아 펄프材로서 뿐 아니라 其他 工業材料서 그 利用度가 높을 것으로 思料된다. Abies koreana Wilson is a proper woody plant in Korea, but its properties have not yet been clearly investigated. This species is an alpine needle leaf tree in its appearances, and it has been considered as favorable wood in qualities. In this thesis, anatomical, physical and chemical properties of the wood were investigated. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. In an aspect of log quality, the natural wood of Abies koreana Wilson showed a plenty of knots, compared to those of the other needle leaf trees. It was a whitish wood which smelled a typical aroma as fir and spruce and of which sap and heart woods were not pronouncd. 2. The length of tracheid of this tree reached ca. 3000μ and this blonged to a long fiber tree as fir and spruce. In a cross section, the size of tracheld was not different from those of fir and spruce in both summer and spring wood. However, the width of the trancheid reached 35.6μ in spring wood and 11.2μ in summer wood, and the thickness of the tracheid reached 1.3μ in spring wood and 2.8μin summer wood in average. 3. the number of pits on prosenchyma reached 16 in spring wood and 5 in summer wood. 4. The prosenchyma was uniseriated with 177μ in length, 12μ in width and 50 prosenchyma per 1㎟ tangential section. 5. The moisture content of green wood was ca. 96 per cent in average with a considerable seasonal variation. The moisture content was decreased up to 13 per cent when the 5×5㎝ stock wood was naturally air dried for four to six months under the climatical conditions of Jinju area. 6. The specific gravity was measured 0.92 in green wood, 0.43 in air dried wood, and 0.35 in oven dried wood. The bulk density of green and oven dried wood were measured 233±26 and 348±16 respactably. The water adsorption of the wood was estimated 0.08g/㎠ in both radial and tangential section, and 0.32g/㎠ in cross section. Water adsorption in all directions was estimated 0.0071g/㎠ at relative humidity of 75 per cent and 0.0090g/㎠ at RH 90per cent. Partial water adsorption was not significantly different in either radial or tangential sections at the two different relative humdiity conditions, but the water adsorption in cross section was increased up to 2.4 per cent compared to the other sections. The shrinkage of green wood in radial, tangential and cross sections were estimated as 28, 69 and 3 per cent, respectively and those of oven dried wood were 36, 59 and 5 per cent, respectively. 7. In relation to the mechnical properties, Abies Korena Wilson showed considerably lower stength compared to the wood of other needle leaf trees, of which endwise compressive strength was measured 291kg/㎠, the sidewise compressive strength 34.5kg/㎠ and the partial compressive strength 34kg/㎠, showing the ratio of endwise compressive strength to side wise compressive strength was ca. 8:1. The endwise tensile strength was three times higher than the sidewise tensile strength as measured 622kg/㎠ and 205kg/㎠, respectively. The endwise compressive strength was less than half the endwise tensile strength. The cleavage strength of tangential section was measured 76kg/㎠ and that of radial section was 68kg/㎠. The bendign strength was measured 550kg/㎠ in average. The shear strengths in tangential and radial section were 20.7kg/㎠ and 21.2kg/㎠, respectively and the impact bending absorved energy was estimated 0.61kg/㎠. The relationship between the impact bending absorved energy and the specipic gravity of the air dried wood was shown as μ=3.17μ² Where μ stands for the impact bending absorved energy, and γμ for the specific gravity of the dried wood.. The hardness of the wood was measured 10.7kg/㎠ in radial section 13.6kg/㎠ in tagential section and 47.9kg/㎠ in cross section of which was four times higher than those of two previous. The nail withdrawal resistance was measured 15.9kg/㎠ radial section, 15.3kg/㎠ in tangential section and 8.1kg/㎠ in cross section, in which the resistance of tangential and radial section were two times higher than that of cross section, 8. For the chemical properties of the wood, this wood showed ash content 0.56 per cent, cold water extractives 8.76 per cent, hot water extractives 10.16 per cent, 1% NaOH extractives 14.63 per cent, alcohol-benzol extractives 4.23 per cent, holocellulose 76.49 per cent, lignin 25.08 per cent and pentosan 10.44 per cent in averages. In conclusion, ash content is comparable to the other needle leaf trees. It has 76.49% in holocellulose content which is comparable value to the pinus densiflora's. It has lower value than pinus densiflora in pentosan and lignin content. Having not resin cannal in xylem and long tracheid, this wood could be usable industrial material.

