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- 저자 : ( Heejo Youn ) (검색결과 2 건)
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Maternal, infant, and perinatal mortality statistics and trends in Korea between 2009 and 2017
( Kyung Ju Lee ),( Sangho Sohn ),( Vital Statistics Division ),( Statistics Korea ),( Kwan Hong ),( Jin Kim ),( Rakhyeon Kim ),( Seokmin Lee ),( Heejo Youn ),( Young Ju Kim ) 대한산부인과학회 2020 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.63 No.5
Objective To provide updates on maternal, infant, and perinatal mortality using the national population data of South Korea between 2009 and 2017 and describe the mortality rate by target groups, timing, or causes of events to provide a basis for detecting vulnerable populations and ensuring timely medical and political interventions. Methods Pregnancy-related mortality in women, as well as deaths of infants, in South Korea was identified using population data from Statistics Korea. Records from death certificates, cremation reports on infant and fetal deaths, and the complementary cause-of-death investigation system were reviewed for the 2009-2017 period. Results A total of 461 maternal deaths, 11,717 infant deaths, and 12,249 perinatal deaths, including fetal deaths over 28 gestational weeks, were identified from 3,945,159 live births between 2009 and 2017. The maternal mortality ratio was 13.5 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2009 and decreased to 7.8 in 2017. Only the rate of deaths related to hypertensive disorders showed an increasing tendency. Both the infant and perinatal mortality rates improved (from 3.2 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2009 to 2.8 in 2017 and from 3.5 to 2.7, respectively). Among the external causes of infant mortality, assaults including homicides accounted for 25% (n=150), and this proportion was constant throughout the study period. Conclusion Overall improvements were observed in all maternal, infant, and perinatal mortality measures. In-depth analysis and interventions with respect to certain causes, such as hypertensive disorders in mothers or assaults in infants, should be considered priority issues.
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윤희조 ( Youn¸ Hee-jo ) 한국동서철학회 2020 동서철학연구 Vol.0 No.98
불교의 궁극의 목표인 깨달음이 방법론과 어떤 관련이 있는지를 살펴보고자 하는 것이 본고의 목적이다. 초기불교의 수행론을 총망라하고 있는 삼십칠보리분법과 그것의 한 종류인 칠각지에는 ‘보리’와 ‘각’이라는 깨달음의 의미가 포함되어 있다. 칠각지는 깨달음으로 이끄는 요소라는 의미이고, 이들 요소들의 관계를 대치적으로 또는 순차적으로 해석할 수 있다. 대치적 해석은 마음이 나태할 때는 택법각지, 정진각지, 희각지를 수행하고, 마음이 산만할 때는 경안각지, 정각지, 사각지를 수행한다는 것이다. 때에 맞추어 수행이 이루어질 때 깨달음으로 나아간다는 것이다. 이처럼 오장애 가운데 두 가지 장애인 나태와 산만을 대치하고, 의심의 장애는 택법각지가 대치하고, 감각적 욕망과 악의도 대치된다는 것이 칠각지를 대치적으로 해석하는 것이다. 순차적 해석은 칠각지의 첫 번째 각지인 염각지로부터 순차적으로 나머지 각지를 계발한다는 것이다. 사념처를 통해서 계발되는 염각지를 필두로 택법각지, 정진각지, 희각지, 경안각지, 정각지, 사각지가 점점 더 고요해지는 방향으로 요소들이 계발되어간다. 순차적으로 깨달음으로 이끄는 요소들이 계발된다는 것이 칠각지에 대한 순차적 해석이라고 할 수 있다. 삼십칠보리분법은 일곱 가지 범주, 즉 사념처, 사정근, 사여의족, 오근, 오력, 칠각지, 팔정도이지만, 앞의 셋, 그 다음 셋, 마지막 팔정도의 세 그룹으로 나누어 볼 수 있다. 두 번째 그룹에 속하는 오근, 오력, 칠각지는 궁극목표로 나아가기 위한 마음의 기능, 능력, 요소라고 볼 수 있다. 기능과 능력의 측면에서 다섯 가지로, 요소의 측면에서 일곱 가지로 볼 수 있다는 것이다. 그러므로 칠각지는 그 요소를 오장애를 대치하면서 확보하거나, 사념처를 통해서 순차적으로 계발하는 것이다. 이렇게 될 때 칠각지는 명지와 해탈을 성취하고, 아나함과 아라한을 성취하고, 삼루로부터 해탈하게 되고, 병으로부터 회복되는 결실을 가지게 된다. The Thirty-Seven Limbs of Awakening, which encompasses the practice theory of early Buddhism, and the Seven Factors of Awakening, which is a subtype of it, contain the meaning of enlightenment as 'Bodhi' or 'Enlightenment'. The purpose of this paper is to examine how enlightenment, the ultimate goal of Buddhism, is related to methodology. The Seven Factors of Awakening mean that an element that leads to enlightenment, and the relationship between these factors, can be interpreted confrontationally and sequentially. The confrontational interpretation is that when the mind is slothful, one performs factors of investigation of dhammas, energy, and joy. When the mind is restless, one performs factors of tranquility, concentration, and equanimity. It means that when practice is done in a timely manner, we will advance to enlightenment. In this way, it is a confrontational interpretation of the Seven Factors of Awakening that two of the Five Hindrances, sloth and restlessness, are confronted. The hindrance of doubt is replaced by investigation of dhammas, and sensuous desire and aversion are also replaced. Sequential interpretation is that from the factor of mindfulness, which is the first area of Seven Factors of Awakening, one develops the remaining areas sequentially. Starting with the factor of mindfulness, which is developed through the four establishments of mindfulness, factors are developed in the direction of becoming more and more quiet in factors of investigation of dhammas, energy, joy, tranquility, concentration, and equanimity. It can be said that it is a sequential interpretation of the Seven Factors of Awakening that the factors that lead to enlightenment are developed sequentially. The Thirty-Seven Limbs of Awakening is divided into seven categories: the Establishments of Mindfulness, the Right Endeavors, the Bases of Success, the Faculties, the Powers, the Factors of Awakening, and the Noble Eight-Factored Path. But it can be divided into three groups: the first three, the next three, and the last one. The Five Faculties, the Five Powers, and the Seven Factors of Awakening, which belong to the second group, can be seen as the functions, abilities, and factors of the mind to advance to the ultimate goal. It can be viewed as five in terms of function and ability, and seven in terms of factor. Therefore, the Seven Factors of Awakening secure the factors while replacing the Five Hindrances, or develop them sequentially through the Four Establishments of Mindfulness. When this happens, the Seven Factors of Awakening achieves Higher Knowledge and Liberation, Non-returner and Full Awakener, liberation from the three influxes, and recovery from illness.
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