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The Immune System in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
( Giovanni Barbara ),( Cesare Cremon ),( Giovanni Carini ),( Lara Bellacosa ),( Lisa Zecchi ),( Roberto De Giorgio ),( Roberto Corinaldesi ),( Vincenzo Stanghellini ) 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회(구 대한소화관운동학회) 2011 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.17 No.4
The potential relevance of systemic and gastrointestinal immune activation in the pathophysiology and symptom generation in the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is supported by a number of observations. Infectious gastroenteritis is the strongest risk factor for the development of IBS and increased rates of IBS-like symptoms have been detected in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in remission or in celiac disease patients on a gluten free diet. The number of T cells and mast cells in the small and large intestine of patients with IBS is increased in a large proportion of patients with IBS over healthy controls. Mediators released by immune cells and likely from other non-immune competent cells impact on the function of enteric and sensory afferent nerves as well as on epithelial tight junctions controlling mucosal barrier of recipient animals, isolated human gut tissues or cell culture systems. Antibodies against microbiota antigens (bacterial flagellin), and increased levels of cytokines have been detected systemically in the peripheral blood advocating the existence of abnormal host-microbial interactions and systemic immune responses. Nonetheless, there is wide overlap of data obtained in healthy controls; in addition, the subsets of patients showing immune activation have yet to be clearly identified. Gender, age, geographic differences, genetic predisposition, diet and differences in the intestinal microbiota likely play a role and further research has to be done to clarify their relevance as potential mechanisms in the described immune system dysregulation. Immune activation has stimulated interest for the potential identification of biomarkers useful for clinical and research purposes and the development of novel therapeutic approaches. (J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011;17:349-359)
Budget Deficits and Exchange-Rate Crises
BARBARA ANNICCHIARICO,GIANCARLO MARINI,GIOVANNI PIERSANTI 한국국제경제학회 2011 International Economic Journal Vol.25 No.2
This paper investigates currency crises in an optimizing general equilibrium model with overlapping generations. It is shown that a rise in government budget deficits financed by future taxes generates a decumulation of external assets, leading up to a speculative attack and forcing the monetary authorities to abandon the peg.
Experimental capacity of perforated cold-formed steel open sections under compression and bending
Maurizio Orlando,Giovanni Lavacchini,Barbara Ortolani,Paolo Spinelli 국제구조공학회 2017 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.24 No.2
This study evaluates the reliability of present European codes in predicting the collapse load of columns made with perforated cold-formed steel (CFS) profiles under combined axial load and bending. To this aim, a series of experimental tests on slender open-section specimens have been performed at varying load eccentricity. Preliminarily, stub column tests have also been performed to calculate the effective section properties of the investigated profile. By comparison of experimental data with code-specified M-N strength domains, the authors demonstrate that present code formulations may underestimate the collapse load of thin-walled perforated open sections. The study is the first step of a wider experimental and numerical study aimed at better describing strength domains of perforated CFS open sections.
Cristina Vercelli,Raffaella Barbero,Barbara Cuniberti,Silvia Racca,Giuliana Abbadessa,Francesca Piccione,Giovanni Re 한국유방암학회 2014 Journal of breast cancer Vol.17 No.4
Purpose: Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a nonselectivecation channel belonging to the transient receptor potentialfamily, and it is expressed in different neoplastic tissues. Its activation is associated with regulation of cancer growth andprogression. The aim of this research was to study the expressionand pharmacological characteristics of TRPV1 in cells derivedfrom human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Methods: TRPV1presence was assessed by binding studies and Western blotting. Receptor binding characteristics were evaluated through competitionassays, while 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5,-dipheyltetrazoliumbromide reduction assays were performed to confirman early hypothesis regarding the modulation of cancer cell proliferation. The functionality of TRPV1 was evaluated by measuringCa2+ uptake in the presence of increasing concentrations ofTRPV1 agonists and antagonists. Results: Binding studies identifieda single class of TRPV1 (Bmax 1,492±192 fmol/mg protein),and Western blot showed a signal at 100 kDa corresponding tothe molecular weight of human TRPV1. Among the different testedagonists and antagonists, anandamide (Ki: 2.8×10-11 M) and5-iodoresiniferatoxin (5-I-RTX) (Ki: 5.6×10-11 M) showed the highestdegrees of affinity for TRPV1, respectively. All tested TRPV1agonists and antagonists caused a significant (p<0.05) decreasein cell growth rate in MCF-7 cells. For agonists and antagonists,the efficacy of tested compounds displayed the following rankorder: resiniferatoxin>anandamide>capsaicin and 5-I-RTX=capsazepine, respectively. Conclusion: These data indicate thatboth TRPV1 agonists and antagonists induce significant inhibitionof MCF-7 cell growth. Even though the mechanisms involvedin the antiproliferative effects of TRPV1 agonists and antagonistsshould be further investigated, it has been suggestedthat agonists cause desensitization of the receptor, leading to alterationin Ca2+-influx regulation. By contrast, antagonists causea functional block of the receptor with consequent fatal dysregulationof cell homeostasis.
Andrea Fratter,Carmen Frare,Giovanni Uras,Mauro Bonini,Enrico Casari Bariani,Barbara Ragazzo,Paolo Gaballo,Pasquale Longobardi,Carlo Codemo,Antonio Paoli 한국식품영양과학회 2014 Journal of medicinal food Vol.17 No.6
Chitosan (CH) is a polymer of glucosamine that is extracted from the shells of several sea fruits. It is well recognized as a nutritional supplement that is used to reduce body weight and blood lipid levels, but its clinical efficacy has not been clearly demonstrated. The true mechanism of action and physiological processes involved in these properties of CH are not yet understood or explained. The most accepted theories assume that CH reduces dietary fat absorption by trapping the fat in the gastric lumen. The very low pH of the gastric lumen induces CH jellification and, therefore, entrapment of the fats. This article describes the most plausible mechanism by which CH interferes with fat absorption in the first part of the enteric tract while interacting with cholic acids. We emphasize the weak points of the classic CH-containing formulations, which are unable to prove this theory. We also report preliminary experimental data of a new CH salt-containing formulation that is capable of effectively interfering with bile salt emulsification processes and, as a result, reducing dietary fat absorption.
Marta Bottero,Valentina Borzillo,Stefano Pergolizzi,Barbara Alicja Jereczek-Fossa,Edy Ippolito,Giovanni Piero Frezza,Lucio Fortunato,Renzo Corvò,Giovanni Luigi Pappagallo,Stefano Arcangeli,Stefano M. 한국유방암학회 2021 Journal of breast cancer Vol.24 No.3
Salvage mastectomy is currently considered the standard of care for ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) after breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and postoperative radiotherapy (RT). Alternative treatment options for these patients, such as a second BCS followed by repeated RT, have been suggested. The panel of the Italian Association of Radiotherapy and Clinical Oncology developed clinical recommendations for second BCS followed by re-irradiation over mastectomy alone for women with IBTR using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology and the evidence to decision framework. The following outcomes were identified by the panel: locoregional control, metastasis-free survival, overall survival, and cancer-specific survival; acute and late toxicity, specific late toxicity, second locoregional tumor, and death related to treatment. An Embase and PubMed literature search was performed by two independent authors. Five retrospective observational studies were eligible for inclusion in the present analysis. According to the reports in the literature and our analysis, the advantages of second quadrantectomy and re-irradiation (re-QUART) outweigh its side effects, with overall good rates of survival and adequate toxicity without increasing costs. Given the very low level of evidence, the panel stated that a second BCS plus re-irradiation can be considered as an alternative to salvage mastectomy for selected patients with IBTR.