樹木類 闊葉의 形態變異 및 그 Sample size 推定의 몇가지 方法

文昌國 慶尙大學校 1976 論文集 Vol.15 No.-

1.闊葉의 形態變異의 경향을 가장 잘 나타내는 統計量은 標準誤差이다. 2. 葉變異에 따른 標準誤差量의 分布경향을 가장 잘 나타내는 實驗式은 α(x+β) (단, α·β는상수 x는 Sample size)모형이며 어떤 目的이 있어 e指數曲線을 쓰고자 할때는 ??(a,b는 상수x는 Sample size)형식이 가장 바람직함. 3. 標準오차량에 따라 滑葉의 形態變異에 대한 Sample size를 推定코져 할때는 實驗曲線의 積分差에 依한 方法이 가장 合理的이며 結果는 Table 7과 같다. (1) The most expressive statistic value of broard leaves' variations is standard error. (2) Empirical formular's pattern in order to comprehend the distributions of leaves' variations is α(X+β). Sometimes, on purpose ?? index curve may be usefu. (3) The most rational way to estimate leaves' variations and their sample size is the method by the integral difference.

智異山産 참나무材 AcBr(acetyl bromide) Lignin의 UV 吸光係數에 대하여

成守鏞,文昌國 慶尙大學校 1984 論文集 Vol.23 No.2

智異山産 5樹種의 참나무 材에 對한 AcBr(accetyl bromide) lignin의 UV 吸光係數와 JIS(Japanese Industrial Standard) ligin 含量 및 UV 推定lignin 含量과의 關係를 調査하여 본 바 그 結果를 要約하면 아래와 같다. 1. 各 樹種別 JIS lignin 含量은 졸참나무 材 22.77%, 떡갈나무 材 23.74%, 상수리나무 25.57%, 속소리나무 20.71%, 굴참나무 19.63%였다. 2. UV推定 lignin 含量値는 各各 23.05%, 23.86%, 25.17%, 20.61%, 19.77%였다. 3. JIS lignin 含量値와 UV推定 lignin 含量値間의 相關係數는 平均 0.94(1% 水準)이었다. 4. lignin의 特性을 가장 잘 알 수 있는 280nm에서의 UV吸光度는 졸참나무 0.249, 떡갈나무 0.257, 상수리나무 0.271, 속소리나무 0.223, 굴참나무 0.213이었다. 5. 280nm에서의 UV吸光係數를 計算하여 보면 졸참나무 21.82, 떡갈나무 21.71, 상수리나무 21.16, 속소리나무 21.49, 굴참나무 21.75였으며 平均 吸光係數는 21.59였다. These experiments were carried out to determine the ultraviolet absorptivities of AcBr(acetyl bromide) lignin, JIS(Japanese Industrial Standard) lignin contents, the calculated lignin by Beer-Lambert's law and correlation between JIS lignin content and the calculated from Oaks grown in Mt. Jiri. 1. JIS lignin contents were 22.77% from Q.serrata, 23.73% from Q. dentata, 25.57% from Q, acutissima, 20.71% from Q. donarium and 19.63% from Q.variabilies. 2. The calculated lignin contents by Beer-Lambert's law were 23.05%, 23.86%, 25.17%, 20.61%, 19.77% respectively. 3. The correlation coefficient between JIS lignin xontent and the calculated was 0.94(1% level). 4. The UV absorbances of AcBr lignin at 280nm were 0.249 in Q. serrata, 0.257 in Q. dertata, 0.271 in Q. acutissima, 0.223 in Q. donatium and 0.213 in Q. variablities. The average value was 0.242. 5. The UV absorptivities of AcBr lignin were 21.82 in Q. serrata, 21.71 in Q. dentata, 21.16 in Q. acutissima, 21.49 in Q. donatium and 21.75 in Q. variabilities. The average value was 21.59.

