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Daoism`s Body-thinking and Sports Ideology of Inner-transcendence
( Songbo He ) 한국체육학회 2016 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.1
Purpose: As the representatives of Daoism, Lao Zi, Zhuang Zi, Lie Zi, etc. have the same opinions on the mind-body monism with Confucianism, but their body-thinking is quite unique. The article researches the sports ideology from the aspect of the bodies, to discuss mainly Daoist’s body structure, body function and body disposal, excavate the body-thinking and the inner-transcendence of its sports ideology, refresh the traditional sports culture, develop the value influence of eastern sports culture, finally expect Daoist’s view of sports ideology can provide the possibility for modern sports to deal with the crisis regarding the response to risks. Result: During the Pre-Qin period when Daoism prevailed, not so much about sports were talked by Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi while Daoist’s view is always related to the body activities and it is obsessed with ”Whisht and Active; With and Without; hard and soft; virtual and real” as opposite and complementary ideology and inspect the lives and creatures from Daoist’s view. In bare several sports records, Zhuang Zi mostly chose to let Daoist’s ideology transcend body activities directly. 1. Daoist’s view of body-thinking (1) Perception of body structure Compared with the perception of body structure in view of Confucianist, Daoist’s perception appears to have more guidance meanings to anatomy. Through the self-review from Qi Wu Discussion Zhuang Zi, in the question towards “hundreds of skeleton, nine orifices, six organs, who should I be close to?”, it shows that people consists of hundreds of skeletons, nine orifices (eye, ear, nose, mouth, uretha, anus) and six main internal organs inside the body(heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, Mingmen). The body construction manifested by Daoist is more specific than what is manifested by Confucianist, while from the body functions corresponded from the body construction, like heart to mouth(talk), live to eye(see), kidney to foot(walk) and etc., its coincidence with the perception of body structure from medical science in Chinese ancient times can be seen. (2) Perception of Body Function Lao Zi praised body to be a unprecedented level and the body function is greatly influenced especially the body in dynamic development. Lao Zi proposed that people’s body function is the most optimized stage at babyhood period and he regarded newborn boy as the model ideal body. The body function of Lao Zi is thoroughly handed down and developed at Zhuang Zi. Similarly to Lao Zi, Zhuang Zi also believed babyhood as a optimistic stage for body development. What is the more valuable is that Zhuang Zi, to some degree he is nihilistic , is not abandoning either of body or Qi. He believes that an intact life is surely an organic whole of both body and mental function. (3) Body disposal In the long period of life journey, the emphasis from people to life, the changes to death and the attitudes and the maintenance to the body can be included into the scope of body disposal of Daoist. Lao Zi exceptionally emphasized the individual life. He proposed that “Which is closer or more important to you, is it fame or body? Which is more, body or goods?”,Chapter 44, Lao Zi. Zhuang Zi inherited the “Hua(change)” idea. He treats the natural process of body via the idea of “change” and also treat with “living and death” with a philosophical idea. Everyone should go through sickness and growing old. The characters depicted by Zhuang Zi are not only rejected or afraid of death, even they show a attitude of philosophical and appreciating status. 2. Inner-transcendence of Daoism The life philosophy of emphasis on female and fragile property is vividly noticed from the transition from the body function to the inner-transcendence of Daoist’s ideology, the inner-transcendence is life philosophy which stems from body when it acts on the body in the meantime. In Daoist’s view, the body is structured from the intangible power and the body function needs recover to the life itself to the greatest degree. It respects life, accustoms to the changes as well as moderate sports. In a manner of speaking, it is during the observation and reference to the comprehensiveness and experience to the body, Daoist’s body-thinking spreads to the field of sports: it abandons the show off body strength, advocate unknowing of the strength; abandon the external assessment of athletic performance, advocate comprehensive mental quality.Thus, the most initiating part of Daoist’s view of sports ideology is the relating exposition included regarding the inner-transcendence. The inner-transcendence takes the body and activity function, while it digs more deeply mentally. It is manifested into 3 forms: Firstly, it pursues the obscurity and skills of Qi; secondly, it focuses on the fascination of sports spirit; thirdly, it emphasizes the psychological factors showed in sports. Conclusion: The life philosophy showed from Daoist’s body-thinking, featured on health maintenance but exercise; inner cultivation but pursuing outside changes; hiding but dominance, guides the development of traditional sports which has a theme of health maintenance and the sports-thinking reflected by the inner-transcendence prefers to keep the mentally quite and comfortable state in the meantime, supplementing deep breathing and activities, return to life’s genuine state and provide the possibility for risk responses by modern sports. Main stream of modern sports highlights competition, utility and efficiency, and the possibility of extreme loss of humanity may happen during the pursuit of extremity of body and heart while Daoist’s view of body-thinking pursues the nature with a ideal state of constructed quite and fame-neglecting of Daoism. With the guidance of this concept, to thoroughly avoid the competitiveness and utility is a transcendence to the utility of main stream in modern sports, which makes the subject of sports is subtly free of the tense and harsh environment of sports competition. To be more deeply speaking, Daoist’s natural body-thinking gives modern sports a chance of seeking and enjoying the natural peace from the view of Daoism and help the limited creatures and lives find out the eternal reason for being cherished.
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