Economic Effects of Agricultural Biotechnology Research in the Presence of Price-Distorting Policies

( Kym Anderson ),( Chantal Nielsen ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2004 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.19 No.2

The economic welfare implications of some countries using new genetically modified varieties in crop production will depend on which countries choose to adopt them and on whether others (notably Western Europe) ban their importation. They also depend on existing (non-GMO-specific) agricultural policies in affected markets. This paper uses a well-received empirical economywide model of the global economy (GTAP) to quantify the effects of selected countries enjoying an assumed degree of productivity growth from adopting GMO maize and soybean. It does so first by leaving existing distortionary policies in place and then assuming agricultural policies in Western Europe are completely liberalised. In both cases we investigate the effects of Western Europe refraining from using GMO technology in its own farm production but without versus with a ban on imports of GM products. The results suggest that (a) such an import ban would have a large adverse effect on economic welfare, particularly in Western Europe itself, and (b) while estimated global economic welfare benefits from the new biotechnology are not greatly reduced by Europe`s traditional price-distorting policies, the reductions in technology gains are concentrated in non-European countries.

Prospects for Closer Economic Relations between Europe and East Asia

( Kym Anderson ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 1998 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.13 No.1

East Asia has rapidly become the third centre of gravity for global economic activity. North America is relatively well integrated with East Asia, but Europe is not. This paper explores the extent to which economic growth and trade policy developments over the next decade will strengthen European-East Asian economic integration, and what scope there is to facilitate that set of bilateral relationships. Use is made of a global CGE model (GTAP) to project the world economy to 2005 under various scenarios including Uruguay Round implementation, faster economic growth in China, reneging on the promised phaseout of textile quotas, and APEC trade liberalization. The bilateral trade consequences in those scenarios highlight the fact that as East Asia`s relative importance in the world economy keeps growing, so too does its importance to Europe. More surprisingly, the importance of Europe to East Asia also is projected to grow with Uruguay Round implementation, and even APEC trade reform does not reduce Europe`s projected trade with East Asia. (JEL Classification: F11, F13, F14, F15, F17)

Fertilizer Policy in Korea

( Kym Anderson ) 한국농촌경제연구원 1983 Journal of Rural Development Vol.6 No.1

Farmers in Korea are often thought to be assisted by current fertilizer policy, since the government sells fertilizer to them at roughly 20 per cent below cost. However, this farm price is about 20 to 30 per cent above the international price. That is, fertilizer manufacturers are enjoying a nominal rate of protection of more than 50 per cent. The fertilizer "subsidy" is really a mechanism by which taxpayers help farmers bear the direct cost of that protection. It involves large government outlays though, which the government would like to phase out. One option is to remove the "subsidy" which would force farmers to carry the full direct cost of that protection. Another option is to lower the rate of protection to fertilizer manufacturers. This paper provides estimates of the price changes required to eliminate government outlays under these alternative circumstances. It also quantifies the effects of such changes on fertilizer production and use and discusses the appropriateness of each option in terms of efficiency of resource allocation, food security and farm incomes.

Changing Comparative Advantage in Agriculture: Theory and Pacific Basin Experience

( Kym Anderson ) 한국농촌경제연구원 1980 Journal of Rural Development Vol.3 No.2

While agriculture`s contribution to national output and employment tends to decline with economic growth, its contribution to exports may not. Rather, a country`s comparative advantage in agriculture is shown to depend positively on its endowment of agricultural land relative to its mineral resources and non-farm capital and negatively on its income per hectare of agricultural land, compared with other countries. Over time, its agricultural comparative advantage will decline faster, the slower its rate of agricultural relative to nonagricultural technological change and the faster its rate of industrial growth, compared with these rates in other countries. The implications of this empricially-supported theory for Australia and other Pacific rim countries are then discussed along with some policy implications, particularly for the densely-populated, rapidly-industrializing economies of South Korea and Taiwan.

Prospects for Closer Economics Relations between Europe and East Asia

Anderson, Kym 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 1998 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.13 No.1

East Asia has rapidly become the third centre of gravity for global economic activity. North America is relatively well integrated with East Asia, but Europe is not. This paper explores the extent to which economic growth and trade policy development over the next decade will strengthen European-East Asian economic integration, and what scope there is to facilitate that set of bilateral relationships. Use is made of a global CGE model (GTAP) to project the world economy to 2005 under various scenarios including Uruguay Round implementation, faster economic growth in China, reneging on the promised phaseout of textile quotas, and APEC trade liberalization. The bilateral trade consequences in those scenarios highlight the fact that as East Asia's relative importance in the world economy keeps growing, so too does its importance to Europe. More surprisingly, the importance of Europe to East Asia also is projected to to grow with Uruguay Round implementation, and even APEC trade reform does not reduce Europe's projected trade with East Asia. (JEL Classification : F11, F13, F14, F15, F17)

How Can South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa Gain From the Next WTO Round?

Anderson, Kym,Yao, Shunli 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 2003 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.18 No.3

If South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa are to become constructively engaged in the next attempt by World Trade Organization(WTO) members to liveralize trade multilaterally, they need to be convinced that there will ve sufficient gains from trade reform to warrant the inevitable costs of negotiation and adjustment. This paper provides new estinates of the likely economic effects on their evonomies of further liberalizing world trade post-Uruguay Round. The results show that the developing countries of South Asia and Sub-Sanaran Africa have much to gain from taking part in the next round. However, those gains will ve far greater the more those countries are willing to embrace regorm at home so as to enable their firms to take greatest advantage of the opportunities provided by the opening up of markets abroad.

Genetically Modified Rice Adoption: Implications for Welfare and Poverty Alleviation

( Kym Anderson ),( Lee Ann Jackson ),( Chantal Pohl Nielsen ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2005 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.20 No.4

The first generation of genetically modified (GM) crop varieties sought to increase farmer profitability through cost reductions or higher yields. The next generation of GM food research is focusing also on breeding for attributes of interest to consumers, beginning with ‘golden rice’, which has been genetically engineered to contain a higher level of vitamin A and thereby boost the health of poor people in developing countries. This paper analyses empirically the potential economic effects of adopting both types of innovation in Asia, including its impact on rice producers and other poor households. It does so using the global economy-wide computable general equilibrium model known as GTAP. The results suggest the very considerable farm productivity gains (even if extended beyond GM rice to include those from adopting other GM grains and oilseeds) could be exceeded by the welfare gains resulting from the potential health-enhancing attributes of golden rice, which would boost the productivity of unskilled workers among Asia`s poor.

The Agricultural Agenda for the Next WTO Round

Kym Anderson 세계경제연구원 1998 세계경제연구원 간행물 Vol.16 No.-

How Can South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa Gain From the Next WTO Round?

( Kym Anderson ),( Shun Li Yao ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2003 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.18 No.3

If South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa are to become constructively engaged in the next attempt by World Trade Organization (WTO) members to liberalize trade multilaterally, they need to be convinced that there will be sufficient gains from trade reform to warrant the inevitable costs of negotiation and adjustment. This paper provides new estimates of the likely economic effects on their economies of further liberalizing world trade post-Uruguay Round. The results show that the developing countries of South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa have much to gain from taking part in the next round. However, those gains will be far greater the more those countries are willing to embrace reform at home so as to enable their firms to take greatest advantage of the opportunities provided by the opening up of markets abroad.

OPTIMAL POLICY INTERVENTION TO REDUCE IMPORT DEPENDENCE

NETTLE, RICHARD S .,BRITTEN-JONES, MARK,ANDERSON, KYM 한국국제경제학회 1987 International Economic Journal Vol.1 No.4