죽재의 목질화에 따른 AcBr (Acetyl Bromide) Lignin 의 함량변이

문창국,조종수 한국목재공학회 1985 목재공학 Vol.13 No.6

The lingificating ratio and Ac Br (acetyl bromide) lignin content variations of 3 bamboo species (Phyllostachys edulis, Phyllostachys nigra, and Phyltostachys barrebusoides) were investigated. The curve of UV spectra was much similar to the hardwood Ac Br lignin UV spectra. Lignificating ratio of internode part in Ph. edulis and Ph. bambusoide was higher than in Ph. nigra but in node part it was higher in Ph. nlgra. The lignificating ratio during calm growing was general3y constant in Ph. nigra, however in Ph. bambusoides up to calm length 7470 ㎝, it was rapidly lignificated, in Ph. edulis afterward 770 ㎝ rather rapidly lignificated. The correlation coefficients between culm length and Ac Br lignin content during lignification were 0.99 in Ph. nigra, 0.97 in Ph. edulis, 0.95 in Ph. bambusoides, all values were in 1% level.

구상나무 ( Abies koreana Wilson ) 재의 (材) 화학적 조성

문창국,박종열,강위평 ( Chang Kuck Moon,Chong Yawl Pack,Wee Pyung Kang ) 한국산림과학회 1980 한국산림과학회지 Vol.50 No.1

The Chemical components of Abies koreana Wilson grown in Korea were analized. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. The ash content is ca 0.56% on the average, and of the range is 0.33 to 0.76%. 2. The cold water extractive content is ca 8.76% on the average and of the range is 5.55 to 12.5%. 3. The hot water extractive content is ca 10.16% on the average and of the range is 4.80 to 13.65%. 4. Basic extractive content is ca 14.60% on the average and of the range is 5.51 to 25.44%. 5. The alcohol benzol soluble fraction is ca 4. 23% and of the range is 2.94 to 5.44%. 6. The holocellulose content is ca 76.49% on the average and of the range is 73.68% to 79.10%. 7. The cellulose content is ca 56.30% on the average and of the range is 46.02% to 61. 33%. The cellulose contains 78.54% α-cellulose, 7.66% β-cellulose and 14.04% γ-cellulose respectively. 8. The Klason lignin content is ca 25.03% on the average and of the range is 22.5 to 27.0%. In conclusion, ash content is comparable to the other needle leaf trees. It has 76.49% in holocellulose content which is comparable value to the Pinus densiflora`s. It has lower value than the Pinus densiffora in pentosan and lignin content. Having not resin cannal in xylem and long tracheid, this wood could be usable industrial material.

성결교회 정책보고서 발간의 역사와 의미 (특집1)

문창국 기독교대한성결교회 활천사 2023 활천 Vol.841 No.12

성결교회의 위기(특집1)

문창국 기독교대한성결교회 활천사 2022 활천 Vol.828 No.11

효율적이고 생산적인 총회본부, 자랑스러운 교단(취임 인사)

문창국 기독교대한성결교회 활천사 2022 활천 Vol.826 No.9

연료전지 자동차용 공기압축기의 회전체동역학 성능평가 및 해석

문창국(C. G. Moon),황성호(S. H. Hwang),김태호(T. H. Kim),이종성(J. S. Lee),이창하(C.H.Lee) 한국트라이볼로지학회 2018 한국트라이볼로지학회 학술대회 Vol.2018 No.4

南海島의 樹木(基1) : 老巨樹와 特殊樹林 1. On the old and gigantie trees and Valuable groves

文昌國,金三植 慶尙大學校 1976 論文集 Vol.15 No.-

土性이 다른 두가지의 土壤으로 排水調節과 鐵加用에 따라 水稻生育關係를 試驗한 結果를 要約하면 다음과 같다. 1) 生育期間中 生育狀態가 砂質系가 良好하였다. 2) 稈長, 穗當粒數, 登熱率, 葉重, 有效莖比率, 收量 等은 埴質系에서 당水 및 鐵加用區에서 현저치 減少하였다. 3) 珪酸의 吸收는 生育期間中 砂質系가 높고 또한 鐵加用區가 鐵無加用區보다 높은 경향이다. 4) 鐵의 吸收는 生有初期에서 埴質系가 높고 收穫期에서 湛水處理의 鐵加用區가 높다. Old and gigantic trees and culturally valuale groves were investigated in Namhae islands, the former (old and gigantic trees) were 24 trees consited of 7 spesises, latter were 10 groves consisted of 91 spesies. Of them, the tree spesies on the spot survey making up 2 natural monumental groves, Mulgonlee-fishery grove and Meejolee-evergreen grove were considerably different from that of the authorities concerned. Then the table 2-6 may be valuable for their reference.